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To join a community and reserach their culture intensily, often for month. You reserach the context / culture to gain a deep understanding.
Critique: time-consuming and expensive. With your presence you might influence the natural behaviour.

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How society is created and maintained through interactions

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Focus on power relationship, domination and control. Critical approach aiming to produce change and emancipation

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To reserach power distances, question things which were taken for granted. Critique: questioning things is not helping to develop a new theory.

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Central Concept:
Systematic cultural critique of modernity, science, technology, mass culture, and sexuality.

The theory is concerned with issues of hegemony, power relationships, oppression and emancipation, knowledge production, and mediation of social realities.

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Critique:
Accused of perpetuating Eurocentric theories and unable to distinguish between Western forms of domination over non-western peoples and non-Western forms of domination experienced within the West.

Neglect of patriarchy as a form of domination, resulting in gender blindness in their critiques.

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to understand human society and how it developed over time in history

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Central concepts: analyzes society by addressing the subjective meanings that people impose on objects, events, and behaviors.
Key practices:  constant movement between a text and its environment; a focus on a text's spirit instead of its content; becoming intimate with the text; establishing a dialogue with the text
Critique:  Research done from this perspective is often scrutinized because of the difficulty of remaining objective. Others criticize the extremely narrow focus on symbolic interaction. Proponents, on the other hand, consider this one of its greatest strengths.

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Central Concepts:
A "science of signs" to determine how signs (images, symbols, language, etc) convey meanings within a social system.

• Sign systems

• Signifier and signified

• Langue and parole

• Synchronic approaches

• Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships

• Explicit and expressive codes

• Codified social practices

• Myth.

Key Practices

• Bypassing interpretive details in favour of the underlying grammar

• Denying individual subjects autonomy

• Treating language as offering interpretive frames.

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- inspired by Foucault, Derrida, and Lacan
-  focus on language as it relates to institutions and power

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Central concepts: provide ways of studying human cognition and communication; examining the way meaning is constructed and used (especially within) cultural traditions;
Key Practices:  Sign systems (Signifier and signified);  Codified social practices, Myths
Critique: materials examined by  underlying structures, such as characterization or plot, with an attempt to show how these patterns are universal and could thus be used to develop general conclusions about both individual works and the systems from which they emerged; in this vein, generalization can be a problem