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The purpose of the USA Patriot Act is to scare-off and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world. According to the 4th Amendment, people have the right “to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.”

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Working with the bureaucracy in order to create regulations through rule making.

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o) Multiple access points between national and state/distribution of power between branches and policy making

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o) Multiple access points between national and state/distribution of power between branches and policy making

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Multiple access points for independent parties and institutions to influence public policy runs from the distribution of powers between national and state governments. National policymaking is contrived by the sharing of power between and among the three branches and state governments.

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A divided government is when one or more houses of the legislature are controlled by the party that opposes the executive branch. There aren’t often majority and minority issues under a divided government

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Affirmative Action is a policy that requires colleges and employers to take positive steps to remedy the past affects of discrimination. It allows underrepresented identities in certain fields to have a chance to improve these odds. It is a very controversial topic that is constantly reconsidered by the Supreme Court.

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o) 14th Amendment - Equal Protection Clause

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o) 14th Amendment - Equal Protection Clause

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"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

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n) The Civil Rights Act of 1964/ Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972/The Voting Rights Act of 1965

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n) The Civil Rights Act of 1964/ Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972/The Voting Rights Act of 1965

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This act strengthened the enforcement of voting rights and the desegregation of schools.

Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972: Prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

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Brown v Board of Education was a huge landmark in Civil Rights history and in the 1954 Supreme Court. Justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. This case established that “separate but equal” education and other services were in fact, not equal.

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In the 21st Century, abortions have become a very controversial topic with a variety of opinions. Pro-Lifers oppose abortions while Pro-Choicers support abortions. Very recently the Supreme Court has had an ongoing debate to reverse the precedent of Roe v Wade.

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“Letters from a Birmingham Jail” are very famous letters written by Martin Luther King in jail. The entire point of the letters was to encourage people to take “Direct Action” rather than waiting forever.

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The “Equal Protection Clause” requires states to practice equal protection. A state must govern equally, not to draw differences about individuals irrelevant to the governmental objective. This includes Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation.

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In 1969, an unmarried pregnant woman in Texas known as Jade Roe wanted to have an abortion. Texas law made it a felony to abort a fetus unless it’s a threat to the life of the mother. Roe and her attorneys filed a lawsuit on behalf of her and all other women who were or might become pregnant and seek abortions. The lawsuit was filed against Henry Wade, the district attorney of Dallas County, Texas.

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Second Amendment: Grants citizens the right to bear arm

Fifth Amendment: Guarantees the right to a jury, forbids double jeopardy and protects anyone against self-incrimination. It requires that “due process” be a part of any proceeding that denies a citizen “life, liberty, or property.”

Sixth Amendment: Guarantees the right of the accused, including the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to a lawyer, the right to an impartial jury, the right to know your prosecutors, and the charges against you.

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f) McDonald v. Chicago/Gideon v. Wainwright

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f) McDonald v. Chicago/Gideon v. Wainwright

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McDonald v. Chicago: In 1982, Chicago enacted a law that banned handguns in order to minimize crimes, deaths, and injuries. It required anyone in Chicago that wanted to own a gun to register it. Owning an unregistered gun was a crime and in practice, most Chicago residents were banned from owning handguns. Otis McDonald and other Chicago residents sued the city for violating the constitution, specifically their 14th amendment rights

Gideon v. Wainwright: In 1961, a burglary occurred at the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, Florida. The Police arrested Clarence Earl Gideon, however, Gideon could not afford a lawyer so he asked the Florida court to appoint him one. The judge denied his request because lawyers are only appointed in capital offenses. Gideon was not able to defend himself in court and was sentenced to jail. In Gideon’s 5-year-sentence he studied law and filed a habeas corpus petition but the Florida Supreme Court ruled against him. He ended up taking it up to the Supreme Court.

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e) Schenk v. United States/New York Times Co. v United States

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e) Schenk v. United States/New York Times Co. v United States

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Schenck v United States: Charles T. Schenck, the general secretary for the Socialist Party, and a fellow executive committee member, Elizabeth Baer, were convicted of violating the Espionage Act. Schenck printed draft-age men that conscription is unconstitutional and urged them to resist. After Schenck’s conviction, he asked the court for a re-trial but the court rejected it. He then appealed to the Supreme Court.

New York Times Co v United States: Daniel Ellsberg, a former military analyst illegally copied over 7,000 classified reports about the Vietnam War kept at the RAND Corporation, a research institution he had worked at. The pages were leaked to the New York Times and the Washington Post. After two stories were printed about the document President Nixon ordered his attorney general to stop it. The Times refused and was sued by the United States.

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The First Amendment guarantees freedoms concerning freedom of speech, religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. It restricts Congress from restricting the press or right to speak freely.

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According to law.cornell.edu “A civil right is an enforceable right or privilege, which if interfered with by another gives rise to an action for injury.” Discrimination occurs when Civil Rights are denied. Civil Liberties on the other hand are personal freedoms protected by the bill of rights. For example, the 1st Amendment.

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c) Engel v Vitale/Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District/Wisconsin v Yoder

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c) Engel v Vitale/Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School District/Wisconsin v Yoder

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Engel v Vitale: Every morning students in New York would salute the flag and participate in voluntary prayer. Two Jewish families and a member of the American Ethical Union then sued the school board. The plaintiffs argued that the prayer was a violation of their First Amendment.

Tinker v Des Moines Independent Community School: In 1966, students in Des Moines, Iowa, prostate the War of Vietnam by wearing black armbands to school. After the students wore the bands to school they were sent home. The student's parents filed a lawsuit and argued that the school was violating the student's First Amendment.

Wisconsin v Yoder: Three members of Old Order Amish and Mennonite were convicted for breaking Wisconsin’s compulsory education law. The law requires students to attend school until the age of 16; however, the Amish believe that schooling takes away from religiously-infused practices of daily life. The Yoders appealed to the Supreme Court on the grounds that their 1st Amendment exercise was being violated.

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The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It explicitly explains the right of American’s and guarantees civil rights and liberties to the people; for example, freedom of speech, press, and religion. It sets rules for the due process of law and establishes how much power states have.

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Unit 3: Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Big Idea-Liberty and Order/Civic Participation/Competing Policy-Making Interest/ Constitutionalism/Check Enduring Understanding and Learning Objectives

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Unit 3: Civil Liberties & Civil Rights Big Idea-Liberty and Order/Civic Participation/Competing Policy-Making Interest/ Constitutionalism/Check Enduring Understanding and Learning Objectives

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Judicial Activism: The justified or unjustified claim of the power of judicial review to set aside government acts.
Judicial Restraint: Refusal to strike down such acts, leaving the issue to ordinary politics.

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Judicial review gives courts the authority to deem the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and legislative branch. The States must also determine their decision based on the Constitution.

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The Supreme Court has the power to overturn any unconstitutional or unlawful law. The Supreme Court is not able to directly enforce their ruling but it relies on the Constitution and the law for adhering its judgments.

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bb) Key judicial players & traditional backgrounds

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bb) Key judicial players & traditional backgrounds

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In a federal court, the key positions are the justices who serve on the Supreme Court, the judges who serve on the courts of appeals and district courts, and magistrates who serve on district courts. In order for a justice to be appointed, it must have some political background, as it is going to be appointed by the President.

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The US Supreme Court case “Marbury v Madison” established the principle of Judicial Review.

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Federalist #78 discusses the power of judicial review. It states that federal courts have the power to dictate whether or not Congress’s actions are constitutional or not.

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Supreme Court: National Court

Circuit Court Appeals: Hears most cases appealed before they reach the Supreme Court. Deals with both civil and criminal disputes, but also rules on the constitutionality

District Courts: They are run by a single judge serving 6-year terms. There must always be 6 - 12 jurors who come

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x) Oversight/Committee hearings/Power of the Purse

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x) Oversight/Committee hearings/Power of the Purse

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The President is the administrator of 15 Cabinet departments and federal agencies.

Once the subcommittee decides to act, it may hold hearings. Hearings are held in order to invited interested people to talk testify in person or in writing about the issue at stake and proposals to deal with it. Hearings also allow Congress to monitor the administration of the laws and programs it enacts.

The Power of the Purse is the ability to spend money, which is designated to Congress.

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Federal agencies are special government organizations used for managing resources or national security issues. Agencies can enforce laws and regulations, create regulations, and make formal judgments about violations of laws.

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Iron Triangles describe the relationship between bureaucracies, congressional committees, and interest groups. Issue networks are interest groups and individuals who unite to promote an agenda that influences government policy.

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u) Types of Bureaucratic Agencies and their Roles

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u) Types of Bureaucratic Agencies and their Roles

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There are 4 types of Bureaucratic Agencies:

Cabinet Departments: The role of the cabinet departments is to advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of each member's respective office.

Independent Executive Agencies: An independent executive agency is an agency that operates more independently from the executive branch.

Independent Regulatory Agencies: A regulatory agency is established by a legislative act in order to set standards in a specific field or activity. Regulatory agencies operate outside of executive supervision

Government Corporations: Government corporations are agencies established by the government in order to a market-oriented public service and to produce revenues that meet or approximate its expenditures.

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In Federalist #70 Alexandar Hamilton argues for a strong executive leader, supported by the constitution, then a weak leader supported by the Articles of Confederation.

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The Ultimate Collection of Quotes and Biographies

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Over the years we have collected many quotes (currently it holds 171305 quotes), these can be sorted by topic, nationality, author, profession etc.

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In simple terms, the 22nd Amendment states that no person is to be elected into office as President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. The 25th Amendment states that if the President is not able to do his job then the Vice President will take over.

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The Vice President is the one that supports the President. If the President is unable to serve the Vice President will replace him or her. The Vice president can be elected and serve an unlimited number of 4-year terms as Vice President.

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Chief Executive

Head of State

Chief Diplomat

Commander-in-Chief

Chief Legislator

Party Leader

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o) Powers of the President - Executive Orders/Privilege

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o) Powers of the President - Executive Orders/Privilege

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A President is allowed to:

Make Treaties with the approval of the Senate

Veto bill and sign bills

Represent our nation in foreign affairs

Enforce the laws that Congress pass

Act as Commander-in-Chief during war

Call out troops in order to protect our nation in any case of an attack

Make suggestions of what should be new laws

Lead his or her political party

Grant Pardons

Nominate Cabinet members, Supreme Court Justices, and other high officials.

Appoint Ambassadors

An executive order is an order issued out by the President supported by the law. Executive privilege is a claim made by Presidents that they have the authority of deciding what information is released to the nation, including courts and Congress.

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m) Gerrymandering - Baker v Carr/Shaw v Reno

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m) Gerrymandering - Baker v Carr/Shaw v Reno

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Gerrymandering is when a political group changes voting districts in order to help themselves or hurt a group against them. In Baker v Carr; for example, a man named Charles Baker felt that his vote was devalued because of the poorly created districts. Tennessee was still using boundaries from the 1900 Census even though it is to be checked every 10 years. Another example of Gerrymandering is the Shaw v Reno case which involved creating Majority and Minority districts in North Carolina. The state legislature created only 2 out of 12 Majority and Minority districts. The concern of racial Gerrymandering for remedial purposes arose and that it may divide us into competing racial factions.

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In order to create a framework and set spending limits, Congress passes a budget resolution. Each chamber creates a budget resolution which is then voted on.

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- The Senate is able to ratify treaties by a two-thirds majority vote and confirms appointments of the President by a majority vote.
- In order for an amendment to be ratified, Congress must call a convention for proposing amendments upon application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.
- Amendments proposed by Congress are only valid when ratified by the legislature of, or conventions in, three-fourths of the states.

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There is no limit on how much Senators can talk and or how many Amendments they can offer. Sometimes individuals or small groups filibuster on the Senate floor. A filibuster holding the floor using endless speeches so that no action can be taken on a bill or anything else. To break a filibuster there must be a 3/5 majority vote.

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The majority party in the House is led by the Speaker of the House. Their chief assistants are the majority leader and majority whip. The minority party has a minority leader and minority whip that leads them on. Leaders of both parties negotiate UCAs.

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- Bill is drafted
- Bill is assigned to a committee for study
- If the bill is released by the committee, it is voted on, debated, or amended.
- If the Bill passes it is moved to the Senate.
- Once again, if the bill is passed, there is a conference committee made up of both the Senate and House of Representatives to work out any differences.
- The bill returns to the House and Senate for final approval.
- The Government Printing Office prints the revised bill
- The President then has 10 days to either veto or sign bill.

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g) Chamber specific features/debate rules

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g) Chamber specific features/debate rules

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In the House, time of debate is between advocates and opponents of the bill. Amendments must be relevant to the bill; irrelevant matters are not allowed. In the Senate, floor action does more to shape the legislation. Before debate on a bill, it goes through the rules committee first. The rules committee assigns a specific rule to the bill.

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The "Necessary and Proper" clause states that Congress has the power  "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or any Department or Officer thereof." This means that even if there is no law against something it is not constitutionally wrong if it's "Necessary and Proper."

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e) Creation of public policy including-passing federal budget, raising revenue, coining money, declaring war, and maintaining the armed forces

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e) Creation of public policy including-passing federal budget, raising revenue, coining money, declaring war, and maintaining the armed forces

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- The President submits a budget to congress by every first Monday of February in a year. Congress must then pass bills based on the budget.
- Declaring war and maintaining armed forces
- Passing legislation that will improve the economy
- Managing tax increase

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Enumerated Powers: Powers of the federal government strictly listed in the Constitution
Implied Powers: Powers of the federal government that are not strictly listed in the Constitution that allow the federal government to carry out is enumerated powers.

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A coalition is an alliance for combined action. Party's are ready-made coalitions. A Congressional Caucus, very similar to coalitions, is a group that meets together in order to achieve common legislative objectives.

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b) Size of chamber/constituencies influence formality of debate

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b) Size of chamber/constituencies influence formality of debate

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There are a total of 535 Members in Congress; 100 of them serve in the Senate and 435 in the House of Representatives and because of that fact, House debates may be longer. Representatives either represent based on the feeling of their constituents or based on their interest groups.

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House of Representatives:
- There are 435 voting representatives in the House of Representatives.
- Representation is distributed in the House based on state population.
- Representatives representing inhabited US territories or territories outside the US are not allowed to vote.
- In order for someone to become a representative they must have attained the age of 25, been a US citizen for 7 years, and be an inhabitant of the state that he or she is representing.
Senate:
- In order for someone to become a Senator they must have attained the age of 30, been a US citizen for 9 years, and resident of the state the Senator is representing at the time of election.
- A Senator's term is 6 years
- Senatorial Class determines which seats will be up for election in a two-year cycle; only one is available for election at a time.
- The Seventeenth Amendment provides for a direct election of Senators.
- Senate must be composed of two senators from each state

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n) McCulloch v Maryland/United States v Lopez

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n) McCulloch v Maryland/United States v Lopez

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McCulloch vs Maryland is a very important Supreme Court case on Federal Power. In this case, the court established that has implied powers obtained from Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution. The "Necessary and Proper" clause allowed Congress to establish a national bank. The reason why is because there is no law against a national bank.
United States v Lopez is about a high school student who was arrested for violating the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. The federal government argued that Commerce Clause gives Congress the power to regulate trade between the states. The decision was in favor of Lopez and the court reached the conclusion that the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 violated the constitution and that Congress overreached their powers granted under the Commerce Clause.

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m) Commerce Clause/Necessary and Proper Clause/Implied Powers

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m) Commerce Clause/Necessary and Proper Clause/Implied Powers

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Commerce Clause: "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states."
Necessary and Proper Clause: any law that is necessary and proper is to be executed.
Implied powers are powers that are not written but are suggested. For example even if there is no specific constitutional support for a law, if it is "necessary and proper" it can be passed.

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Powers delegated to the national government: declare war, create and maintain armed forces, establish foreign policy, regulate interstate and foreign trade, make copyright and patent laws establish postal offices, and coin money.
Powers reserved to the state: establish local governments, establish and maintain schools, regulate trade within states, conduct elections, provide for public safety.
10th Amendment: powers that are not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states.
14th Amendment: everyone born in the United States is granted citizenship and is provided equal protection under the law.

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There are two types of federalism:
Dual Federalism - Programs and authority are clearly divided among the national, state, and local governments.
Cooperative Federalism - Programs and authority are mixed among the national, state, and local governments.
The first system of federalism was dual federalism which mostly revolved around the 10th Amendment. Around the 1930s dual federalism  started changing into cooperative federalism. In the 1970s, the U.S. moved into "New Federalism" which allowed the states to reclaim some power while still recognizing that the federal government was superior.
Grants-block and categorical - Grants supply state and local government with revenue. It is a way to equalize resources among the states. A "block" is a grant for a general purpose. A "categorical" grant is a grant for a specific reason.
Federal Revenue Sharing - From 1960 to 2014 federal grants to state and local governments have increased from 7 billion to 608 billion. Federal grants make up 1/3 of the states budgets.

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The purpose of Federalist #51 was to explain how checks and balances protects liberty. "Checks and Balances" was a concept from the French philosopher, Montesquieu.

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i) Powers allocated to Congress, President and courts demonstrates separation of powers and checks and balances

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i) Powers allocated to Congress, President and courts demonstrates separation of powers and checks and balances

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Powers allocated to Congress:
- Make laws
- Declare war
- Raise and provide public money and oversee its proper expenditure
- Impeach and try federal officers
- Approve presidential appointments
- Approve treaties negotiated by the executive branch
- Oversight and investigations
President and courts demonstrate separation of powers and checks and balances. The judicial branch overturns any unconstitutional order or action by the President. The President checks the judicial branch by appointing federal judges.

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After 9/11, the America's first response was getting justice and going to war. The executive branch expanded in power after the 9/11 attack. The Bush Administration authorized spying on Americans, a new secretive military tribunal system, and begun secretly detaining men from Muslim and Arab countries.  A lot of pose-9/11 policies are still in place that impacted America's use abroad, immigration and surveillance policies, and the balance of separation of powers.

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g) The Great Compromise, Electoral College, Compromise on the importance of Slaves 

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g) The Great Compromise, Electoral College, Compromise on the importance of Slaves 

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- Bicameral legislature
- House appointed by population (each slave counts as three-fifths of a free person) and Senate appointed equally among states.
- House is elected by the people and Senate is elected by state legislatures.
- A single executive is chosen by the electoral college
- National judiciary chose by President with help of the senate
- Broad enumerated power; Congress has the power to tax only in proportion to representation in the House; all appropriation bills must originate in the House.
- The three-fifths clause would determine the number of seats in the House of Representatives and would be counted for direct taxation.
- In other U.S. elections, candidates are voted directly by popular vote while in Presidential elections, candidates are chosen by electors.
- The amount of electors for each state is proportional to the members of Congress (House and Senate), there are currently 538 electors in all.

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f) Debate between Federalist #10 and Brutus l 

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f) Debate between Federalist #10 and Brutus l 

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"Publius" wrote the Federalist papers in support of the new Constitution. The new federal system created a stronger central government., however, Brutus l argued that it created a weaker central government in his Anti-Federalist papers.

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d) Challenges of the Articles of Confederation

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d) Challenges of the Articles of Confederation

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The Articles of Confederation were just something that was put in place because there was a need for a government after the Revolution. It pledged unified military and foreign policy decisions, however, it lacked means of tax collection, federal law enforcement, or national currency.
Other Challenges:
- Only one vote per state regardless of size
- Congress could not regulate trade between states, each state could tax the trade between states
- National government could not tax
- Could not force states to obey the law
- No national courts
- Amendments needed the approval of all 13 states
- No executive branch
- No army or navy
- No national money

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The Constitution instituted the United States government and laws, and insured certain basic rights for it's citizens. It was signed September 17, 1781, by delegates to the Constitutional Convection in Philadelphia. The Articles of Confederation created a weak government that operated like independent countries.

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b) Participatory, Pluralist, and Elitist Democracy

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b) Participatory, Pluralist, and Elitist Democracy

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Participatory Democracy:
Citizens have the power to decide policy while politicians are responsible for implementing them.
Pluralist Democracy:
Politics are not group dominated and organized groups challenge each other in order to influence policy.
Elite Democracy:
The wealthy and well-educated influence political decision making.

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The Declaration of Independence was the first official statement by a nations people listing their demands and right to choose their own government. There are 3 basic ideas that Declaration of Independence states: every man is made equal and has the right of life, the governments purpose is to protect these rights, if government become tyrannical the people have the right overthrow it.

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a) Limited government including natural rights, popular sovereignty, republicanism and a social contract. 

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a) Limited government including natural rights, popular sovereignty, republicanism and a social contract. 

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Limited government including natural rights:
The way government is organized affects the safety and happiness of its citizens, therefore the governments powers must be limited.
Popular Sovereignty:
Government must be altered by the will of the people, or even abolished.
Social Contract:
A philosophical agreement on how a government should operate and how it's citizens should be treated.

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Unit 1: Foundation of American Democracy 

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Unit 1: Foundation of American Democracy 

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies