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Supreme Court decision that ruled that the American constitution was not meant to include citizenship for people of African descent, whether they were enslaved or free. This happened because Dred Scott, an enslaved African American, was taken to Illinois and Wisconsin territory where slavery was illegal. When he came back to Missouri, he thought that he was free due to the fact that he went to territories where slavery was illegal.

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Constitutional amendment that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except for the punishment of a crime.

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Amendment that declares that no state shall make/enforce any law that abridges the privileges of any citizen nor shall any state deprive a person of life, liberty, and property without due process of law. The amendment was made during the reconstruction.

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Amendment that declares that previous servitude, race, and color doesn't deny the right to vote.

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State and local laws which enforced segregation post Reformation mostly in the South. The goal being to reduce the effects of the Reformation and to restrict public utilities by race.

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A supreme court decision that determined that racial segregation laws didn't violate the US constitution as long as the facilities for separate races were equal in quality, thus creating the "seperate but equal" doctrine. The case happened in the first place when Homer Plessy violated Louisiana's Seperate Car Act of 1890, when he boarded a "whites only" car.

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Amendment which allowed for women's suffrage.

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Supreme court case which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. One of the defining decisions of the Warren court, it determined the fact that the "separate but equal" doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson didn't have any actual merit, and that African Americans were receiving inferior treatment in segregated facilities. Caused by African American students trying to enroll in white elementary schools, led by parent Oliver Brown.

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The Little Rock Nine enrolled in the whites only Little Rock Central High School after Brown v. Board of Education. The governor, Orval Faubus, attempted to stop the desegregation, but the school ended up getting desegregated in the end.

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Civil rights and labor law which outlaws discrimination based upon race, color, religion, sex, national origin, (added to this later sexual orientation and gender identity). Initially pushed by John F. Kennedy, the bill ended up getting filibuster in the senate and was then passed under Lyndon B. Johnson.

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Policies which gave advantages to underrepresented minority groups, for example in college admissions. Affirmative action ended up being widely implemented after the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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Federal legislation that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. For example, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests, mandated that ballots be provided in multiple languages in jurisdictions with a large percentage of minority populations, and mandated specific policies such as "preclearance requirements" that requires preclearance of any law related to voting to "special jurisdictions".

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Alan Bakke wanted to join UC Davis medical school, however was constantly denied admission solely due to his race due to affirmative action, (since he was getting rejected while less qualified applicants of a different race were getting accepted). Bakke vs. Regents of University of CA ended up requiring universities to look at factors other than race in terms of admissions.

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Norma McCorvey, who ended up going by the legal pseudonym "Jane Roe" wanted an abortion in Texas where abortion was completely illegal, but only for when the pregnancy was harmful for the mother's life. The court ruled that due to the 14th amendment's clause to right to privacy, and the 9th amendment that abortions was legal under most circumstances.