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I hope you are all happy and well.
This is our knowledge wall.

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I will be using this website to organise information for the PM606 Advanced Social Science course while we are temporarily outside of the college building. I will be posting material here so that we have everything in one place, so please check daily for updates.

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Additional materials / examples for you to look at will also be placed on our Shared PM606 Folder on OneDrive (I will email you a link). Whenever I upload additional materials to OneDrive, I will inform you here.

If you need to email me, you can do this at anytime. I will respond within 24 hours during the week (Monday - Friday). Please remember that my email address is Elaine.Winstanley@kaplan.com.

You will receive a new timetable from the college at the end of the week. Please check this as we will be having some online talks/communication from next week onwards.

I understand that these are strange times but DO NOT WORRY, we will get through this together and you will complete your course, I
promise!

Keep Calm, Carry On, and
Happy Studying!
Best wishes,
Elaine

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In this section, I will upload the material that you need to use each week and explain what you need to do.

If you click on a link and it does not work, try logging into the VLE first and then try again.

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MPORTANT: Download 'Microsoft Teams'

J18, we will be using 'Microsoft Teams' for our online video sessions and to take class attendance from next week. Please download Microsoft Teams. A link to our PM606 Class Team has been emailed to your University of Liverpool email. Please check this!

If you don't know your Ps username, then contact CSD at the University via: servicedesk@liverpool.ac.uk or +44 (0)151 794 4567

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Remember that you must write 100-300 words every week. You should talk about what you've learnt each week across your modules, and how that relates to your university programme. You must do this every week.

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Library Catalogue (Discover):
https://libguides.liverpool.ac.uk/library
After typing in the search bar, you will need to log in using your university username (ps......) and password.

NB - Never use Wikipedia as it is not considered academic. However, you may use Google Scholar for research.

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VLE

You will need to ensure that you have access to the VLE for this course, because this is where you will be submitting your assessments.

The link is:
https://pathways.kaplaninternational.com/

Make sure that you log in using your UoLIC username (P number). If you have never logged in to the VLE before, your password will be changeme.

When you log in, you will see your homepage or "dashboard". In the Search modules box, type in UoLIC PM606 Advanced Social Science. The password is PM606. The module will then appear on your homepage automatically whenever you log in to the VLE.

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For this week you need to concentrate on preparing your individual presentations. I will put resources to help you in our shared folder. If you cannot access the folder or watch clips please contact me.

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Continue with your preparation for the presentation.

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PM606 Brief explanation of Ind Presentation

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PM606 Possible resources for presentation

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Power Points are available in our One Drive folder.

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Power Points are available in our One Drive folder.

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Transcription software is very useful for those users who have large chunks of audio and video files to be converted into a text document. There are many such tools which are free or offer a free trial and seek for subscription and up gradation charges.

Automatic transcription and also transcription with playback features are what make these transcription tools attractive. Here are 10 Transcription Software for Windows.

Listen N Write is a straightforward and easy to use tool for transcription. It doesn't have too many sophisticated options but a simplistic interface to convert the speech to text. You can skip or rewind the file to ease transcription task.

Listen N Write supports MP3 and WAV files and generates the necessary size for the output. It operates on Windows 10, Windows 7 (32 bit), Windows 7 (64 bit), Windows 8, Windows Vista (32 bit), Windows Server, Windows Vista (64 bit), Windows XP.

The tool is free with no installation or downloading charges. Once you launch the program, the file appears in a media player file. The corresponding text can be edited in the text editor that pops up. It does not, however, do automatic transcription.

By default, Listen N Write plays for 5 seconds and pauses for you to type. You can adjust the speed and playback options if you find the speed to be too fast. Fast forward and rewind can be adjusted using hotkeys. Using a Bookmark feature, critical sections in the file can be marked for a quick recall later.
EureScribe makes the transcription faster for audio and video files. One of its striking features is that it breaks down larger media files into smaller segments. This can help you memorize quickly, and you can also use many keyboard shortcuts to have a hassle free typing experience. The output will be stored in RTF file or as subtitles video files if you are making movie subtitles.

However, to use other formats such as PDF, an explicit conversion will have to be done later on. EureScribe works with all the main formats like WAV, MP3, WMA, AVI, MPEG and DVD video. There are two editions for this tool designed to fit different users. Personal edition can be helpful for individual needs. Workgroup for organizations or companies that are working on subtitling a project or film.
MAXQDA is a powerful transcription and data analysis tool. You have various options to analyze interview, audio/video files, images, and online surveys. Unstructured data and test theories can be organized to generate creative graphics and reports. The tool can be used to adapt the audio speed quickly and adjust the sound. Also, by the use of foot pedals, transcription can be accelerated.

MAXQDA first creates an empty document automatically and connects it with the media file. And the Transcription mode control panel will appear where you can customize how MAXQDA should behave during the transcription. You can change the playing speed to speed up or slow down the clip. Using a rewind interval option, you can decide for how many seconds the player should jump back to continue playing the media file after you have stopped playing it.

A rewind interval of 3 to 5 seconds is preferable. A time stamp can be set which automatically enters a time stamp into the transcript each time you click an Enter button. Time stamps can be used to connect text in the document and corresponding location in the media file. So using the time stamp, you can jump to any place you wish. Foot pedal and hotkeys can be used to speed up transcription.
Transcribe! from Seventh String is useful for users who deal with music and audio files. It can be used to work with a particular part of music from a recording.

The music player of Transcribe! has many transcription specific features which are specially designed for speech to text conversion. Some of its features are that it is adaptable to changes in pitch and speed. It has storage and recall of named loops. With the support of foot pedals, transcription is further easier.
Enhilex Medical Transcription Software is designed for easing out the medical transcription process. Medical terms and abbreviations can be easily managed using this tool. It can hold an unlimited number of lab names and abbreviations across various folders.

These entries can be copied from notepad and pasted into MS Word or any other file format. It has a well-structured database where search operations can be done fast. It has a one-month free trial, and if you like it, the full version can be purchased.
Transcribe can efficiently convert speech to text even with background noise and multiple speakers. Using automatic transcription feature, it can speed up the transcription process with twice or thrice the normal rate. Using the control buttons such as the pause and rewind buttons, and also the hotkeys, transcription can be better controlled.

Speech to text conversion can be advanced with accurate. You can transcribe quickly with the media player playing the audio file and having the text file in the same window. It will save a lot of time spent on switching between text and audio file. It supports all the main file formats such as mp3, mp4, m4a, AMR, WMA and wav.

And there are many hot keys to function as shortcuts. Transcription at each keystroke will be auto saved. Undo key can be used to go back to the previous state so that you can rectify your errors and move forward. The output file can be exported as a .doc file to your device using Export icon.

Also, there is a dictation feature that can be used to convert spoken words directly into text using voice recognition. You can even repeat what you hear in the video in your voice so as to convert it into text. Dictation engine supports all the key European and Asian languages. Also, there are supporting features such as USB foot pedal and time stamps for exact transcriptions.
Transcriber Pro is a convenient, fast and easy to use tool for professional translators. It opens the audio and text file in the same window for an easy transcription process. Some hotkeys can be completely customized, and time stamps and speaker are also tagging. Playback speed adjustment and unique HTML export options are some other unique features of Transcriber Pro.

The proofreading is less tiresome with navigation through media and the document and the assignment of unique tags. You can also split the transcription and finally merge them so that multiple users can work at the same time. Transcriber is compatible with Windows 8/8.1/10, Windows 7/Vista.
Transcription Helper is a handy tool for transcription. Playback can be controlled using hotkeys and foot pedal. There is a feature to generate time stamps automatically to navigate to specific points in the video. The transcript document can be exported into the text document which can be used in other programs.

This is an excellent tool to create subtitles, translating lyrics of songs. It supports all the key audio and video formats including WAV, MP3, WMA, AVI, MPEG and MOV files. With such remarkable features, Transcription Helper works well for lengthy audio and video clips.
Voice Again, using the slow down and speed up features can translate speech to text without changing the pitch or other parameters. The tool can be utilized for the documentation of interviews and dictations. Voice Again retains the vocal clarity of the clip even at variable speeds using its high-quality algorithms.

The rate can be changed to 10 times slower or up to six times faster. There are noise reduction features and audio, graphic display with zoom controls. Videos of WAV, MP3, OGG and WMA formats are supported. Also, Compact Disc Audio from your CD or DVD drive can be imported. You can also bookmark important parts of a recording using the annotation feature.

10. Microsoft Speech to Text Transcribe

Using your Windows PC, you can dictate or read out documents using a microphone or other external microphone. You can use it to type word documents or get your tasks done using voice commands. To do this, type Windows Speech Recognition in the Cortana search bar in Windows 10.

For other Windows users, you can find Speech Recognition in Control Panel. A window to set up microphone will appear. Place the microphone and take a session to train your device to recognize and understand your voice. You can also play audio files and transcribe it in a Notepad document.

With transcription, all your tasks are easier. Lengthy movies can now get subtitles in less time. For music files, audios and videos, transcription software work well. If you are a professional user, get the paid ones with all features for an exceptional experience. For others, there is free software with limited but powerful functionalities. And there is speech recognition by Windows to ease out typing process for you.

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10 Best Transcription Software for Windows (Free+Paid)

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Transcription software is very useful for those users who have large chunks of audio and video files to be converted into a text document. There are many such tools which are free or offer a free trial and seek for subscription and up gradation charges.

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VideoScribe is a whiteboard animation software program built by Sparkol, which allows anyone without animation skills to create stunning whiteboard animations as well as profesional explainer videos.

With its pre-made drawing effects as well as animation effects, you will be able to present a rather complicated idea in a clear and visual way.

VideoScribe is a nice software but it isn't as useful as some of its alternatives:

If have tried Videoscribe and it doesn't seem like the right fit for you, here we've picked the best 10 VideoScribe substitutes that will enable you to create great-looking animated videos without having to master a drastically different interface.

Best Windows PC/Mac Software Alternatives to VideoScribe:

Platform: This program runs on Mac as well as Windows-based PCs. Windows users will need to run at least Windows 7 or higher in order to access the program. It only runs on OS X 10.10 and higher as well.

Best For: Digital Marketers, YouTube creators, freelancers, small business owners

Key Features:

Price:

Doodly is very simple to use and it gets its name from the doodle style sketch videos that it creates. Most of the available templates are whiteboard style videos but it also allows you to make glass board style video templates and blackboard videos. The glassboard is actually a template that has the writing appearing on the other side of a glass wall instead of along a whiteboard area.

Doodly comes with a number of built-in library characteristics which include audio, photo files, props and more. You can really set up your own unique drawing path style on every image that is created here.

Most of the items can be edited and resize like all other media within the program. You can create doodle style videos without having to spend money on expensive software and it's a very simple program to get started with.

The editing process with Doodly is rather simple, a video can be easily made with 3 simple steps:

Platform: Windows PC and Mac.

Best For: animation beginner, marketer, YouTube Creator
Key Features:

You can import any image and turn it into a 2D animated character

Professional motion library for characters, quadrupeds, winged and spinal creatures

You can import or export .psd files

Text-to-speech feature

Pricing:
Using Crazytalk Animator is almost like controlling a digital puppet. It enables users to get access to the limbs and facial expressions of every character to basically bring an element to life. Actions and expressions can all be edited to the puppeteering panels and this can help to save time. Even if you're a beginner animator you configure this program out quickly.

Importing pictures of yourself or some of your team members is easy with the PSD import feature. Place your photo on top of a vector image of a character and you can work at animating various expressions and going through the presentation file with your likeness.

The cartoon maker and its Photoshop import insurers that users can match between 2-D and 3-D interfaces and have animation space over 10 different angles. 2-D characters can easily move around a 3-D space and this can really give any of the animations a much more dynamic feel.

Platform: Windows PC and Mac.

Best For: internet marketers, advertisers, Trainers & Communicators

Key Features:

Price:

Personal Licens: $59/Y

Commercial: $69/Y

With Explaindio you will be able to make different videos, such as whiteboard animation, 2D or 3D animated videos etc.

It allows you to input from a variety of different image formats like gif, JPG, PNG and SVG and converte all of these image formats into a whiteboard style animation.

It has a rather complicated user interface and does take one some time to get familiar with, but that also ensures a much higher level of customization than many other programs.

Exporting the video is a downloadable file or uploading it to other websites is easy through the system.

As one of the cheapest and most flexible programs on the market, it can get marketers started with the tools that they need for building animated videos. It doesn't however have many of the professional tools that you might expect for a major marketing video or commercial. This can often make many marketers turn over to some of the competitors instead rather than sticking with a simple option like this.

Platform: Windows PC and Mac.

Best For: SMB owners, marketers, everyday people

This is a program that is best for small business owners and marketers. It works on Mac and PC and it has some features which are particularly great for anyone that's trying to market their small business or build materials for the future.

The coolest features on this program is that it delivers over 12,000 premium image and soundtracks, fully customizable icons and hotspots within the video as well as the chance to allow for live linking within the video to social pages.

The price of this program for a business account is just $97 in a one-time payment and the starter plan is available for $37.

Easy Sketch Pro is somewhat similar to a program like Doodly. It really doesn't compete with some of the larger suite editing programs. It does offer a refreshing layout as well as a very accessible startup program with plenty of customization. The onboard media, graphics and timeline editing will also give you the practice that you need to learn a more professional program.

Easy sketch has many plug-in integrations to make it simple for delivering items like e-mail responders, support call buttons, social media sharing and more. The simple interface does overcome was somewhat of a high cost and there is no chance to release videos which are unbranded without paying the license fee.

Platform: Windows PC and Mac.

Best For: SMB owners, marketers, everyday people

The Videomaker FX is compatible with Macintosh and Windows PC and it works for marketers and small business owners. It is a very easy-to-use program and it simple to master over time. The program itself has no monthly fees, no need for watermarks or any other type of restriction. There are many ways to create high-quality videos through explainer videos, kinetic typography and whiteboard style presentations. There are some wonderful customization options with this program that give it plenty of effective results for small to medium business owners and marketers.

For just one small fee of $37 you can get access to the software that is needed for creating complex animation videos and professional explainer videos. The tool is very simple to use and the powerful videos that it creates for the price make it worth checking out.

Best Web-based Alternatives to VideoScribe for Making Animations

If you don't like the idea of installing software on your computer, you might want to consider an alternative like Animaker. This program took off as soon as it launched. Within just 18 months it was able to accumulate over 500,000 users. One of the big reasons why this platform has become so popular is because it is no need to download it and it's very easy to use. You really just need to sign up and create an account and then choose the video style that you want.

Animaker has several base video styles including 2.5 D animation, handicraft, infographics, typography and 2-D animation.

When you choose your preferred style you just need to drag and drop elements into the timeline and fill the blank space with the items from the library that you would like to incorporate. There are plenty of tutorials available if you are struggling in the early stages. The big advantage here is you can start creating immediately without having to worry about compatibility or software installation.

Powtoon has remained one of the most popular online application tools for storytelling. People often use it for academic presentations, animations as well as for animated infographics. There's a wide range of animation effects that users can select from the drop-down list and there's plenty of free templates that can be used to create almost instant presentations. There is only a minimal amount of effort that's needed to build quality animations that leading brands can use to showcase their work.

#3. Vyond (formerly known as GoAnimate)

This is a program that was previously known as Goanimate. It's tailored to build attractive animations which can be used for corporate professionals, teachers and students. It makes excellent online animations and video presentations for different industries as well as for users who want to build special presentation files. The user interface is overall quite simple but it is also quite ideal for building high quality animations in the fastest online timescale.

The goal of Bitable is to make creating video simple for anyone. They have excellent templates online that can help you to build consistent graphics-based videos. It's free to create a video using the system but you will have to have a watermark over it. Premium plans are available for just $99 per year if you want to remove the watermark and this will give you access to extra stock footage.

Included in the license fee you will be able to download the video to your computer as well as have more options for customizing it. Most of the templates are designed to set up scenes that are around 5 seconds long maximum. During these scenes you can edit in the content, the length and the font and then make changes based off of your video.

Choosing various styles like animation, Clay footage, stock footage or infographics can all be done through the premade scenes on board. You should be able to find one that will directly suit your movie and then run with it.

As well as creating consistent animations you can also pick color schemes from a series of predefined themes. After choosing your color schemes you can also set up brand colors that will keep your animation consistent. Choosing audio for your video is the last step and there are plenty of stock sounds to choose from so that you can get the emotion right in your presentation.

After adding together audio, colors, video, text and more, you can set up transition effects and have a completed video of great quality all done online.

This is a completely cloud-based videomaker they can help you to build professional videos in an effortless manner. You can build videos which are extremely powerful and professional within a matter of minutes. Whether you're planning on building infographics, commercials or slideshows there is an almost limitless amount of imagination that you can draw from using Renderforest.

The process with Renderforest never feels forced and the program itself is quite intensive even for individuals that are considered to be novices and video editing. The large video templates available here to help you pick out your template and then begin work after that. The platform is entirely cloud based in this ensures that throughout the entire editing process, the software will be saving your content as well. You can upload images, videos and even change the palette and colors to make sure that you end up with a consistent product that you have been looking for. Renderforest's cloud storage ensures that you can always play your video online but the base version of Renderforest does not allow you to rip from the cloud or save the video so that you can edit it later.

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The 10 Best VideoScribe Alternatives 2020 - Make a Video Hub

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VideoScribe is a whiteboard animation software program built by Sparkol, which allows anyone without animation skills to create stunning whiteboard animations as well as profesional explainer videos. With its pre-made drawing effects as well as animation effects, you will be able to present a rather complicated idea in a clear and visual way.

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How to record your voice on to power point

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How to record your voice on to power point

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Record a slide show with narration and slide timings

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Audio narrations and timings can enhance a web-based or self-running slide show. If you have a sound card, microphone, and speakers, you can record your PowerPoint presentation and capture your voice narrations, slide timings, and ink and laser pointer gestures.

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PM606 - Academic sources for presentation

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Deductive, Inductive and Abductive short video

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Deductive, Inductive and Abductive short video

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During the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical true conclusion. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also used. Often, people confuse deductive reasoning with inductive reasoning, and vice versa. It is important to learn the meaning of each type of reasoning so that proper logic can be identified.

Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning is a basic form of valid reasoning. Deductive reasoning, or deduction, starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion, according to California State University. The scientific method uses deduction to test hypotheses and theories. "In deductive inference, we hold a theory and based on it we make a prediction of its consequences. That is, we predict what the observations should be if the theory were correct. We go from the general - the theory - to the specific - the observations," said Dr. Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, a researcher and professor emerita at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Deductive reasoning usually follows steps. First, there is a premise, then a second premise, and finally an inference. A common form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements - a major premise and a minor premise - reach a logical conclusion. For example, the premise "Every A is B" could be followed by another premise, "This C is A." Those statements would lead to the conclusion "This C is B." Syllogisms are considered a good way to test deductive reasoning to make sure the argument is valid.

For example, "All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal." For deductive reasoning to be sound, the hypothesis must be correct. It is assumed that the premises, "All men are mortal" and "Harold is a man" are true. Therefore, the conclusion is logical and true. In deductive reasoning, if something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class.

According to California State University, deductive inference conclusions are certain provided the premises are true. It's possible to come to a logical conclusion even if the generalization is not true. If the generalization is wrong, the conclusion may be logical, but it may also be untrue. For example, the argument, "All bald men are grandfathers. Harold is bald. Therefore, Harold is a grandfather," is valid logically but it is untrue because the original statement is false.

Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Basically, there is data, then conclusions are drawn from the data. This is called inductive logic, according to Utah State University.

"In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory," Wassertheil-Smoller told Live Science. "In science, there is a constant interplay between inductive inference (based on observations) and deductive inference (based on theory), until we get closer and closer to the 'truth,' which we can only approach but not ascertain with complete certainty."

An example of inductive logic is, "The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies."

Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false. Here's an example: "Harold is a grandfather. Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald." The conclusion does not follow logically from the statements.

Inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method. Scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories. Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations.

Abductive reasoning

Another form of scientific reasoning that doesn't fit in with inductive or deductive reasoning is abductive. Abductive reasoning usually starts with an incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the likeliest possible explanation for the group of observations, according to Butte College. It is based on making and testing hypotheses using the best information available. It often entails making an educated guess after observing a phenomenon for which there is no clear explanation.

For example, a person walks into their living room and finds torn up papers all over the floor. The person's dog has been alone in the room all day. The person concludes that the dog tore up the papers because it is the most likely scenario. Now, the person's sister may have brought by his niece and she may have torn up the papers, or it may have been done by the landlord, but the dog theory is the more likely conclusion.

Abductive reasoning is useful for forming hypotheses to be tested. Abductive reasoning is often used by doctors who make a diagnosis based on test results and by jurors who make decisions based on the evidence presented to them.
Additional resources

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Alina Bradford - Live Science Contributor

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Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning

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During the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical true conclusion. Another type of reasoning, inductive, is also used. Often, people confuse deductive reasoning with inductive reasoning, and vice versa. It is important to learn the meaning of each type of reasoning so that proper logic can be identified.

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 Inductive and Abductive Crash Course video

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 Inductive and Abductive Crash Course video

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How to Argue - Induction & Abduction: Crash Course Philosophy #3

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Deductive and Inductive Reasoning (Bacon vs Aristotle - Scientific Revolution)

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Zimbardo's Stanford Experiment

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Stanford Prison Experiment - Edited for the Classroom

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Copyright BBC - Edited to remove profanity and nudity.

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quantitative research methods - Bing video

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What Is Quantitative Research Quantitative Research Methodology Quantitative Research Examples Quantitative Research Design Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods Quantitative Data Analysis Mixed Methods Research Quantitative Research Approach Qualitative vs Quantitative Research How to Do Quantitative Research Advantages of Quantitative Research Methods Types of Quantitative Methods When to Use Quantitative Research Quantitative Techniques 1 Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods Research Sampling Methods Quantitative Research Data Collection Quantitative Methods Basics Definition of Quantitative Research Quantitative Methods Courses Quantitative Research Experimental Quantitative Research Sample Methods Quantitative Study Review Quantitative Research Characteristics Quantitative Research Questions

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Revision Quantitative and Qualitative power point

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Revision Quantitative and Qualitative power point

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PHILOSOPHY -  Ethics: Consequentialism [HD]

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Cars Movie Crash Crash the Movie 1996 Scenes From the Movie Crash James Spader Crash Movie Crash Movie Cast Crash Movie Full Movie Crash Movie Trailer Movie Crash Dive 1943 Crash Movie 2005 Crash Movie 2004 Full Movie Crash Movie Review Free Watch the Movie Crash Crash Movie Clip Full

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The consequences of our actions are important and we should weigh these up when we consider what we should do.

But some philosophers have taken this idea even further, claiming that outcomes are the only criteria by which the moral worth of an action should be judged.

Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832) was the father of Utilitarianism, a moral theory that argues that actions should be judged right or wrong to the extent they increase or decrease human well-being or 'utility'.

He advocated that if the consequences of an action are good, then the act is moral and if the consequences are bad, the act is immoral.

Central to his argument was a belief that it is human nature to desire that which is pleasurable, and to avoid that which is painful. As a self-proclaimed atheist, he wanted to place morality on a firm, secular foundation. At the beginning of his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Bentham wrote:

"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do."

It is because of this emphasis on pleasure that his theory is known as hedonic utilitarianism. But this doesn't mean we can do whatever we like. Importantly, for Bentham, it is not just one's own happiness or pleasure that matters.

He notes, "Ethics at large may be defined, the art of directing men's actions to the production of the greatest possible quantity of happiness." The moral agent will perform the action that maximises happiness or pleasure for everyone involved.

Can we measure happiness?

Bentham defended an objective form of morality that could be measured in a scientific way. As an empiricist, he came up with a way to 'weigh' or quantify pleasures and pains as the consequences of an action.

He called this set of metaphorical scales the 'hedonic' or 'felicific calculus', allowing a rational moral agent to think through, and then act on, the right - moral - thing to do.

The 'hedonic calculus' is used to measure how much pain or pleasure an action will cause. It takes into consideration how near or far away the consequence will be, how intense it will be and how long it will last, if it will lead on to further pleasures or pains, and how certain we are that this consequence will result from the action under consideration.

The moral decision maker is meant to act as an 'impartial observer' or 'disinterested bystander', to be as objective as they can be and choose the action that will produce the greatest amount of good.

Do the ends justify the means?

There are some practical applications of utilitarianism. For instance, if you're a politician in charge of making decisions that effects a large group of people, you should act in a way that maximises happiness and minimises pain and suffering. In this way, the hedonic calculus supports a welfare system that reduces unfair outcomes by redistributing wealth and resources.

Yet there are tricky aspects to the theory that must also be considered. Contemplate the saying "the ends justify the means" - what immoral action may be justified by (predicted) good consequences?

This is where ethicists start to ask tricky questions like, 'would you kill Hitler?'. And if you answer 'um, sure, because that will prevent a LOT of deaths', then they will ask, 'would you kill baby Hitler?'. You can see how it starts to get complicated.

Bentham's theory relies on accurately predicting outcomes, and as such holds the moral agent accountable for moral luck. One might intend to do a good deed, but if an unpredictable result occurs, leading to a negative outcome, then they are still to be held morally responsible.

Visit Bentham in London

His theories were popular at University College London (UCL), where Behtham's followers called themselves 'Benthamites'. Among these were James Mill and his son, John Stuart Mill. J. S. Mill (1806 -1873) worried that Bentham theory was too hedonistic as it did not prioritise the 'higher' pleasures of the intellect. He added the criteria of 'quality' to Bentham's calculus in order to create 'higher' and 'lower' quality pleasures.

A final, fun fact: Bentham willed his body to be preserved and displayed at UCL after his death. A visit to the philosophy department will see him in a busy hallway, merrily seated in a glass fronted mahogany case.

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Big Thinker: Who was Jeremy Bentham? - The Ethics Centre

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But some philosophers have taken this idea even further, claiming that outcomes are the only criteria by which the moral worth of an action should be judged. Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832) was the father of Utilitarianism, a moral theory that argues that actions should be judged right or wrong to the extent they increase or decrease human well-being or 'utility'.

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Utilitarianism: Crash Course Philosophy #36

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What if instead of providing homeless shelters, food, and work programs for all homeless people around the country, we murdered them and harvested their organs so that we could save the lives of thousands of hard working people who needed organ transplants? Haha - just kidding.

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Prof. Ann Oakley - The Invention of Gender: Social Facts and Imagined Worlds

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UK Data Service 'Pioneers of Social Research'

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Feminist writers have had a lot more influence on the family than any other perspective. Feminist perspectives tend to be either Marxist feminist or radical feminists.

Marxist feminists emphasise how capitalism uses the family oppresses women, and the harmful consequences of the family to women's lives.

Task - Using your understanding from the previous lesson, create a diagram which explains why Marxist feminists blame capitalism?

In contrast, radical feminists emphasise patriarchy as the main barrier to women's freedom. The following film clip best symbolises the frustrations felt by feminists regarding family life.

But before feminism came to the fore in the 1960s what was the women's role at home? Watch the following clip and try and identify five key things women were responsible for within the home and then five areas men were responsible for.

Your responses show how patriarchy is both overt and covert. Overt is where men deliberately limit or oppress the lives of women in extremely visible ways for example making them stay at home and care for the children. In contrast covert patriarchy is where men mange to control the lives of women in less visible ways.

Now watch the second film and try and identify as many covert ways patriarchy is at work.

Look at the list you made/notes taken. Using the evidence in the film do men control women through overt or covert ways? Or maybe you think it is a combination of both overt and covert control? Now consider the diverse ways men manage to control the lives of women today without using any overt force. Try and identify the possible mechanism men use to control the lives of women? Radical feminists would argue that patriarchy is an ideology and men use ideology to control the lives of women (ideology is a set of shared beliefs or values which are used by powerful people).

Though the Radical and Marxist feminist perspectives have differing starting points they both agree that women are oppressed by men to the extent that some women no longer seek marriage. Follow this link to read about what some contemporary women are choosing to do: Though this might seem extreme for some feminists they all agree that women are oppressed due to the following reasons:

Margaret Benston (1972) argued that capitalism benefits from a large army of women - an unpaid workforce- who are compliant and willing to do as they're told because women have been socialised to act this way and women rears future workers to think the same way

Delphy & Leonard (1992) argue all the unpaid housework and childcare is done by women. Women also make the largest contribution to family life, while men contribute the least but gain the most!

Emotional labour

Benston also argues that as her role as a housewife the woman attends to her husband's emotional needs, and this keeps him, the man, in good running order to perform his role in supplying effective waged labour.

Delphy & Leonard (1992) - the inequalities in domestic labour continue with wives often flattering, understanding and praising their husbands achievements but men rarely reciprocate. They also found women provide trouble free sex which is important as men best unwind post-coitally.

Ann Oakley pointed out in the 1970s that housework is tough, demanding and unrewarding, and men are the ones who gain most from this free labour.

Economic dependency

Married women become economically dependent on their husbands especially as once children arrive women give up work in order to look after the children and even when mothers do return to work it's usually part-time rather than full-time employment

Male domination

Feminists see the family as male dominated as men are the bread-winners and tend to make all the key financial decisions. Indeed some men use force to get their way. Feminists have stressed the significant amount of domestic violence used by men to their own way in the family.

Criticisms

Functionalists and even the New Right would argue that feminists put too much emphasis on the negative side of family life because it ignores the possibility that women enjoy running the home, raising children and being married

Also it ignores Wilmot and Young's ideas on the symmetrical family, and how there's greater equalities in family life with shared conjugal roles

Task - identify the key points surrounding Wilmot and Young's ideas about the symmetrical family

Essay Task - Examine the differences between Marxist, Feminist and Functionalist views of the family. Please note this is an essay which will need to be at least 600 words in length. In your essay you must include all the words listed in this document assignment-words

Next lesson

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Feminist writers have had a lot more influence on the family than any other perspective. Feminist perspectives tend to be either Marxist feminist or radical feminists. Marxist feminists emphasise how capitalism uses the family oppresses women, and the harmful consequences of the family to women's lives.

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The campaign for equality for women at work

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The campaign for equality for women at work

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The campaign for equality at work for women | BBC Teach

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Their strike and fight for equal pay led to the 1970 Equal Pay Act being passed.

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The women of Dagenham are the original pay gap pioneers