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What evidence did you see in the documents which illustrated significant change occurring?
- The documents showed evidence of significant social change following the Civil War, especially regarding the status of freed African-Americans. Even though they were now considered citizens and allowed to vote, they still faced intense discrimination enforced by law.
What evidence depicted things staying the same?
- Though the 14th Amendment guaranteed citizenship and "equal protection of the laws," the Supreme Court decided that the Amendment only applied to state actions. Other bills that would protect the civil rights of "colored people" and allow for racial integration in schools were also defeated.
Taking into account information from the documents as well as the introductory discussion on revolutions, answer the guiding question: To what extent was Reconstruction a revolution?
- Though the Reconstruction represented definite progress for freed African-Americans, the change was not radical, and not even all of the country experienced the same changes at the same time. The South might have seen their secession as a war for independence, but it wasn't a true Revolution in the sense of France or the American colonies or the Philippines, and they weren't even successful in overthrowing the government. So, no, the Reconstruction wasn't a revolution.

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How many years elapsed before an effective enforcement law was passed?
-

Why do you think it took so long?
-

Was this part of the same revolution as Reconstruction? Or is it part of a new revolution?
-

Was there a revolution?
-

Does this document change your answer to the guiding question? Why or why not?

-

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What evidence did you see in the documents which illustrated significant change occurring?
- There was a difference in this era in their society mainly if the their social lives.
What evidence depicted things staying the same?
- African Americans became a main topic. People still looked down on them as if they were beneath white citizens.
Taking into account information from the documents as well as the introductory discussion on revolutions, answer the guiding question: To what extent was Reconstruction a revolution?
- There was a movement to make the African Americans free. There were those against and those in favor.

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How many years elapsed before an effective enforcement law was passed?
-95 years :o

Why do you think it took so long?
- Not everyone thought the same.

Was this part of the same revolution as Reconstruction? Or is it part of a new revolution?
- New revolution cause of the time difference.

Was there a revolution?
-Yes there was a revolution.

Does this document change your answer to the guiding question? Why or why not?

-No, I still think they were diff. cause of the time difference and aspects.

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What evidence did you see in the documents which illustrated significant change occurring?
-  The documents provided different perspectives of those from that era, and therefore provided examples. of the different aspects of change.
What evidence depicted things staying the same?
- Some of the more political documents tried to downplay the revolution in attempts to suppress it.
Taking into account information from the documents as well as the introductory discussion on revolutions, answer the guiding question: To what extent was Reconstruction a revolution?
- The reconstruction was a revolutions both sides had fair points, and when one was declared the winner, the USA had changed drastically.

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How many years elapsed before an effective enforcement law was passed?
- 95 Years

Why do you think it took so long?
- Everyone had different views on reconstruction.

Was this part of the same revolution as Reconstruction? Or is it part of a new revolution?
- It is a revolution, but a different one.

Was there a revolution?
- Yes, it qualified as a evolution because it brought major change to the USA

Does this document change your answer to the guiding question? Why or why not?

- It reinforced my ideas.

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What evidence did you see in the documents which illustrated significant change occurring?
- Many aspects of society changed as shown in the documents, for example, education became readily available to many.
What evidence depicted things staying the same?
- There was still prejudices against the African American community. Even though strides were being taken to accept them more into society as people with rights, they were still considered less than white Americans.
Taking into account information from the documents as well as the introductory discussion on revolutions, answer the guiding question: To what extent was Reconstruction a revolution?
- I believe that the Reconstruction era was a revolution because it brought about much change into American society and government. Racial equality was beginning to take shape. New amendaments were passed, thus fitting the era into the definition of a revolution.

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How many years elapsed before an effective enforcement law was passed?
-95 years

Why do you think it took so long?
-contradicting opinions of the North and the South about African American rights

Was this part of the same revolution as Reconstruction? Or is it part of a new revolution?
-a new revolution because it happened so long after the Reconstruction Era, even though it pertains to the same topic.

Was there a revolution?
-Regarding the voting rghts act, I think there was a revolution because of the significant changes that occured.

Does this document change your answer to the guiding question? Why or why not?

-No, it was a seperate revolution. I belive that the Reconstruction Era was it's own revolution and is uneffected by the voting rights act that happened nearly 100 years after.

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What evidence did you see in the documents which illustrated significant change occurring?
- Discussion of the spreading of academic privileges; that white southerners would be expected to take an oath and become part of the Union, to eliminate the different regions of North and South; prejudice and controversy concerning the discussion of African American rights, the fact that they were taking the time to discuss and giving the Blacks the time of day was an improvement; etc...

What evidence depicted things staying the same?
- Though the African Americans were now receiving the time of day, as stated, the fact that many remained stubborn over allowing them rights hinted at the potential of disagreement remaining and nothing with the Black rights ever evolving from being considered lower than Whites, politically.

Taking into account information from the documents as well as the introductory discussion on revolutions, answer the guiding question: To what extent was Reconstruction a revolution?
- The reconstruction was very much a revolution from my POV because of the societal and political changes in everyone's lives and the American economy. The movement revolved entirely around the dissolving of discrimination and uniting the nation. Yes, it was a long time coming, and continued to be extremely controversial and time-consuming to finally treat everyone as an equal as all men were made, the reconstruction allowed most for these changes and the occurring of it entirely changed the United States.

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Website:http://www.digitalhistory.u
Secondary:http://cr.middlebury.e
Secondary:https://www.jstor.org/s
Primary:https://www.loc.gov/item/
Primary:https://www.loc.gov/item/

The  New South envisioned a post-Reconstruction southern economy modeled on the North’s industrial revolustion

Henry W. Grady, newspaper editor in Atlanta, Georgia, made the phrase the "New South” in 1874. He wanted  South to abandon its longstanding agrarian economy for a modern economy grounded in factories, mines, and mills.

Although textile mills and tobacco factories emerged in the South during this time, the plans for a New South largely failed. By 1900, per-capita income in the South was forty percent less than the national average, and rural poverty persisted across much of the South well into the twentieth century.

Following the Civil War, the North experienced a period of rapid industrialization and technological advancement known as the Second Industrial Revolution. But the dynamic and expansive economic growth that came to the North in consequence of the Second Industrial Revolution largely bypassed the South. Proponents of the New South wanted the nation’s southern states to remake themselves along similar lines

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Primary-
-Dolfuss, Gustavus. K.K.K., or Bloody moon waltz. Jas. A. McClure, Nashville, 1868. Notated Music. https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200000725/.
-Hubert, Levi C, and Joseph Madden. "Folklore of the South". New York City, New York, 1938. Manuscript/Mixed Material. https://www.loc.gov/item/wpalh001410/.
Secondary-
-Schaefer, Richard T. "The Ku Klux Klan: Continuity and Change." Phylon (1960-) 32, no. 2 (1971): 143-57. Accessed February 27, 2020. doi:10.2307/273999.
-Bohn, Frank. "The Ku Klux Klan Interpreted." American Journal of Sociology 30, no. 4 (1925): 385-407. Accessed February 27, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/2764271.
Websites-
-https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/kkk-founded
-https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-kkk/

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-Name of the Ku Klux Klan was derived from the Greek word kyklos, meaning “circle,” and the Scottish-Gaelic word “clan,” which was probably chosen for the sake of alliteration.
-Founded December 24, 1865, Pulaski, Tenessee, a slave state, created to meet the threat posed by the newly freed slaves.
-Was a group of confederate veterans.
-Grew from a secret social fraternity to a paramilitary force bent on reversing the federal government’s progressive Reconstruction Era-activities in the South, especially policies that elevated the rights of the local African American population.
-They "vanished" after convinced that they had preserved the Antebellum South, but would return again when WW1 occurred because of the changes happening in America that invoked controversy.
-Even though the KKK mostly occurred regarding racism, different societal changes bring about a variation of targets concerning its propaganda and tactics.
-Under a platform of philosophized white racial superiority, the group employed violence as a means of pushing back Reconstruction and its enfranchisement of African Americans.
-Former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest was the KKK’s first grand wizard; in 1869, he unsuccessfully tried to disband it after he grew critical of the Klan’s excessive violence.
-Most prominent in counties where the races were relatively equal in number, the KKK engaged in terrorist raids against African Americans and white Republicans at night, employing intimidation, destruction of property, assault, and murder to achieve its aims and influence upcoming elections.
-Militias were organized to break up the Klan.
-In 1871, the Ku Klux Act passed Congress, authorizing President Ulysses S. Grant to use military force to suppress the KKK.
-The Ku Klux Act resulted in nine South Carolina counties being placed under martial law and thousands of arrests.
-In 1882, the U.S. Supreme Court declared the Ku Klux Act unconstitutional, but by that time Reconstruction had ended and the KKK had faded away.
-Various chapters of the KKK still exist in the 21st century.

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-The emergence of independent African American churches, most of which were Methodist, were central to the black community
-the reconstruction gave rise to public schools for both races in the South
-the nation's first black universities were established, emphasizing the training of African American teachers

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-Arkansas
-Missouri
-Mississippi
-Louisiana
-Alabama
-Kentucky
-Tennessee
-Virginia
-Maryland
-Delaware
-North Carolina
-South Carolina
-Alabama
-Florida
-Texas

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(2) Primary -
-www.jstor.org/stable/24807176
-www.jstor.org/stable/41708163
(2) Secondary -
-www.courses.lumenlearning.com
-https://www.senate.gov/artandhis
tory/history/common/generic/CivilWarAmendments.htm
(1) Website
- https://www.history.com/

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Section 1.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Reconstruction: In 1867, following the American Civil War and the abolishment of slavery, the Republican-dominated U.S. Congress passed the First Reconstruction Act over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act divided the South into five military districts and outlined how new governments based on universal manhood suffrage were to be established. With the adoption of the 15th Amendment in 1870, a politically mobilized African-American community joined with white allies in the Southern states to elect the Republican Party to power, which brought about radical changes across the South. By late 1870, all the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union, and most were controlled by the Republican Party thanks to the support of black voters. In the same year, Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Natchez, Mississippi, became the first African-American to sit in the U.S. Congress, when he was elected to the U.S. Senate. Although black Republicans never obtained political office in proportion to their overwhelming electoral majority, Revels and a dozen other black men served in Congress during Reconstruction, more than 600 served in state legislatures and many more held local offices.

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Section 1.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2.

Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.

Section 3.

No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4.

The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5.

The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Reconstruction: The year after the amendment’s passage, Congress used this power to pass the nation’s first civil rights bill, the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The law invalidated the so-called black codes, those laws put into place in the former Confederate states that governed the behavior of blacks, effectively keeping them dependent on their former owners. Congress also required the former Confederate states to ratify the 13th Amendment in order to regain representation in the federal government. Together with the 14th and 15th Amendments, also ratified during the Reconstruction era, the 13th Amendment sought to establish equality for black Americans. Despite these efforts, the struggle to achieve full equality and guarantee the civil rights of all Americans would continue well into the 20th century.

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Section 1.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 1.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Reconstruction: The year after the amendment’s passage, Congress used this power to pass the nation’s first civil rights bill, the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The law invalidated the so-called black codes, those laws put into place in the former Confederate states that governed the behavior of blacks, effectively keeping them dependent on their former owners. Congress also required the former Confederate states to ratify the 13th Amendment in order to regain representation in the federal government. Together with the 14th and 15th Amendments, also ratified during the Reconstruction era, the 13th Amendment sought to establish equality for black Americans. Despite these efforts, the struggle to achieve full equality and guarantee the civil rights of all Americans would continue well into the 20th century.

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- improvements in education for African Americans: 4,000 schools by 1870 with about 200,000 students
- By 1876, more than half of all white children and 40% of all black children were attending school in the South.
- Colleges and universities for blacks began to appear
- Southern education was split between white and black, any attempts to integrate them failed.

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- Independent African American churches are establishing
- "the contested process of religious reconstruction in the South forced black and white southerners and northerners to confront the meaning of the Civil War for their religious lives”
-“Christian interracialism” affected southern society as these positions took shape in the Reconstruction era
-In works on southern Presbyterians, a concept of “the spirituality of the church” was deployed to resist Reconstruction, reinforce racial hierarchy, and salve pious consciences.
-Religious currents that had earlier fueled active reforms, including varieties of immediate abolition and gradual emancipation, turned aside in the 1870s to advocate North-South reconciliation, focus on personal moral discipline (especially temperance), and accommodate to the imperatives of an industrial society—or simply retreated into a northern analog to the white South’s “spirituality of the church.”

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Depicted by an unknown artist, Freedman Voting in New Orleans depicts the new rights gained by African Americans in the Reconstruction era.

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https://podtail.com/en/podcast/backstory/a-more-perfect-union-the-reconstruction-era-2018-0/

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http://lsrelay-config-production.s3.amazonaws.com/fa3eec498d8ff40b270d179457c3bb0259dae93aa13bb53df4a7b50a87267319/block_screen.html?id=0341f38e-7619-4535-9d78-0b6230cfc553

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- the South remains largely agricultural, so new systems of free labor emerge to replace slavery

- freed African-Americans and poor whites worked as tenants and sharecroppers, hoping for economic independence

- under the Crop-Lien system, black and white farmers relied on merchants for credit and often became trapped in a cycle of debt

- the failure of a leading investment banking firm caused an economic crisis: the Panic of 1873 created a depression that lasted 4 years

- in response, debtors demanded paper currency to increase the amount of money in circulation. Republicans favored currency based on gold reserves. The Specie Resumption Act tied the value of paper currency to gold, but also made it harder for debtors because a gold-based money supply couldn’t expand

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https://15minutehistory.org/podcast/episode-20-reconstruction/

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H. W. Brands, Joan Neuberger - 15 Minute History

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-- 1865 --
- Lee surrenders (April 8)
Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's surrender in North Carolina on April 18 effectively ends the Civil War.
- President Abraham Lincoln assassinated (April 15)
Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president.
- 13th Amendment ratified (December 6)
Abolishes slavery in the United States.
- Black Codes enacted (December 6)
Southern states enact laws restricting rights of African Americans.
-- 1866 --
- Civil Rights Act of 1866 (April 9)
Confers citizenship on African Americans and guarantees equal rights.
- Memphis Race Riot (May 1-3)
White civilians and police kill 46 African Americans and destroy 90 houses, schools, and four churches in Memphis, Tennessee.
- New Orleans Race Riot (July 30)
Police kill more than 40 black and white Republicans and wound more than 150.
- Ku Klux Klan (July 30)
A secret organization to intimidate African Americans and restore white rule is founded in Pulaski, Tennessee
-- 1867 --
- Reconstruction Acts
Congress divides the former Confederacy into five military districts and requires elections in which African American men can vote.
-- 1868 --
- President Johnson's Impeachment Trial (March - May)
By one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove the president from office.
- Fourteenth Amendment ratified. (July 21)
Guarantees due process and equal protection under the law to African Americans.
- Ulysses S. Grant elected President. (November 3)
The former Union general becomes the 18th president.
-- 1869 --
- First Redeemer Government
Tennessee is the first state to replace a bi-racial Republican state government with an all-white Democratic government, followed by Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia in 1870.
-- 1870 --
- First black senator elected. (February 23)
Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected to U. S. Senate as the first black senator.
- Fifteenth Amendment ratified. (March 30)
Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of racer or previous condition of servitude.
-- 1871 --
- Forty-second Congress.
Five black members in the House of Representatives: Benjamin S. Turner of Alabama; Josiah T. Walls of Florida; and Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H. Rainey and Robert Carlos DeLarge of South Carolina.
-- 1872 --
- Freedmen's Bureau abolished.
- First African American governor.
P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor of Louisiana from December 9, 1872 to January 13, 1873. Pinchback, a black politician, was the first black to serve as a state governor, although due to white resistance, his tenure is extremely short.
-- 1874 --
- Democrats control the Forty-third Congress
For the first time since before the Civil War, Democrats control both houses of Congress. Robert Smalls, black hero of the Civil War, elected to Congress as representative of South Carolina. Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Senate.
-- 1875 --
- Civil Rights Act of 1875 enacted by Congress. (March 1)
Guarantees equal rights to African Americans in public accommodations and jury service. Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.
-- 1876 --
- Disputed Presidential election
Republicans challenged the validity of the voting in Souh Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.
- Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South Carolina.
The election of Hampton, a leader in the Confederacy, confirms fears that the South is not committed to Reconstruction.
-- 1877 --
- Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated President.
Electoral Commission awards disputed electoral votes tot he republican candidate.
- Reconstruction ends.
President Rutherford Hayes withdraws federal troops from the South protecting the Civil Rights of African Americans.

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-  Segregation between whites and blacks began to occur
- Gender roles began to change, such as black women began to work for income
- KKK terrorizes black communities

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How many years elapsed before an effective enforcement law was passed?
- 95 Years.

Why do you think it took so long?
- Contradicting Opinions of the still divided North and South. Rights regarding African Americans remained a huge topic of discussion that was barely met with agreeing.

Was this part of the same revolution as Reconstruction? Or is it part of a new revolution?
-It did not occur anywhere near the time frame of the reconstruction era. Though it regards topics of discussion at that time, Voting Rights were not established until years later, as has been established, therefore, it is technically another revolution because of the change in social norms. However, if is the case, this revolution is unnamed.

Was there a revolution?
-Regarding the Voting Rights Act? As has been stated, though it may classify as one because of the societal changes it evoked, there is no name, that I can find at least, that is the "known" title of the Act.

Does this document change your answer to the guiding question? Why or why not?

-No, I still strongly believe that the reconstruction era was a revolutionary period, however, I don't think this act falls under the same era. It occurred years afterward.