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The Civil War was a defining event in the history of the United States and was the bloodiest in the nation's history, resulting in approximately 750,000 deaths. The most important events from this period were the Election of 1860 and Secession, a War for Union which lasted 1861-1863, and finally a War for Emantipation which lasted 1863-1865. The final aftermath of the war was America being once again teritorially united. However, the end of the war was only the beginning of many more battles. The battle of racial and cultural segregation, the immigration question, the new labour market, the future of the South, slavery, and many more questions were proposed and America was yet to face them.

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.1

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In the first few battles each side did not have regular uniforms. This made it tough to figure out who was who. Later the Union would wear dark blue uniforms and the Confederates gray coats and pants.

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.2

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During Sherman's March to the Sea, the Union soldiers would heat up rail road ties and then bend them around tree trunks. They were nicknamed "Sherman's neckties".

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.3

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Clara Barton was a famous nurse to the Union Troops. She was called the "Angel of the Battlefields" and founded the American Red Cross.

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.4

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After John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln, he jumped from the box and broke his leg. However, he still managed to stand up on the stage and yell out the Virginia State Motto "Sic semper tyrannis" which means "Thus always to tyrants".

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 14 Civil War - Interesting fact no.5

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Many of the Southern men already knew how to shoot a gun from hunting. The Northern men tended to work in factories and many didn't know how to fire a gun.

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📚 Ch. 14 Civil War - Short essay (Abraham Lincoln)

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📚 Ch. 14 Civil War - Short essay (Abraham Lincoln)

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Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States and is regarded as one of America's greatest heroes due to his role as savior of the Union and emancipator of slaves. Lincoln was, unlike his illiterate family, very fond of reading, mostly because of his wife who taught him how to read and write. In 1834, Lincoln began his political career and was elected to the Illinois state legislature as a member of the Whig Party. This was just the beginning of his fruitful political career. He first decided to become a lawyer, teaching himself the law by reading William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, but he was not satisfied with his income. Prior to the Civil War, Lincoln served as a lobbyist for the Illinois Central Railroad and also worked in some criminal trials. He formulated his early views on slavery, not so much as a moral wrong, but as an impediment to economic development and this ultimately led to him winning the U.S. presidency. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln delivered the Emancipation Proclamation, reshaping the cause of the Civil War from saving the Union to abolishing slavery. Finally, he was assassinated on April 14, 1865, by well-known actor and Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.

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• slavery (n.) - the practice or system of owning slaves
• sovereignty (n.) - the authority of a state to govern itself or another state
• ballot (n.) - a system of voting secretly and in writing on a particular issue
• secession (n.) - the action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state
• allegiance (n.) - loyalty or commitment to a superior or to a group or cause
• fugitive (n.) - a person who has escaped from captivity or is in hiding
• contraband (n.) - goods that have been imported or exported illegally

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The Reconstruction Period came after the Civil War and after the nation was left in the remaining ruins of the war. The governments, economies and social systems needed to be rebuilt, enslaved people's newly established freedom was yet to be defined, and people needed to get used to the antebellum form of life. Reconstruction was based on the ideas of citizenship and equality. The most important fields where Reconstruction was placed to work were the defining of black freedom, women's right, racial violence, and economic development after the Civil War. The closing of Reconstruction meant that North and South reunited again behind the imperatives of economic growth and territorial expansion, and also women and African Americans were starting to gain free and full participation in the public life of the United States.

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.1

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The 13th Amendment was created to give freedom to people of African descent who live in the U.S. It was passed on January 31, 1865 and ratified on December 6, 1865, mostly by Northern States.

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.2

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The 14th Amendment was considered to be one of the most important amendments as it ensures equality and due process of law to all citizens of America. It was passed on June 13, 1866 and ratified on July 19, 1868.

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.3

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The 15th Amendment aimed to give all American citizens, including the freed African Americans, the right to vote. It was passed on February 26, 1869 and ratified on February 3, 1870.

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.4

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was aimed to establish the citizenship of African Americans in the U.S. This act was enacted in April as the first U.S. federal law in 1866.

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Interesting fact no.5

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The KKK: Ku Klux Klan was a hate group of white supremacists with the main goal of stopping federal government efforts to ensure equality to the million of freed African Americans in the South.

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📚 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Short essay (The KKK: Ku Klux Klan)

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📚 Ch. 15 Reconstruction - Short essay (The KKK: Ku Klux Klan)

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The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded in 1865. The first two words of the organization's name supposedly derived from the Greek word "kyklos", meaning circle. The group dedicated itself to an underground campaign of violence against Republican leaders and voters (both black and white) in an effort to reverse the policies of Radical Reconstruction and restore white supremacy in the South. They were joined in this struggle by similar organizations such as the Knights of the White Camelia and the White Brotherhood. At its peak in the 1920s, the Klan membership exceeded 4 million people nationwide. They managed to bring into enforcement the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871, which ultimately led to white supremacy gradually reasserting its hold on the South, and the entire South being under Democratic control once again, by the end of 1876.

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• antebellum (adj.) - occurring or existing before a particular war, especially the US Civil War
• citizenship (n.) - the position or status of being a citizen of a particular country
• alienable (adj.) - able to be transferred to new ownership
• abolition (n.) - the action of stopping/ending a system, practice, or institution
• amendment (n.) - a minor change or addition designed to improve a text, piece of legislation, etc.
• vagrancy (n.) - the state of living as a vagrant; homelessness
• obstructionism (n.) - the practice of deliberately impeding or delaying the course of legal, legislative, or other procedures
• solemnize (v.) - duly perform (a ceremony, especially that of marriage)

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💡 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Short summary

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💡 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Short summary

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During the Industrial Era in the United States many cities experienced explosive growth. Large urban areas started to seem rather busy, loud and hectic. Chicago especially embodied the triumph of the American industrialization. The railroad companies became the nation's largest business and paved the way for a new industry, a new national market, a truly national economy, and even a new national culture. The population increased sevenfold during this period. However, much of that growth came from over twenty-five million immigrants who arrived in the United States in these times. Native Americans were usually situated in large urban areas, but by the time more and more immigrants crowded the cities. Also, the creation of "New South" led to more racial violence and immigration problems. The immigrants, especially those of different race, were treated as subservient. Their properties were distroyed, many lives were lost, lynchings became a ritual and this ultimately led to strikes and the black activism movement.

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no1.

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no1.

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The Industrial Revolution brought about many cultural changes. Before the revolution, most people lived in the country and worked on farms. During the revolution, people moved to the cities to work in factories. Cities grew and became overcrowded, unsanitary, and polluted. In many cities, poor workers lived in crowded and unsafe buildings.

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.2

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Transportation changed dramatically throughout the Industrial Revolution. Where before people traveled by horse, walking, or boat; new ways of travel were introduced including railroads, steam boats, and automobiles. This changed the way people and products were able to travel around the country and the world.

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.3

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Many early factories were powered by water so they had to be by a river that could turn the waterwheel.

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.4

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Printers were able to use steam power to print newspapers and books cheaply. This helped more people get the news and learn how to read.

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Interesting fact no.5

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Some of the most important American inventions during the Industrial Revolution included the telegraph, the sewing machine, telephone, cotton gin, the practical light bulb, and vulcanized rubber.

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📚 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Short essay (The Invention of Telegraph during the Industrial Period)

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📚 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Short essay (The Invention of Telegraph during the Industrial Period)

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Electric telegraph was developed in the mid-19th century in the United States and for more than 100 years was the principal means of transmitting printed information by wire or radio wave. In 1832 Samuel F. B. Morse, a professor at the University of the City of New York, made the first sketches of ideas for the system of electric telegraphy. In 1835 he devised a system of dots and dashes to represent letters and numbers and, finally, in 1837 he was granted a patent on an electromagnetic telegraphy. Railroad traffic control was one of the earliest applications of the telegraph, but it also shortly became a vital tool for the transmission of news around the country. During the time of rapid change in the telegraph industry a new device, the telephone, was patented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Although the telephone was originally expected to replace the telegraph completely, this turned out not to be the case: both industries thrived side by side for many decades.

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📒 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Vocabulary

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📒 Ch. 18 Life in Industrial America - Vocabulary

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• industrialization (n.) - the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
• hinterland (n.) - the remote areas of a country away from the coast or the banks of major rivers
• shareholder (n.) - an owner of shares in a company
• incorporation (n.) - the process of constituting a company, city, or other organization as a legal corporation
• stockyard (n.) - a large yard containing pens and sheds in which livestock is kept and sorted
• urbanization (n.) - the process of making an area more urban
• sanctuary (n.) - refuge or safety from pursuit, persecution, or other danger
• infrastructure (n.) - the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise

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💡 Ch. 19 American Empire - Short summary

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💡 Ch. 19 American Empire - Short summary

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In the years following the end of the Civil War the United States took a more imperialistic approach towards other nations, especially the ones in Cuba, the Philippines, Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, and many more. America began a long history of exploration, trade, and cultural exchange and it is a discussable matter whether these acts of colonialism made America become an empire of its kind. Theodore Roosevelt was the main figure during this period. Imperialism affected immigrants and women the most.

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.1

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With over 650 military bases in 38 different countries, American Imperialism has helped give the world some level of defensive support, protecting people around the world during conflict. This is by providing training, support, equipment and other resources.

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.2

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Imperialism brought about globalization. It paved the way in the advancement of infrastructure and machinery, helping the colonized countries progress. As a result, there was improvement in the standard of living while literacy rate increased exponentially as educational institutes were established.

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.3

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Innovation is the main focus American Imperialism, which should allow the US to gain as much profit as possible. This resulted in the development of new products and services not only in the United States, but also in other countries. This has fueled economic growth.

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.4

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There were countries that suffered discrimination as they were forced to adapt to foreign ideas and thoughts despite their protests. What's worse is that many people from the colonies were shipped and used without them knowing or agreeing, especially in Africa.

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 19 American Empire - Interesting fact no.5

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Citizens of the colonies who did not accept the beliefs of the superpowers of the colonizers can be exploited and punished for doing so. Aside from that, the colonies’ wealth and natural resources were exploited as well.

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📚 Ch. 19 American Empire - Short essay (Theodore Roosevelt)

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📚 Ch. 19 American Empire - Short essay (Theodore Roosevelt)

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Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th president of the United States (1901-1909) and a writer, naturalist, and soldier. He expanded the powers of the presidency and of the federal government. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1906 for mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and he secured the route and began construction of the Panama Canal (1904-1914). Theodore was a proud nationalist who willingly gave up on the passive Jeffersonian tradition of fearing the rise of a strong chief executive and a powerful central government. He believed in power and he also believed that nations, like individuals, should do their part to maintain peace and order, and that "civilized" nations had a responsibility for stewardship of "barbarous" ones. Roosevelt claimed that the right way to conduct foreign policy was to "speak softly and carry a big stick".

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• imperialism (n.) - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means
• intervention (n.) - interference by a state in another's affairs
• insular (adj.) - ignorant of or uninterested in cultures, ideas, or peoples outside one's own experience
• missionary (n.) - a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country
• punitive (adj.) - inflicting or intended as punishment
• annexation (n.) - the action of occupying something, especially territory
• insurrection (n.) - a violent uprising against an authority or government
• insurgency (n.) - an active revolt or uprising
• guerrilla (n.) - referring to actions or activities performed in an impromptu way, often without authorization

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💡 Ch. 20 - The Progressive Era - Short summary

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💡 Ch. 20 - The Progressive Era - Short summary

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The Progressive Era was the period in which Americans fought to get their country back on its feet and to restore the ruins of previous periods in the history of their nation. However, although the Progressive Era is called this way due to a large number of progressive movements that appeared in this period, there were also numerous troubles going on. The rise of unprecedented fortunes and poverty, controversies over imperialism, a near-war between capital and labor, unsanitary food production, the onrush of foreign immigration, environmental destruction, and the outbreak of political radicalism were just some of the problems that appeared at this time. Furthermore, black Americans and women were still fighting for their rights and active roles in the society and laborers were struggling under the capitalism regime. All things considered, the Progressive Era was a time when all the tension that had been building up for ages finally burst and definitely set a new relationship between American society, American culture, and American politics.

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.1

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In the early 1900s, women, such as Carrie Chapman Catt, began protesting and demanding the right to vote. These "Suffragettes" organized protest parades, which were ridiculed at first, but were more and more effective by the time.

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.2

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Examples of Progressive reforms in government include direct primaries, direct election of U.S. senators, initiative and referendum, and setting limits on campaign contributions.

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OR 1 10 1911 1 Initiative Editorial Cartoon-01

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.3

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Reformers in the African American community founded the NAACP (W.E.B. DuBois) and the Urban League to support African American families and workers.

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.4

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The muckrakers were reform-minded journalists in the Progressive Era in the United States who exposed established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in popular magazines. The modern term is investigative journalism or watchdog journalism.

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Interesting fact no.5

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Progressives rejected the doctrine of laissez-faire and believed that governments should take an active role in addressing the issues of the day.

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📚 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Short essay (The Suffragette Movement)

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📚 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Short essay (The Suffragette Movement)

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many women started to campaign for women's rights and their focus was the right to vote. They campaigned for votes for middle-class, property-owning women and believed in peaceful protest. During the Progressive Era, two main political groups formed, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and the Women's Social and Political Union. The American society was obviously still not ready for this, in those times, quite radical movements and thus many protesting Suffragettes were arrested for law-breaking and many went to prison. In further protest, Suffragettes would go on hunger strike in prison and to stop them from becoming ill, they would often be held down and force-fed by prison staff in a particularly unpleasant procedure. However, the unfortunate death of Emily Wilding Davison finally sparked public anger and gathered sympathy and support to the women's cause.

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📒 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Vocabulary

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📒 Ch. 20 The Progressive Era - Vocabulary

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• unprecedented (adj.) - never done or known before
• radicalism (n.) - the beliefs or actions of people who advocate thorough or complete political or social reform
• capitalism (n.) - an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
• plight (n.) - a dangerous, difficult, or otherwise unfortunate situation
• congregation (n.) - a group of people assembled for religious worship
• suffrage (n.) - the right to vote in political elections
• reform (n.) - the action or process of improving an institution or practice
• hatchetation (n.) - a violent protest against the drinking of alcohol in which the protester attacks the bar with a hatchet
• temperance (n.) - abstinence from alcoholic drink

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World War I was the first global war of those measurements and enabled the United States to prove themselves as a powerful military nation. However, the aftermaths of this war left America struggling and preparing for more complex future events such as a global depression and eventually World War II. World War I only managed to shake the already existing ethic tensions in the nation and changed the nation's perspective towards radicalism, dissent and immigration. All things considered, the war meant a quite uncertain future for America and the entire world.

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More than 65 million men from 30 countries fought in WWI. Nearly 10 million died. The Allies (The Entente Powers) lost about 6 million soldiers. The Central Powers lost about 4 million.

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During WWI, dogs were used as messengers and carried orders to the front lines in capsules attached to their bodies. Dogs were also used to lay down telegraph wires.

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Tanks were initially called "landships". However, in an attempt to disguise them as water storage tanks rather than as weapons, the British decided to code name them "tanks".

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Some Americans disagreed with the United States' initial refusal to enter WWI and so they joined the French Foreign Legion or the British or Canadian army. A group of U.S. pilots formed the Lafayette Escadrille, which was part of the French air force and became one of the top fighting units on the Western Front.

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During WWI, the Spanish flu caused about 1/3 of total military deaths.

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📚 Ch. 21 WWI - Short essay (The Spanish Flu)

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📚 Ch. 21 WWI - Short essay (The Spanish Flu)

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The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, the deadliest in history, infected an estimated 500 million people worldwide—about one-third of the planet's population—and killed an estimated 20 million to 50 million victims, including some 675,000 Americans. The first wave of the 1918 pandemic occurred in the spring and was generally mild. The sick, who experienced such typical flu symptoms as chills, fever and fatigue, usually recovered after several days, and the number of reported deaths was low. However, a second, highly contagious wave of influenza appeared with a vengeance in the fall of that same year. Victims died within hours or days of developing symptoms, their skin turning blue and their lungs filling with fluid that caused them to suffocate. Despite the fact that the 1918 flu wasn't isolated to one place, it became known around the world as the Spanish flu, as Spain was hit hard by the disease and was not subject to the wartime news blackouts that affected other European countries. One unusual aspect of the 1918 flu was that it struck down many previously healthy, young people—a group normally resistant to this type of infectious illness—including a number of World War I servicemen. In fact, more U.S. soldiers died from the 1918 flu than were killed in battle during the war.

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• disenchantement (n.) - a feeling of disappointment about someone or something you previously respected or admired; disillusionment
• groundwork (n.) - preliminary or basic work
• alliance (n.) - a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations
• expansion (n.) - the political strategy of extending a state's territory by encroaching on that of other nations
• international affairs (n.) - events and activities that involve the governments, politics, economies, etc. of different countries
• auspicious (adj.) - conducive to success; favourable
• artillery (n.) - large-calibre guns used in warfare on land
• malfunction (v.) - of a piece of equipment or machinery) fail to function normally
• stalemate (n.) - (in chess) a position counting as a draw, in which a player is not in check but cannot move except into check

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The New Era marks the period that the United States went through after World War I.  On one hand, that was the period when anarchism came to a climax, farmers' bankruptcy rates skyrocketed, and the Ku Klux Klan was reborn. However, on the other hand, that was the period marked by mass production and consumption of automobiles, household appliances, film, and radio that fueled a new economy and new standards of living. Furthermore, sexual and social restraints loosened, class, race and sex discrimination decreased and the nation began to move towards a more tolerant and democratic ways of living. The terms "New Woman" and "New Negro" were coined and defined and the nation entered the, both famous and infamous, Roaring Twenties.

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.1

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The classic image of a flapper is that of a stylish young party girl. Flappers smoked in public, drank alcohol, danced at jazz clubs and practiced a sexual freedom that shocked the Victorian morality of their parents.

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.2

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With the groundbreaking new music came a vibrant nightlife. The Savoy opened in 1927, an integrated ballroom with two bandstands that featured continuous jazz and dancing well past midnight, sometimes in the form of battling bands helmed by Fletcher Henderson, Jimmie Lunceford and King Oliver.

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.3

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The illegal manufacturing and sale of liquor (known as "bootlegging") went on throughout the decade, along with the operation of "speakeasies" (stores or nightclubs selling alcohol), the smuggling of alcohol across state lines and the informal production of liquor ("moonshine" or "bathtub gin") in private homes.

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.4

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The Teapot Dome Scandal of the 1920s shocked Americans by revealing an unprecedented level of greed and corruption within the federal government. The scandal involved ornery oil tycoons, poker-playing politicians, illegal liquor sales, a murder-suicide, a womanizing president and a bagful of bribery cash delivered on the sly.

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 22 The New Era - Interesting fact no.5

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During the Tulsa Race Massacre (also known as the Tulsa Race Riot), which occurred over 18 hours on May 31-June 1, 1921, a white mob attacked residents, homes and businesses in the predominantly black Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, Oklahoma.

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📚 Ch. 22 The New Era - Short essay (Louis Armstrong)

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📚 Ch. 22 The New Era - Short essay (Louis Armstrong)

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Louis Armstrong was the leading trumpeter and one of the most influential artists in jazz history. He toured America and Europe as a trumpet soloist accompanied by big bands. During the 1930s he abandoned the often blues-based original material of his earlier years for a remarkably fine choice of popular songs by composers such as Hoagy Carmichael, Irving Berlin, and Duke Ellington. Armstrong was also the dominant influence on the swing era, when most trumpeters attempted to immitate his inclination to dramatic structure, melody, or technical virtuosity. He also starred in various movies and wrote two autobiographies - Swing That Music (1936) and Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans (1954).

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• mass entertainment (n.) - enerally means a form of enjoyment, leisure and entertainment that appeals to a majority of people no matter what the social background
• prosperity (n.) - the state of wealth and success
• propaganda (n.) - information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view
• tax (n.) - a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions
• commerce (n.) - the activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale
• consumerism (n.) - the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers
• merchandising (n.) - the activity of promoting the sale of goods, especially by their presentation in retail outlets
• marketing (n.) - the action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising

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💡 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Short summary

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💡 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Short summary

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The five most important causes of the Great Depression were: The Roaring Twenties (the period preceding the country's economic decline due to irrational optimism and overconfidence), 1929 Stock Market Crash, bank closures and weaknesses in the banking system, overproduction of consumer goods, fall in demand and the purchase of consumer goods, bankruptcies and high levels of debt, and, ultimately, lack of credit. More than 7 million people starved to death in the Great Depression. Herbert Hoover, America's 31st president, took office in 1929, the year the U.S. economy plummeted into the Great Depression. Although his predecessors' policies undoubtedly contributed to the crisis, which lasted over a decade, Hoover bore much of the blame in the minds of the American people. On the surface, World War II seems to mark the end of the Great Depression. During the war, more than 12 million Americans were sent into the military, and a similar number toiled in defense-related jobs. Those war jobs seemingly took care of the 17 million unemployed in 1939. Nevertheless, most historians believe that this way America merely traded its debt for unemployment.

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.1

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People who lost their homes often lived in what were called "Hoovervilles", or shanty towns, that were named after President Herbert Hoover. There was also "Hoover Stew" (food dished out in soup kitchens), "Hoover Blankets" (newspapers that served as blankets), "Hoover Hogs" (jack rabbits used as food), and "Hoover Wagons" (broken cars that were pulled by mules).

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.2

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Chicago gangster Al Capone, in one of his sporadic attempts at public relations, opened a soup kitchen during the Great Depression. For millions, soup kitchens provided the only food they would see all day.

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.3

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On "Black Tuesday", October 29, 1929, the market lost $14 billion, making the loss for that week an astounding $30 billion. This was ten times more than the annual federal budget and far more than the U.S. had spent in WWI. Thirty billion dollars would be equivalent to $377,587,032,770.41 today.

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.4

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A new look in women's fashion emerged in the 1930s. In response to the economic crisis, designers created more affordable fashions with longer hemlines, slim waistlines, lower heels, and less makeup. Accessories became more important as they created the impression of a "new" look without having to buy a new dress.

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Interesting fact no.5

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The board game Monopoly, which first became available in 1935, became immensely popular perhaps because players could become rich - at least in their imagination.

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📚 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Short essay (Al Capone)

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📚 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Short essay (Al Capone)

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Al Capone, byname of Alphonse Capone, also called Scarface, was the most famous American gangster, who dominated organized crime in Chicago from 1925 to 1931. Capone's parents immigrated to the United States from Naples in 1893 and he grew up in Brooklyn, New York. From an early age he was a members of many street gangs, such as the James Street Boys gang and the Five Points gang. Capone quickly became crime czar of Chicago, running gambling, prostitution, and bootlegging rackets and expanding his territories by gunning down rivals and rival gangs. Although he ordered many murders and even killed with his own hands, Al Capone was really a very honoring and generous person. After the 1929 stock market crash during the Great Depression, he opened the first soup kitchen, and ordered merchants to give clothes to the needy at his expense. Capone died on January 25, surrounded by his family in his home, after his heart failed as a result of apoplexy.

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📒 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Vocabulary

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📒 Ch. 23 The Great Depression - Vocabulary

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• stock (n.) - the capital raised by a company or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares
• brokerage (n.) - a company that buys or sells goods or assets for clients
• corporate tax (n.) - a direct tax imposed by a jurisdiction on the income or capital of corporations or analogous legal entities
• tariff (n.) - a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports
• protectionism (n.) - the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports
• action (n.) - legal proceedings; a lawsuit
• exasperate (v.) - irritate and frustrate (someone) intensely
• bankrupt (adj.) - (of a person or organization) declared in law as unable to pay their debts
• congressional (adj.) - belonging or relating to a national legislative body, especially that of the US

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World War II began in Europe in September 1939, when Germany, under Chancellor Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. This event is referred to as the German Aggression. Britain and France responded by declaring war on Germany but took little action over the following months. In 1940, Germany launched its next initiative by attacking Denmark and Norway, followed shortly thereafter by attacks on Belgium, The Netherlands, and France. All of these nations were conquered rapidly. America joined the war in its final years - by 1944 America led the world in arms production, making more than enough to fill its military needs. At the same time, the United States was providing its allies in Great Britain and the Soviet Union with critically needed supplies. Many Americans volunteered to defend the nation from enemy bombing or invasion. America's involvement in World War II had a significant impact on the economy and workforce of the United States. American factories were retooled to produce goods to support the war effort and almost overnight the unemployment rate dropped to around 10%. The war finally ended on 8 May 1945, when the Allies accepted Germany's surrender, about a week after Adolf Hitler had committed suicide.

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.1

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More US servicemen died in the Air Corps that the Marine Corps.

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.2

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In 1941, more than 3 million cars were manufactured in the US. Only 139 more were made during the entire war.

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.3

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In World War II, the youngest serviceman in the US military was Calvin Graham — age 12. Graham lied about his age when he enlisted in the US Navy. His real age was not discovered after he was wounded.

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.4

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To avoid using the German sounding name 'hamburger' during World War II, Americans used the name 'Liberty Steak'.

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 24 World War II - Interesting fact no.5

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Adolf Hitler's nephew, William Hitler, served in the US Navy during World War II.

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📚 Ch. 24 World War II - Short essay (Calvin Graham)

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📚 Ch. 24 World War II - Short essay (Calvin Graham)

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Calvin Graham was the youngest U.S. serviceman to serve and fight during World War II. Calvin was one of seven children living at home with an abusive stepfather. He and an older brother moved into a cheap rooming house, and Calvin supported the small family by selling newspapers and delivering telegrams on weekends and after school. Being around newspapers afforded the boy the opportunity to keep up on events overseas, he was interested in sharing his part, and with no further ado decided to lie about his age and enlist. At the age of just 12, he enlisted in the Navy on August 15, 1942 and was sent to boot camp in San Diego, California, for six weeks, and afterwards was sent to Pearl Harbor at Oahu, Hawaii, where he was assigned to USS South Dakota. In 1978, he was finally given an honorable discharge for his service in the Navy, and after writing to Congress and with the approval of President Jimmy Carter, all medals except his Purple Heart were reinstated. His story came to public attention in 1988, when his story was told in the TV movie, Too Young the Hero. In 1988, he received disability benefits and back pay for his service in the Navy.

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• invasion (n.) - an instance of invading a country or region with an armed force
• centralization (n.) - the concentration of control of an activity or organization under a single authority
• aggression (n.) - a forceful action or procedure (such as an unprovoked attack) especially when intended to dominate or master
• blitzkrieg (n.) - an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory
• embargo (n.) - an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country; an order of a state forbidding foreign ships to enter, or any ships to leave, its ports
• intervention (n.) - interference by a state in another's affairs

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Following the end of World War II the uneasy wartime alliance between the United States and Great Britain on the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other began to unravel, ultimately leading to a brand new war - the Cold War. This term was first used by the English writer George Orwell in an article published in 1945. The Cold War reached its peak in the period 1948–53. Some of the main events that marked this period were: the Soviets unsuccessfully blockading the Western-held sectors of West Berlin(1948–49); the United States and its European allies forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO (1949); the Soviets exploding their first atomic warhead (1949); the Chinese communists coming to power in mainland China (1949); and the Soviet-supported communist government of North Korea invading U.S.-supported South Korea in 1950, setting off an indecisive Korean Warthat lasted until 1953. The war finally ended in late 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed and 15 newly independent nations were born from its corpse, including a Russia with a democratically elected, anticommunist leader.

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.1

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.1

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Popular Cold War films include "Red Dawn" (1984), "Firefox" (1982), "The Falcon and the Snowman"  (1985), "Spies Like Us" (1985), and "Rocky IV" (1985).

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.2

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.2

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During the Cold War, the Soviet Union detonated the largest nuclear weapon the world had ever seen. Called the Tsar of Bomba (King of the Bombs), it released the equivalent of over 50 megatons of TNT, which was more than all the explosives used during WWII combined.

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.3

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.3

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The peak of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis, the closest the world has ever come to self-destruction.

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.4

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.4

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CIA agents during the Cold War used a method of communication based on how their shoelaces were tied. The shoelace patterns could convey messages such as "I have information", "Follow me", or "I have brought another person".

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.5

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🔎 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Interesting fact no.5

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The Vietnam War (1959–75) was the deadliest proxy war of the Cold War era. Over 3.5 million people died. The second deadliest war during the Cold War was the Korean War(1950–53), with over 3 million people killed.

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📚 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Short essay (The Cuban Missile Crisis)

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📚 Ch. 25 The Cold War - Short essay (The Cuban Missile Crisis)

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Cuban missile crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962, was a major confrontation that brought the United States and the Soviet Union close to war over the presence of Soviet nuclear-armedmissiles in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the nearest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war and the nearest the world has ever come to self-destruction. During this crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense political and military standoff over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. The Cuban missile crisis was serious enough to force the United States to put Strategic Air Command at Defcon 2, the only time that happened during the Cold War. The Cuban Missile crisis came to an end when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove Russian missiles from Cuba in exchange for a promise from the United States to respect Cuba's territorial sovereignty. Many historians consider Fidel Castro to be the winner of this crisis, since only him gave nothing to get something in return.

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• ally (n.) - a state formally cooperating with another for a military or other purpose
• cornerstone (n.) - an important quality or feature on which a particular thing depends or is based
• containment (n.) - the action or policy of preventing the expansion of a hostile country or influence
• communism (n.) - a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs
• boycott (n.) - a punitive ban on relations with other bodies, cooperation with a policy, or the handling of goods
• expenditure (n.) - the action of spending funds
• militarization (n.) - the process of becoming ready for conflict or war