# data[].attributes.body
1. zygote- the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

2. embryo-the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

3. fetus-the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

4. teratogens-agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

5. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome- physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

6. habituation-decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

7. maturation- the orderly physical and cognitive development of the child

8. pruning- fine-tunes the brain as neural networks that are frequently used are strengthened, while those that are unused tend to shut down over time

9. infantile amnesia- lack of memory prior to age 3

# data[].attributes.body
1. imprinting- the rigid process by which some animals form strong and nearly immediate attachments early in life

2. critical period- period during which rigid attachment is formed

3. secure attachment- show distress when mom leaves, avoidant of stranger, is comforted and approaches mother upon return

4. insecure attachment- infants cling to their mothers, refusing to explore their new surrounding; when the mother left and returned, they would either cry loudly and remain upset or appear indifferent to her return

5. authoritarian parenting- high expectations, strict rules and consequences, power assertive, unidirectional communication

6. authoritative parenting- expectations and rules are communicated and explained, reciprocal, responsive, communication is very bidirectional

7. permissive parenting- few rules and expectations, lack of communication

8. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages- the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage (in which the oedipus complex occurs), latent stage, and genital stage

9. fixation- psychologically stuck, resulting in developmental issues

10. modeling- a technique used in cognitive behavior therapy & behavior therapy in which learning occurs through observation and imitation

# data[].attributes.body
1. schemas- mental frame works, used as a child develops to make sense of new information

2. assimilation- interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

3. accommodation- adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

4. Piaget’s Cognitive Stages-

sensorimotor- child gains info about the world via their five senses

preoperational stage- the child is egocentric and cannot perform mental operations

concrete operational- the child begins to perform mental operations given concrete material

Formal operational- child becomes capable of operational thinking

5. concrete thinking- literal thinking that is focused on the physical world

6. object permanence-  the child’s ability to understand that an object exists, even if we are not consciously aware of it

7. conservation- the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

8. operational thinking- reasoning expands from purely concrete to more abstract

9. stranger anxiety- once close bonds are formed with their primary caregiver, the child may feel fearful and show signs of distress when left with an unfamiliar stranger

10. basic trust- according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

11. egocentrism- in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

12. theory of mind- people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

13. Autism Spectrum Disorder- a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

14. zone of proximal development- according to Vygotsky, the zone between what a child can and can’t do; what a child can do with help

15. scaffolding-supporting or coaching students as they work towards more complex tasks

# data[].attributes.body
1. adolescence- refers to the transitory period from childhood to adulthood, generally beginning with puberty and extending into independent adulthood.

2. identity- our sense of self

7.5
1. emerging adulthood-  a period from the late teens to mid- twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

2. Erikson Psychosocial Stages-

Infancy- If needs are met, infants will develop a sense of basic trust

Toddlerhood- Toddlers will develop the confidence to explore and exercise their own will, or they will doubt their abilities

Preschool-Children will learn to initiate tasks on their own or they will feel guilty about their desire for independence

Elementary School-Children learn to enjoy applying themselves to a task or they will feel inferior

Adolescence- Teenagers test roles and work to find a sense of self and identity or they become confused about who they are

Young Adulthood- Young adults develop the capacity to form lasting intimate love or they will feel isolated

Middle Adulthood- People begin to experience a sense of contribution through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Late Adulthood- Reflecting upon their life, one will feel either satisfaction or despair

3. menopause- the natural end of a woman’s menstrual cycle, at around the age of 50

4. social clock- the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

# data[].attributes.body
1. moral reasoning- the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

2. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning-

Preconventional morality
(before age 9)- Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

Conventional morality
(early adolescence)- Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond)- Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

7.7
3. sex chromosomes- a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism; you receive x from your mother and y from your father

4. puberty- the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

5. primary sex characteristics- he body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

6. secondary sex characteristics- non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

7. menarche- the first menstrual period

8. intersex- individuals are born with intermediate or unusual combinations of male and female physical features

9. sexual orientation- the direction of one’s sexual at-traction

10. menopause- the natural end of a woman’s menstrual cycle, at around the age of 50