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The variety of vocabulary is mostly determined by the richness of word formation in the English language. The construction of new words is based on general principles.

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There are four main kinds of word formation

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There are four main kinds of word formation

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1. prefixes

2. suffixes

3. conversion

4. compounds.

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Без названия

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We add prefixes before the base or stem of a word.

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Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for example, create a new word opposite in meaning to the word the prefix is attached to. They can also make a word negative or express relations of time, place or manner.

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A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which makes a new word.

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We add suffixes after the base or stem of a word. The main purpose of a suffix is to show what class of word it is (e.g. noun or adjective).

words ➡️ suffix ➡️ new words

Examples,
forget, use ➡️ -ful ➡️ forgetful, useful

state, govern➡️ -ment ➡️ statement, government
complicate, create ➡️ -ion ➡️ complication, creation

The new word is most often a different word class from the original word. In the table above, the suffix -ful has changed verbs to adjectives, -ment, and -ion have changed verbs to nouns. If you see a word ending in -ment, for example, it is likely to be a noun (e.g. commitment, contentment).

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SUFFIX_ 30+ Common Suffixes (with Meaning & Great Examples) • 7ESL

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Conversion involves the change of a word from one word class to another.

For example, the verbs to email and to microwave are formed from the nouns email and microwave:

Can you text her? (verb from noun text, meaning to send a text-message)

They are always jetting somewhere. (verb from noun jet)

If you’re not careful, some downloads can damage your computer. (noun from verb download)

OK, so the meeting’s on Tuesday. That’s a definite. (noun from adjective)

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When we use compounding, we link together two or more bases to create a new word. Normally, the first item identifies a key feature of the second word.

For example, the two bases back and ache can combine to form the compound noun backache, and the two bases post and card combine to form the compound noun postcard.

Compounds are found in all word classes. The most common types of compounds are:
Nouns: car park, rock band

Adjectives: heartbreaking, sugar-free, airsick

Verbs: oven-bake, baby-sit, chain-smoke

Adverbs: good-naturedly, nevertheless

Difficulties:
It is sometimes difficult to know where to put hyphens in words that are compound ed. It is also difficult to know whether to separate words (e.g. post box) or to join the words (e.g. postbox). In such cases, it is best to check in a good learner’s dictionary.

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Abbreviation involves shortening a word. We do this in three main ways:

clipping

acronyms

blends.

1. We use clipping when we shorten or ‘clip’ one or more syllables from a word. We also commonly clip proper names for people:

ad: advertisement, advert

lab: laboratory

Matt: Matthew

2. Acronyms are a type of abbreviation formed when the initial letters of two or more words are combined in a way that produces consonant and vowel sequences found in words. Acronyms are normally pronounced as words:

RAM: random access memory (RAM is a term used to describe a computer’s memory.)

Initials are similar to acronyms but are pronounced as sets of letters, not as words:

WHO: W orld H ealth O rganisation, pronounced W–H–O

CD: c ompact d isc, pronounced C–D

3. We form blends when we combine parts of existing words to form a new word:

blog: blend of we b and log
motel: blend of mo tor and ho tel

smog: blend of sm oke and f og

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SMS Abbreviations _ List of 100 Most Common Abbreviations in English - English Study Online

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We form words with back-formation when we remove part of a word, usually something which we think is a suffix (or occasionally a prefix). We do this commonly when we form verbs from nouns.

For example: to liaise (back-formed from the noun liaison); to intuit (back-formed from the noun intuition), to enthuse (back-formed from the noun enthusiasm):

Can you liaise with Tim and agree a time for the meeting, please?

She’s always enthusing about her new teacher.

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Loan words

Loan words are words that are borrowed from other languages. Some recent loan words for food taken from other languages include: sushi, tapas, chapatti, pizza. When we use loan words, we do not normally change them, though we do sometimes inflect them if they are singular countable nouns (pizzas, chapattis). We also sometimes pronounce them more like English words, instead of using their original pronunciation.

New words

Some prefixes are commonly used to create new words. In modern English the prefix e- is used to create new words that are connected with the Internet and the use of the Internet:

e-bank, e-cards, e-commerce, e-learning

Almost any noun may potentially combine with any other noun to form new noun compounds (e.g. computer virus, carbon footprint, quality time).