# data[].attributes.body
I'm acting as an author in an online community and will contribute to the preservation of world cultures. The kaleidoscope cultural preservation Museum Project is a volunteer project. I will be writing about the national religion of China. The platform used for this project will be Padlet, and anyone will be able to access China Padlet at https://padlet.com/elsalee0042/9mtjre4mrwoe . The Kaleidoscope Project aims to preserve a unique culture in countries and share the differences between world cultures as a response to the negative effects of globalization. The aim is to remind the world audience why China is so distinctive and encourage readers to share this Padlet and the Kaleidoscope Project.

# data[].attributes.body
In this project, I will be acting as part of the kaleidoscope online community. Volunteers in the kaleidoscope cultural preservation museum project will write about unique and different national cultures, China. My contribution will be to preserve the culture of China. The platform used in this project will be Padlet, and everyone can assess the China Padlet in https://padlet.com/elsalee0042/9mtjre4mrwoe. As a community, we aim to allow people to see the uniqueness of the culture of different countries across the world and avoid the negative effects of cultural homogenization. So, through the kaleidoscope project, we will be recording the special culture of china, and we will preserve the cultures in this Padlet. I encourage people to share this Padlet to other people so more people can see the different cultures of China.

# data[].attributes.body
Food is an essential element in China. Food there could have an toward separate into two main parts — South: which eats sweet; North: which eats salty. In these two leading groups, the food culture in China was also separated into four central cuisine .

# data[].attributes.body
There is a lot of different languages in China. in different areas, people have their own languages, such as Cantonese, Minnan language, Hakka, etc.
Most people in China use Mandarin (標準官話) as their first language so they can communicate with each other in different areas of China. Schools teach Mandarin in Chinese lessons in china, Cantonese in hong kong and Macau. The International Organization for Standardization divides the different regional dialects into 13 kinds of dialect.

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese opera has a long history, and there are also different kinds of opera in China. in China, there is about 360 kinds of chinese opera existing. the 5 most famous operas that was in the Representative List of China's Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which is peking opera, ping opera, henan opera, huangmei opera and also yue opera.

# data[].attributes.body
Peking opera,aka beijing opera, is one of the quintessence of China. it was originally a performance of qianlong emperor's 18th birthday, and it was a mixture of hui opera, Chu tone, qinqiang and also kunqu.
it is now one of the most popluar Chinese opera in China.

# data[].attributes.body
Start in Shan Don area, first appear in the Spring and Autumn period (春秋時期). Through 2800 years, Confucian cuisine has changed. However, the features of it don't change. It still base on the original taste of the ingredients. The only seasoning that they use is salt. Using salt was to bring out the fresh of the cook.

# data[].attributes.body
In ancient China, there is Chinese medicine and different ways to heal people, for example, Acupuncture.
the first activity of Chinese medicine is in Shang Dynasty. even though there is no evidence that shows that the Shang people used medicine.
In 2006, people found that in 1100BCE, people used different drugs and herb already.

# data[].attributes.body
Start in places around the west part of China. Attain the taste of spicy and heavy because of their geography position. First, appearing in about Qin dynasty.

# data[].attributes.body
Zhang Zhongjing is one of the most famous pharmacologist in Ancient China. He also lives in the Eastern Han dynasty.
He created the book "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases"（傷寒雜病論）, and because of this book, he was considered as seminal expert nowadays.

# data[].attributes.body
Li Shizhen is an acupuncturist, herbalist, naturalist, pharmacologist, physician in the Ming Dynasty. He is also the author of the Compendium of Materia Medica（本草綱目）.
Li Shizhen used 27 years to write the Compendium of Materia Medica, and he organized ad classified the different substances and herbs.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
本草綱目 - 維基文庫，自由的圖書館

# data[].attributes.body
Food in Huaiyang Cuisine were similar to food in East. But the biggest different is that the Huaiyang food were more light. The seasoning that Huaiyang food use were less than Confucian Cuisine. Huaiyang Cuisine fist appear in Spring and Autumn period; grand in Ming and Qing dynasty.

# data[].attributes.body
Bian Que is the author of
The Huang Emperor's Canon of Eighty-One Difficult Issues.
He is also the person to first use pulse diagnosis.

# data[].attributes.body
Hua Tuo is a physician living in Eastern Han Dynasty, and he invented anaesthetic medicine for people who needed to do surgery.

# data[].attributes.body
Ping opera originatd in Hebei, near Tianjin. Ping opera was really famous during the republican period.
one of the most famous actors of ping opera is Bai Yushuang.

# data[].attributes.body
Been through years of changing, the food of Cantonese cuisine has already have a prototype. The Cantonese Cuisine start in Han dynasty, with an taste of sweet and fresh. Cantonese Cuisine is different from Huaiyang cuisine by Cantonese food were having a taste of sweet.

# data[].attributes.body
Yue opera, also known as Shaoxing Opera, it was originated from Shaoxing, Zhejiang. it was the second most popukar Chinese opera in China.
most people watching Yue opera are women, so there is less acrobatic fighting. most of the actors of Yue opera is also women.

# data[].attributes.body
Man-Han banquet is the royal food that emperor eat. There are in total of 108 dishes which included south cuisine for 54 dishes and north cuisine for 54 dishes. It started in Qing dynasty, emperor at that time.

# data[].attributes.body
Ideology of China is about how they should be. There are kinds of ideology. Saying that it was ideology, it is more like an thoughts.

# data[].attributes.body
Huangmei opera is a kind of opera that was originated from folksongs and dance that existed for more than 200 years. The songs came into Anhui and mixed with the local folk art and became a new type of Chinese opera. Most huangmei opera is acting about the life of people living in the bottom level of the society.

# data[].attributes.body
Henan opera, also known as Yu opera, it was originated in Henan. It was commonly performed in the surroundings of the yellow river and also Huai river. The history of Henan opera can be dated back to 200 years ago, and Henan opera spreads to other place in the late Qing Dynasty.

# data[].attributes.body
Confucianism was an ideology that started in Spring and Autumn period (春秋時期). It was put forward by Confucius. In this ideology, he manage that there are 5 most important things to be a human. Which is benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faith.

# data[].attributes.body
Legalism was an ideology that was unify in Warring States period by Han Feizi. This ideology was about whether you are Emperor or you are a citizen, you should all follow  laws. The laws is above every things.

# data[].attributes.body
This ideology was started in Antiquity of China history by Yellow Emperor.This ideology is the oldest ideology in China. Therefore the represents of Taoism  were mostly Legends. This thought is about "Let it be". In this ideology, you don't need to do too much things to save, you just need to let the things to happen.

# data[].attributes.body
This ideology is dished by Mozi in Pre-Qin (先秦). This ideology is like the opposite of Legalism. Mohism was about peace and loving everyone in the world. However, ironically, Mozi's family was a family that was good at fighting and in charge of lots of troops.

# data[].attributes.body
Poetry was an important part in Chinese literature. Poetry in China history become an evidence of how the ruler at that time treat them, it's an miniature of how the people at that time, the writer, or the particular people's thought or their life.

# data[].attributes.body
Ancient Poetry was a kind of poetry that prevail in Han Dynasty. This kind of poetry doesn't has any limit. It was the earliest poetry type found in China.
-----------------------------------
The poem below was a poem that was written by Tao Yuanming. This poem is about missing the friends.

# data[].attributes.body
Quatrain is a kind of form in modern poem(近體詩). It has a rigorous metric. The metric was mostly about how you read the poem. The different pronunciation in Chinese.
-----------------------------------
This poem is about describing about the view.

# data[].attributes.body
Yuefu Poetry was the poetry that could be sing out or it could be the lyrics of music.
-----------------------------------
This poetry was about how author complain about the emperor that was ruling at that time. But in the Chinese law, you can't criticize your ruler. So he used the emperor of Han to insinuate his emperor.

# data[].attributes.body
Modern Poetry in Chinese history is not like the poetry that we that was written in modern. Modern Poetry is prevail in Tong Dynasty.

# data[].attributes.body
In China, gender doesn't has a great equality. There are lots of unwritten regulations saying that women should stay at home and cook, men should go out work.

# data[].attributes.body
Robbing a grave is a work choice in china history. Because in China belief, people will put lots of precious funeral inside with the dead body.

# data[].attributes.body
Traditional Chinese marriage , as opposed to marriage in modern China, is a ceremonial ritual within Chinese societies that involve a union between spouses, sometimes established by pre-arrangement between families.

# data[].attributes.body
Numerology is a kind of fortune telling about counting when you born.

# data[].attributes.body
The Great wall is the wall that prevents the enemy from attacking China. It was made of stones and also bricks. It is long 21,196 km, and it is also a UNESCO heritage site. It is initially built in the Qin dynasty, and people in the Ming dynasty extent the high wall to the length it now haves.

# data[].attributes.body
Forbidden City is a palace which the emperors of Ming and also Qing dynasty lives. It is now a museum that stores old things, and it is located in the center of Beijing. It consists of 980 buildings, and it is also a heritage site declared in 1987; it is also the largest preserved wooden historical site. On average, 14 million people visit there annually.

# data[].attributes.body
Dragon boat festival is a traditional festival of China, and it was called the dragon boat festival because there will be a race of dragon boats, and they will also eat rice dumplings (Zongzi) during the day of the dragon boat festival. Zongzi came from the story of Qu Yuan after the people wanted to find Quan Yuan because he committed suicide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
0:00 / 0:59•Watch full video

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dragon Boat Races on Taiwan and Hong Kong

# data[].attributes.body
Chinese new year is a holiday that celebrates the new year on the Chinese calendar. Moreover, people will go home and gather together to celebrate the new year’s come. People will eat traditional Chinese food, clean the house, and also make paper cuttings to celebrate the Chinese new year. In the north, people will eat dumplings at midnight or as breakfast in the Chinese new year.

# data[].attributes.body
Qingming festival is one of the most important festivals in China. During that day, people will visit their ancestor’s tomb and clean the tomb and also pray for their ancestors. People will burn things to give their ancestors, and they will most burn food, joss paper, and other things.

# data[].attributes.body
Divination in China was about using the shell of a turtle to divine. It was using to ask for help to the supernatural things that happen in the past.

# data[].attributes.body
Mid-autumn festivals are a harvest festival, and one of the stories of the mid-autumn festival is about Chang’e and Houyi. In the mid-autumn festival, people will go home and gather together, and they will also eat mooncakes and play with lanterns. Usually, the day of the mid-autumn festival always has a full moon.

# data[].attributes.body
Phrase in fortune is about looking at a person's face to see whether that a person has a good luck or a bad luck. It also see about what will happen in a person's future.

# data[].attributes.body
The Terracota Army is the models of the army of Qin Shi Huang, and it was discovered by farmers in 1974 in Xi'an.

# data[].attributes.body
Taoism is a kind of religion that was merging the ghost and the buddhism together. This is the religion that has the most superstition religion. There are lots of prohibition in this religion.

# data[].attributes.body
Silk Road is a trade route in China, and it gets across China and also other European countries. Zhang Qian is the person that ambassador of the silk road. It evolutes, and now there is a new silk road in the 20th century.

# data[].attributes.body
Buddhism is the religion that was created in India. China learn it and combine it with Taoism. In the Chinese perspective, buddhism and taoism could both exist in the same time. However, they are two different systems of religion.

# data[].attributes.body
in every dynasty, the clothes are different, but the one same things is the rich and the poor wear clothes which is very differernt. rich people will wear silk and the poor people will wear hemp. the colors are also restricted.

# data[].attributes.body
China as an multi-religion country has lots of people that belief on the religion. There's a lot of influence on the people. It affect how people should live, and lots of other holiday.

# data[].attributes.body
History could be effect by their religion. In their history, there are lots of emperor that make decision  because of the religion. Religion at the start was just folk that spread around citizens. More and more people believe on it , then it become a religion.

# data[].attributes.body
people in the Early People's Republic will Zhongshan suit because even Mao is wearing the Zhongshan suit. Soong Ching-ling wears the Qipao, so the other people will wear Qipao because it is trendy.

# data[].attributes.body
People in Modern will wear many different clothing, and because of globalization, there will be fewer people wearing traditional clothing.

# data[].attributes.body
Neikung is a kind a Chinese Breathing, and people think that if you learn neikung with Waigong(kungfu), your body will be healthier. It is also associated with Daoism.

# data[].attributes.body
In China history there are lots of torture to hurt those who disobey the laws.

# data[].attributes.body
Waigong was used to train your body, including muscles, bones, and also skin. Waijia (外家拳)is mostly training your speed and agility. Neijia (内家拳) is mostly training your breathing.

# data[].attributes.body
norethern style kungfu often features extended movement and postures, Baguazhang, Bajiquan, Chāquán, Chuojiao, Eagle Claw, is also a part of the northern style kungfu.

# data[].attributes.body
People in china originally used traditional Chinese before 1946. In nowadays, people in Hong Kong, Macau, and also Taiwan will use traditional Chinese letters. Traditional letters first appeared in the Song dynasty.

# data[].attributes.body
After 1946, the Chinese government decided to use simplified Chinese. They want people to have more literacy in the 1950s to 1960s. So, they make words with fewer strokes, so it is more comfortable to learn.

# data[].attributes.body
religous works of China is mostly about different religion(Taoism, Daoism etc.)

# data[].attributes.body
The four most famous classical novels of China are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Journey to the West, Water Margin, and Dream of the Red Chamber. They are ancient. The oldest of these books is the romance of the three kingdoms from the 14th century. Furthermore, they are also translated into different languages.

# data[].attributes.body
In modern days people type Chinese in Pinyin. Pinyin is a romanization system of Chinese, and there are four tones in the system. In English, for our names, we usually use the pinyin without the tone as the translation of our Chinese name.

# data[].attributes.body
Rich and poor people live in different houses. Rich people had their door of the house faced south, and they used wood to build it. For poor people, they will use brick or stone, and they do not have much furniture in their house.

# data[].attributes.body
In ancient China, bridges can be very stong and they last for a long time. The oldest bridge in China is Anji Bridge constructed during the years between 595 and 605.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Romance of the Three Kingdoms - Wikisource, the free online library

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This work is a translation and has a separate copyright status to the applicable copyright protections of the original content.

# data[].attributes.body
one of the most famous mathematician in ancient china is Liu Hui, and he wrote the book "nine chapters" in 236CE.

# data[].attributes.body
In ancient China, there is a lot of different knids of poetry. there is shi (詩),ci（詞）, fu（賦） and also free verse. one of the most famous authors of poetry is Li Bai（李白）.

# data[].attributes.body
Southern style kungfu features stable stances and also short but powerful movements. they focused more in the arm and also the acrobatic moves made by the body.

# data[].attributes.body
Siheyuan is a traditional building that is commonly found all aorund China, and these Siheyuan is normally occupied by big families or rich people.

# data[].attributes.body
Nowadays, people lives in tall buildings, and they started to abandon old houses.

# data[].attributes.body
The Wu language is mostly used in Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Ningbo, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Wenzhou, Jinhua, and Yongkang. wu language is also used in Yue opera.

# data[].attributes.body
Southern Min, also known as Minnan language is mostly spoken in Fujian and also some parts of Taiwan because some people of Taiwan came from Fujian.

# data[].attributes.body
Cantonese is mostly used in the south-eastern part of China, and it originated in Guangzhou. many overseas community also speaks Cantonese as their language.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Even as mathematical developments in the ancient Greek world were beginning to falter during the final centuries BCE, the burgeoning trade empire of China was leading Chinese mathematics to ever greater heights.

The Chinese Number System

The simple but efficient ancient Chinese numbering system, which dates back to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, used small bamboo rods arranged to represent the numbers 1 to 9, which were then places in columns representing units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. It was, therefore, a decimal place value system, very similar to the one we use today - indeed it was the first such number system, adopted by the Chinese over a thousand years before it was adopted in the West - and it made even quite complex calculations very quick and easy.

Written numbers, however, employed the slightly less efficient system of using a different symbol for tens, hundreds, thousands, etc. This was largely because there was no concept or symbol of zero, and it had the effect of limiting the usefulness of the written number in Chinese.

The use of the abacus is often thought of as a Chinese idea, although some type of abacus was in use in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece, probably much earlier than in China (the first Chinese abacus, or "suanpan", we know of dates to about the 2nd Century BCE).

Lo Shu magic square

There was a pervasive fascination with numbers and mathematical patterns in ancient China, and different numbers were believed to have cosmic significance. In particular, magic squares - squares of numbers where each row, column and diagonal added up to the same total - were regarded as having great spiritual and religious significance.

The Lo Shu Square, an order three square where each row, column and diagonal adds up to 15, is perhaps the earliest of these, dating back to around 650 BCE (the legend of Emperor Yu's discovery of the square on the back of a turtle is set as taking place in about 2800 BCE). But soon, bigger magic squares were being constructed, with even greater magical and mathematical powers, culminating in the elaborate magic squares, circles and triangles of Yang Hui in the 13th Century (Yang Hui also produced a triangular representation of binomial coefficients identical to the later Pascals' Triangle, and was perhaps the first to use decimal fractions in the modern form).

Early Chinese Method of Solving Equations

But the main thrust of Chinese mathematics developed in response to the empire's growing need for mathematically competent administrators. A textbook called "Jiuzhang Suanshu" or " Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art " (written over a period of time from about 200 BCE onwards, probably by a variety of authors) became an important tool in the education of such a civil service, covering hundreds of problems in practical areas such as trade, taxation, engineering and the payment of wages.

It was particularly important as a guide to how to solve equations - the deduction of an unknown number from other known information - using a sophisticated matrix-based method which did not appear in the West until Carl Friedrich Gauss re-discovered it at the beginning of the 19th Century (and which is now known as Gaussian elimination).

Among the greatest mathematicians of ancient China was Liu Hui, who produced a detailed commentary on the "Nine Chapters" in 263 CE, was one of the first mathematicians known to leave roots unevaluated, giving more exact results instead of approximations. By an approximation using a regular polygon with 192 sides, he also formulated an algorithm which calculated the value of π as 3.14159 (correct to five decimal places), as well as developing a very early form of both integral and differential calculus.

The Chinese Remainder Theorem

The Chinese went on to solve far more complex equations using far larger numbers than those outlined in the "Nine Chapters", though. They also started to pursue more abstract mathematical problems (although usually couched in rather artificial practical terms), including what has become known as the Chinese Remainder Theorem. This uses the remainders after dividing an unknown number by a succession of smaller numbers, such as 3, 5 and 7, in order to calculate the smallest value of the unknown number. A technique for solving such problems, initially posed by Sun Tzu in the 3rd Century CE and considered one of the jewels of mathematics, was being used to measure planetary movements by Chinese astronomers in the 6th Century AD, and even today it has practical uses, such as in Internet cryptography.

By the 13th Century, the Golden Age of Chinese mathematics, there were over 30 prestigious mathematics schools scattered across China. Perhaps the most brilliant Chinese mathematician of this time was Qin Jiushao, a rather violent and corrupt imperial administrator and warrior, who explored solutions to quadratic and even cubic equations using a method of repeated approximations very similar to that later devised in the West by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th Century. Qin even extended his technique to solve (albeit approximately) equations involving numbers up to the power of ten, extraordinarily complex mathematics for its time.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Chinese Mathematics emerged independently by the 11th century BC and developed a simple but efficient numbering system.