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vertical integration- companies buying several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture to eventually make that product  ( Carnegie)

horizontal integration-  companies buying into a single firm of those several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level (Rockefeller)

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Tammany Hall- ran by boss tweed(tweed ring)

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The railroad industry leads to success in coal, iron and petroleum.

Vanderbilt- most powerful in railroad industry. over-speculation in RR's led to bad economic times

JP Morgan- bank financier to save industry- "morganization" - fixed costs

Carnegie- the american dream (coming to America and being given opportunities to become successful in life)

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Reasons for
-U.S. presidents saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba

Terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898)
-Cuba gained independence
-U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines

Controversy over the Philippines
-U.S. did not want the Philippines, but Germany did, so the U.S. took it so Germany couldn't have it
-Philippines helped the U.S. in the war but grew angry when U.S. refused to recognize their independence
-Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerrilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years
-Eventually Philippines was granted independence on July 4th, 1946

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Trends in rulings:
Court leans toward supporting big business

Munn v. Illinois-
States had the power to regulate privately owned businesses like the railroads in the public's interest

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Municipal corruption
-Bribery of many government figures and leaders

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Sand Creek Massacre
Wounded Knee Massacre
Chief Joseph

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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

-Farmers didn't want Chinese immigrants bc they took the farmer's jobs and were paid less

"New immigrants"
-Most immigrants during this time period were from South/East Europe

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Wage system
-it was made to pay blue collar workers comparable to prevailing private sector rates in each local wage area

AFL- American Federation of Labor
-National federation of labor unions that included only skilled workers
-Led by Samuel Gompers
-Sought to negotiate with employers for better working conditions

Knights of Labor
-First effort to create a National Union but failed
-included everyone (african americans, women and unskilled workers)
-wanted better hours and safety, overall more equal rights

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AFL
-Concentrated on practical economic goals such as higher wages, improved working conditions. Members were directed to walk out until the employer agreed to negotiate a new contract through collective bargaining

-8 hour work days
-Higher wages
-Better working conditions

Characteristics of the American labor movement
-Encouraged industrial workers to vote

Tactics
-Employers would lockout workers to their factory, make workers sign contracts saying they wouldn't join the union, and calling in private guard or state militia
-Workers would go on strike when unhappy with conditions

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Interstate Commerce Commission
-Regulate railroad industry
-Made the Rail Roads the first industry subject to Federal regulation

Pendleton Act
-In 1883, Congress passed this to require merit-based exams for civil service jobs

Sherman Anti-Trust Act
-Made it illegal to restrain trade
-First time government made an effort to stop monopolies

Tariffs

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Rutherford B. Hayes- 19th president, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

James A. Garfield- 20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage

Grover Cleveland- 22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

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White Man's Burden
-Poem written by Kipling
-Commented of American imperialism
-Said it is white people's duties to help minority races because whites are superior

Hawaii
-U.S. missionaries and prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820's
-By the 1870's, Hawaii was dominated by sugar and fruit plantation owners
-The U.S. had a tax on imported goods and were importing lots of goods from Hawaii so they thought they should just take over Hawaii instead of paying a little extra for their fruits

Jingoism and reasons to support imperialism
-Jingoism is extreme patriotism which normally leads to the annexation of territories

China

Open Door Policy
-1900, suggested no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China

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Reasons for discontent
-Harsh farming conditions
-Declining prices in grain and cotton
-Rising railroad rates and mortgages
-Government deflation policies

Attempts to better conditions

Grangers
-First group to attempt to organize farmers
-Grangers grew angry at the exploitive practices of Eastern bankers, railroads, and wholesalers
-Grangers formed co-op stores, banks, and grain elevators
-Grangers died in the depression of 1870's

Granger laws
-Series of laws passed in western states of U.S. to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates to address railroad abuses against farmers

Munn v. Illinois
-Illinois declared Rail Roads be public highways
-Government could regulate private industries
-"Only congress can regulate interstate trade"

Populist Party
-Made up of farmers and factory workers
-Got numerous state and national politicians elected
-Election of 1896 killed the populist party

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Depressions and Panics
-Depression of 1873
-Caused by over-speculation on railroads and western lands
-Depression of 1893
-Most serious blow to politics in the Gilded Age
-Stock market panic occurred when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad went bankrupt
-Companies cut wages and laid off workers and unemployment rate hit 20%

Coxey's Army
-In 1894 there were 1,400 strikes that were led by unemployed people demanding government relief
-Jacob Coxey led an army from Ohio to D.C. to convince Congress to create jobs by spending $500 million on new roads

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Haymarket Square Riot
-Workers were protesting and striking and a bomb exploded
-Made labor unions look violent

Great RR strike
-A group of RR workers on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad who began to strike because of income decrease
-This strike spread all along the railroads and so the RR roadhouse was torched

Homestead Strike
-Owner of a plant, Frick proposed to cut wages by 20% bc the workers were upset
-The workers then went on strike and so Frick locked workers out of the plant
-Militia in Pennsylvania had to take control and protect replacement workers

Pullman Strike
-In 1894, Pullman Palace Car workers went on strike when the company cut wages by 50%
-RR Union Leader, Eugene Debs, called for a national RR strike
-Pres. Cleveland issued an injunction and sent the army to end the strike and resume rail road traffic
-Eugene Debs was arrested and became committed to socialism while in jail, sparking a short socialist movement in US
-In the court case, the Supreme Court used the Sherman Antitrust Act to uphold Cleveland's injunction since the strike restrained US trade

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Platform
-Platform included Ocala Demands, an 8-hour day, government control of RR's and banks, the breakup of monopolies, and tighter immigration restrictions

William Jennings Bryan
-Democratic nominee in the election of 1896
-Called for free silver and income tax, attacked trusts and injunctions
-He visited 26 states on his whistle stop campaign
-Pro-free-silver
-Populist leader

Cross of Gold
-William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized policy of the government for being too hard on farmers economically
-Said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this