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The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate

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The Importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate

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The 1989 Montreal Protocol was a successful endeavour to reduce the production, consumption and emission of ozone depleting gases put in to the atmosphere

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Effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subarctic lakes

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Effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subarctic lakes

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March 30 2000
Fossil Diatoms assemblages in combination with bio-optical models
Changes in the fossils from UV exposure from the holocene to the present time (underwater)
- Lara

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Effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subartic lakes

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Effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on UV exposure in subartic lakes

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the effect of stratospheric ozone depletion on increases in ambient levels of solar UV radition in high latitude regions. Potential effect of climate change relative to ozone depletion on northern fresh water eco systems. Published March 2000

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Governing the Invisible Commons: Ozone Regulation and the Montreal Protocol

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Governing the Invisible Commons: Ozone Regulation and the Montreal Protocol

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Protocol enacted January 1, 1989. Montreal Protocol recognised as a successful example of international cooperation for a global environmental problem. The production and consumption of ozone depleting substances has dropped significantly. It is predicted that atmospheric ozone concentrations will return to normal by the end of the century.

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Effects of CFCs and CRE-driven ozone depletion on global climate change (Feb 2010)

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Effects of CFCs and CRE-driven ozone depletion on global climate change (Feb 2010)

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- stratospheric ozone loss reduces solar radiation absorption (resulting in cooler stratosphere, warmer troposphere)

- IPCC concludes an increase in CFCs represents about 13% of total radiative forcing

- conclusions based on climate model simulations not direct observations

- CFC-driven ozone depletion strongly affects polar region

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Stratospheric ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine

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Stratospheric ozone depletion and future levels of atmospheric chlorine and bromine

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April 19th 1990. The rise in atmospheric chlorine levels caused by the emission of chlorofluorocarbons and other halo-carbons is thought to be the main cause of the appearance of the Antarctic ozone 'hole' in the late 1970s, and the more modest ozone depletion observed over parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

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The Relationship between the Polar Vortex and Ozone Depletion in Antarctica Stratosphere during Period 1979-2016.

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The Relationship between the Polar Vortex and Ozone Depletion in Antarctica Stratosphere during Period 1979-2016.

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Published Date: 29/8/17
Results from the spatial patterns of ozone and polar vortex suggest that the morphological changes of polar vortex can impact the horizontal distribution of ozone and the ozone within the polar vortex experiences a severe depletion in spring.

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The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate

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The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate

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CFC's and ODS's are recognised as the main cause for ozone depletion. The Montreal Protocol successfully reduces the depletion of GHG.

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A quantitative analysis of the reactions involved in stratospheric ozone depletion in the polar vortex core

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A quantitative analysis of the reactions involved in stratospheric ozone depletion in the polar vortex core

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(9 July 1992) It is now recognized that ozone losses due to heterogeneous reactions involving chlorine and bromine) are greatest in the lower stratosphere, near 20 km (ref. 2), and this is the main cause of ozone depletion over polar latitudes

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Zonally asymmetric trends of winter total column ozone in the northern middle latitudes

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Zonally asymmetric trends of winter total column ozone in the northern middle latitudes

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looking at transport models
chemical transport models
total ozone (column ozone)

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A. F. Bais,*a   R. L. McKenzie,b   G. Bernhard,c   P. J. Aucamp,d   M. Ilyas,e   S. Madronichf  and  K. Tourpalia. (2015) 'Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation'

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A. F. Bais,*a   R. L. McKenzie,b   G. Bernhard,c   P. J. Aucamp,d   M. Ilyas,e   S. Madronichf  and  K. Tourpalia. (2015) 'Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation'

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Discusses the impacts of UV radiation in relation to the Ozone depletion and climate change. Studies the negative and positive effects of solar UV radiation on humans, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, materials and air quality. Collects data on long-term and short-term changes in UV radiation on Earth’s surface. Mentions Montreal Protocol in reducing the concentrations of ozone depleting substances.
- Emily

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Recent strengthening of the stratospheric Arctic vortex response to warming in the central North Pacific

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Recent strengthening of the stratospheric Arctic vortex response to warming in the central North Pacific

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(2018) The stratospheric arctic vortex (SAV) influences the tropospheric mid and high latitudes, influencing the winters (in particular, the temperatures). This article is looking at the temperature trend from 1998-2016 across the Winter months (Dec, Jan, Feb). The mean temperature over the arctic 1997-2016 has a statistically significant (above 95% confidence level) cooling trend in the stratosphere, evident in all the different reanalysis data sets that they used.

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Trend of Antarctic Ozone Hole and its Influencing Factors

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Trend of Antarctic Ozone Hole and its Influencing Factors

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ADVANCES IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH 3(2): 68{75, 2012)
Analysing variation trends of the hole in the Antarctic using satellite ozone data and ground measured ozone data at two Antarctic stations.
The results show that equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) and stratospheric temperature are two important factors influencing the ozone hole.

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Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history

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Stratospheric ozone depletion: A review of concepts and history

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Observations of ozone and of chlorine‐related trace gases near 40 km provide evidence that gas phase chemistry has indeed currently depleted about 10% of the stratospheric ozone there as predicted, and the vertical and horizontal structures of this depletion are fingerprints for that process. in 1999

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Ozone depletion in the upper stratosphere estimated from satellite and Space Shuttle data:

thought that it would occur primarily in the upper stratosphere, at altitudes near 42 km. It is now recognized that ozone losses due to heterogeneous reactions involving chlorine and bromine¹are greatest in the lower stratosphere, near 20 km (ref. 2), and this is the main cause of ozone depletion over polar latitudes³.

observations of ozone concentrations in the upper stratosphere have been made with the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet spectrometer carried by the Space Shuttle. Here we combine the SSBUV data for October 1989 with measurements made in October 1980

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Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations

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Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations

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Combined effects of ocean acidification and solar UV radiation on photosynthesis, growth, pigmentation and calcification of the coralline alga Corallina sessilis (Rhodophyta; Gao, Kunshan ; Zheng, Yangqiao

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Combined effects of ocean acidification and solar UV radiation on photosynthesis, growth, pigmentation and calcification of the coralline alga Corallina sessilis (Rhodophyta; Gao, Kunshan ; Zheng, Yangqiao

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Bascially the paper is exploring the relationship between ocean acidification (caused by higher levels of CO2) and increased amount of UV radiation (due to ozone depletion) and its effects on specific species of algae in the ocean. Increased UV radiation inhibited the ability to photosynthesise and and ocean acidification inhibited the ability to handle UV radiation

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The Impact of Continuing CFC‐11 Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone (2020)

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The Impact of Continuing CFC‐11 Emissions on Stratospheric Ozone (2020)

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CFC‐11 emissions have been near constant or increasing since 2002 despite production and consumption being controlled under the Montreal Protocol. They use a two‐dimensional chemistry‐climate model to investigate the stratospheric ozone response to a range of future CFC‐11 emissions scenarios.

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The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on freshwater ecosystems of the Arctic: Influence from stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change by S. Perin and D.R.S. Lean

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The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on freshwater ecosystems of the Arctic: Influence from stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change by S. Perin and D.R.S. Lean

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Dynamic changes such as artic polar vortex changes will play a more significant role in affecting artic ozone. The artic polar vortex has a large impact on the spatiotemporal distributions of stratospheric ozone and other tracer gases.

There are three stages of the polar vortex. It forms in late autumn early winter. Gains peak velocity during mid winter and begins to disband during later winter early spring.

A wind pattern barrier is created around the south pole, which essentially creates the polar vortex. temperatures can reach below -80 degrees within the barrier.

Artic sea loss has contributed to a consistent late shift of the artic vortex toward the Eurasian continent over the past three decades and may continue into the following decades.

High vortex shift index corresponds to a more significant shift of the polar vortex towards Eurasia.

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Colder stratosphere leads to thinning arctic ozone

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Colder stratosphere leads to thinning arctic ozone

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This year, colder-than-usual temperatures in the stratosphere have led to more polar stratospheric clouds, which in turn contributed to the record loss of ozone. These cold years may happen more often in the future: as greenhouse gases trap more heat in the lower atmosphere, less of it radiates back to the stratosphere. "On average, that means that, barring changes in stratospheric circulation, there may be a tendency to have years where it's colder in the stratosphere, and one of the results of a cold year is more of these clouds forming," says Kaley Walker, assistant professor with the University of Toronto's Department of Physics.

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There are several chemical reactions that occur and cause the depletion of the ozone layer. Examples of these reactions include Cl and ClO. The reaction chlorofluorocarbons were banned by the Montreal Protocol. This ban will allow the stratosphere to slowly recover, due to less reactions of chlorofluorocarbons.

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Comparative studies on the degradation of aqueous 2-chloroaniline by O 3 as well as by UV-light and γ-rays in the presence of ozone

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Comparative studies on the degradation of aqueous 2-chloroaniline by O 3 as well as by UV-light and γ-rays in the presence of ozone

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What Determines How Much Ultraviolet Radiation Reaches the Earth’s Surface

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What Determines How Much Ultraviolet Radiation Reaches the Earth’s Surface

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How have human's studied Ozone Layer? Atmospheric research showed that the layer was being depleted by CFC's. They used the Dobson unit to measure the amount of Ozone overhead (above a point on the Earth's surface.

Diverse layers and systems involved? The Ozone layer is in the upper atmosphere Stratosphere.

How is the natural and physical system impacted by humans? Hallogen sourced gasses that contain. Bromine and Chlorine levels increase causes depletion in ozone cells. From spray cans etc. Power units transformed power from high voltage to low voltage to be used in houses- constantly emitting CFC's

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Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation 2017

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Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation 2017

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Changes in ozone and clouds may lead to decrease in UV at high latitudes , where UV is already low - could have effect on health and ecosystems.
Without the Montreal Protocol, peak values of sunburning UV radiation could have been tripled by 2065 at mid-northern latitudes.
This would have had serious consequences for the environment and for human health.
Decreases in UV-B radiation at the Earth's surface in response to the recovery of stratospheric ozone have not been detected yet because such changes are still masked by varying attenuation of UV radiation by ozone, clouds, aerosols, and other factors.
Decreases in UV-B radiation at the Earth's surface in response to the recovery of stratospheric ozone have not been detected yet because such changes are still masked by varying attenuation of UV radiation by ozone, clouds, aerosols, and other factors.

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The goal of the Montreal protocol was to successfully reduce the use of ODS(ozone destroying substances) therefore reducing the destructive emissions.

from 1994-2012 ODS has dropped by 10%

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The CFC-Ozone Issue: Progress on the Development of Alternatives to CFCs

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The CFC-Ozone Issue: Progress on the Development of Alternatives to CFCs

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CFC's are now believed to be major contributors to the season ozone depletion over Antarctica.
Due to importance in modern society it would be not be feasible to remove and cease their production.

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Ghosh and Midya in Atmospheric ozone, its depletion andAntarctic ozone hole (1994) 

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Ghosh and Midya in Atmospheric ozone, its depletion andAntarctic ozone hole (1994) 

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The detection of depletion of atmospheric ozone in late 1960's, led to postulate several catalytic reactions. The involvement of NO^ in ozone chemistry causes about 60% and chlorine only a few percent of ozone destruction. Had ozone not been absorbed in the stratosphere, ultraviolet radiations from the Sun would have come to the ground and affected man, animals, plants and fishes very seriously. It considerably affects human beings, so much so, that many countries under the auspices of UNESCO resolved not to participate in activities which would seriously deplete ozone in the atmosphere.

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The Relationship between Polar Vortex and Ozone Depletion in the Antarctic Stratosphere during the Period 1979–2016

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The Relationship between Polar Vortex and Ozone Depletion in the Antarctic Stratosphere during the Period 1979–2016

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The Antarctic polar vortex exists stably from May to October despite the large interannual variations, while the most severe ozone depletion happens in austral spring, September-October.
The polar Vortex causes seasonal changes in ozone layer strength.

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80% of the substitutes were more climate friendly

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Healing the Ozone Layer: The Montreal Protocol and the Lessons and Limits of a Global Governance Success Story

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Healing the Ozone Layer: The Montreal Protocol and the Lessons and Limits of a Global Governance Success Story

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-examines how the protocol was designed and implemented
-how to attract sufficient participation, how to promote compliance and manage non-compliance
-how to promote the behavioural and policy changes needed to solve the problems and achieve the goals the regime was designed to solve.

-goals of the policy, to close the ‘ozone hole’, is well on its way to be achieved. In 2018, researchers at NASA showed for the first time, through satellite observations, that the ‘ozone hole’ is recovering due to the reduction of chlorine from ODSs as a direct result of the Montreal Protocol. The second goal of the Montreal Protocol, improving public health by decreasing skin cancer risk, also has been deemed a success.

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An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11

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An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11

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Reduction in the atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 has largely contributed to the depletion of ozone-depleting chlorine since the '90s.

The recovery of the stratosphere ozone layer relies on the decline of CFC-11 concentrations. However, CFC-11 still contributes to 1/4 of all chlorine reaching the stratosphere.

The paper shows the rate of decline of CFC-11 concentration between 2002 and 2012. The rate of decline slowed by 50% since 2012 and appears to be increasing.

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Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol

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Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol

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The goal of the 1987 Montreal Protocol to reduce the chlorofluorocarbon emission, which would aid in the repairing of the stratospheric ozone hole. this has been relatively successful, and the result are widely researched. However, there is little appreciation of the surface warming that has been avoided as a result of the Montreal Protocol. A substantial amount of warming has been avoided because of the Montreal Protocol.

As of today, as much as 1.1 C warming has been avoided over parts of the Arctic.Future climate benefits are even stronger, with 3 C-4 C Arctic warming and 1 C global average warming avoided by 2050; corresponding to a 25% mitigation of global warming.

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Radiative influence of Antarctica on the polar-night vortex

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Radiative influence of Antarctica on the polar-night vortex

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Observed differences between the Antarctic polar-- night vortex and its counterpart over the Arctic are widely recognized. The vortex is significantly stronger and colder during austral winter than during boreal winter. These differences, especially in thermal structure, are instrumental in facilitating ozone depletions that occur each spring over Antarctica.

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- June 2018
- Ozone and its impact through the atmosphere
- Ozone-depleting substances
- Total emissions of ozone-depleting substances
- Consumption by substance and country
- International Agreements
Stratospheric ozone concentration
https://ourworldindata.org/ozone-layer

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Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects on Human: Review

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Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects on Human: Review

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The University of Gujrat are aware of the ozone layer depletion and it’s effects on humans, more notably involving UV (Ultraviolet) radiation. Due to the diminishing ozone, this allows the UV radiation to enter the earths surface into the troposphere. UV radiation can have serious effects to humans and can cause blindness, skin cancer and immunity suppression. The goal is to find some strategies in resolving or slowing down ozone depletion and it’s effects since the main prospects have yet to be found. Ozone within the stratosphere is measured with the “Dobson Unit” with normal concentration measuring between 300 - 350 D.U.

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Significant Weakening of Brewer-Dobson Circulation TrendsOver the 21st Century as a Consequence of the Montreal Protocol

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Significant Weakening of Brewer-Dobson Circulation TrendsOver the 21st Century as a Consequence of the Montreal Protocol

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Jan 2018
increasing greenhouse gases, will cause an acceleration
of the stratospheric BDC by the end of this century.
ozone depleting substances are also key drivers of BDC trends.
by analysing, confirming previous work, show that increasing concentrations of ozone depleting substances have
contributed a large fraction of the BDC trends.
they show that the
phasing out of ozone depleting substances in coming decades (a consequence of the Montreal
Protocol) will cause a considerable reduction in BDC trends until the ozone hole is completely healed,
toward the end of the 21st century

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Mineralization and biodegradability enhancement of natural organic matter by ozone

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Mineralization and biodegradability enhancement of natural organic matter by ozone

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Water research, June 2010, Vol.44(11), pp.3531-43
The increase in mineralization and biodegradability of natural organic matter (NOM) by ozone-vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) in comparison with ozone, VUV, ozone-ultraviolet (UV), and UV were investigated. The effects of operating parameters including pH and ozone dose were evaluated. The oxidized NOM samples were separated into six fractions based on polarity (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) and charge (acid/neutral/base) to reveal NOM characteristic changes. Ozone-VUV was effective in mineralizing hydrophobic neutral and acid fractions. The hydrophilic neutral fraction was a major NOM fraction after oxidation...