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1.  The forces between magnets, and betweenmagnets and magnetic materials.

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1.  The forces between magnets, and betweenmagnets and magnetic materials.

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A magnet attracts magnetic material such as iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys such as steel.

One end of a magnet always points towards the northern end of the earth. This end is called NORTH POLE. Similarly the other end of magnet is called the SOUTH POLE.

LAW OF MAGNETIC POLES: LIKE POLES REPEL, UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT.

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9.Magnetic properties of softiron and steel

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9.Magnetic properties of softiron and steel

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Iron

Soft magnetic material

Easy to magnetise and demagnetise.

used to make electromagnets

uses- transformer, audio and video tapes, electrical bells, magnetic relays, reed switches and reed relays.

Steel

Hard magnetic material

Harder to magnetise and demagnetise.

Used to make permanent magnet.

uses- DC motors, A C generators, moving coil galvanometers, moving coil loud speakers and magnetic doors

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 8.  An experiment to identify the pattern ofmagnetic field lines, including the direction

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 8.  An experiment to identify the pattern ofmagnetic field lines, including the direction

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Using Plotting Compass

To plot the magnetic field of a bar magnet, a small plotting compass is placed near one end of the magnet.

The compass needle are marked with dots 1 and 2.

The compass is the shifted to position B with the south pole of the needle pointing to dot 2.

The position of dot 3 is marked.

This process is repeated until the compass reaches the other end of the magnet.

All the dots are joined to obtain the magnetic field lines or magnetic lines of force

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7.The pattern of magnetic field lines around a barmagnet

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7.The pattern of magnetic field lines around a barmagnet

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Properties of magnetic field lines.

They point from north to south pole.

They never intersect with one another.

They are in a state of tension which causes them to ten to shorten themselves.

They repel one another sideways.

The higher the density of the lines in a region, the stronger is the magnetic field strength there.

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Th magnet to be demagnetised is placed inside a solenoid.

The solenoid is connected to an a.c. supply.

The magnet is withdrawn far away through the solenoid in the east-west direction while the a.c. current is still flowing.

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If we heat a magnet stronlgy by means of a bunsen flame, the magnet will lose its magnetism very quickly

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If the magnet is hammered vigorously while lying in an east west direction, its magnetism will become weaker and weaker

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Connect the solenoid to a direct current (d.c) supply.

Place the steel bar inside the solenoid.

Switch on the d.c supply.

When current flows through the solenoid, a strong magnetic field isproduced which magnetise the steel bar.

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Permanent magnets are used to magnetise the magnetic material

The steel bar is stroked with the same pole of the permanent magnet from one end to the other end in one direction.

The stroking magnet has to be lifted sufficiently high above the steel bar between successive strokes.

The steel bar will become a magnet with pole produced at the end where the strokes finish is opposite to the stroking pole used as the atomic magnets in the domain are attracted to the stroking pole.

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4.  Distinguish between magnetic and non-magneticmaterials

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4.  Distinguish between magnetic and non-magneticmaterials

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Magnetic materials

can be attracted

examples- iron, cobalt, nickel, steel, alnico

Non Magnetic material.

cannot be attracted by magnet

examples - wood, copper, paper, glass, plastic

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3.   Magnetic forces are due tointeractions between magnetic fields

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3.   Magnetic forces are due tointeractions between magnetic fields

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The region around a magnet where magnetic effect can be detected is called a MAGNETIC FIELD.

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The following diagram shows how a pins are magnetised by a permanent.

There is an induced magnetism in the pins. The end near to the north pole of the permanent magnet becomes an induced South pole while the other end is induced north pole.

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Induced magnetism is the temperory magnetisation of magnetic material when it is placed near to or in contact with a magnet.

Magnetic induction is the process of inducing magnetism in an unmagnetised magnetic material.