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LASER an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is a technology that has taken scientific world by storm and has revolutionized industry and manufacturing in terms of precision and efficiency. The three chosen topics i.e Lasers in manufacturing, Laser Diode and 3D printing which are diverse facets of the laser technology and industry confluences in the field of precision manufacturing. This technique has been around for quite some time now and is now a standard part of all modern assembly lines. It utilizes AI for cutting and machining purposes and lasers are responsible for physically implementing the precision offered by modern computers. 3D printing has further augmented this technology by offering a wider range of composite materials which works to suit the manufacturers' needs in terms of strength, durability and cost effectiveness. They also offer the advantage of machine parts being printed in lesser time with greater efficiency in terms of resources consumed. This in combination with the precision and flexibility offered by laser printing can and will play a major role in defining the future industrial landscape in which the assembly line is replaced by single machine which prints and assembles all parts. The laser diode can prove to be the most efficient laser source in precision manufacturing. It also shows promise in extending this technology to homes and offices.

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holography: lasers have proven to be a key component in modern holographic techniques. Laser diodes owing to their small size and low power input can be a feasible solution in implementing this technology in mobile phones.

Laser diodes can serve as light sources in tracking vital health stats, an increasingly common feature of wearable tech.

Laser diodes allow for miniaturized fiber optics communication systems allowing for faster data transfer rates in electronic gadgets.

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Telecommunications: L.D's are used as easily modulated and coupled light sources for fibre optics communication

Precision Measurement: L.D's are a component of precision instruments such as rangefinders.

Printing: Employed as light sources for scanners and for high speed high resolution printer plate manufacturing.

Spectrometry: L.D's are employed in Laser Absorption Spectrometry

Industrial Applications such as heat treating cladding,seam welding and for pumping other lasers

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Arc Welding : a technique in which metals are welded using the heat generated by an electric arc.

Cladding : is the application of one material over another to provide skin or layer intended to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for aesthetic purposes.

Plasma processing : is a plasma-based material processing technology that aims at modifying the chemical and physical properties of a surface.

Sintering : is the process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat and/or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction.

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3D Printed Food Being Researched By NASA

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3D printed food is currently being researched by NASA

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Percentage use of rapid prototyping worldwide as of year 2000. Data based on: D. T. Pham, S. S. Dimov, Rapid manufacturing, Springer-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 1-85233-360-X, page 6

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Percentage use of rapid prototyping worldwide as of year 2000. Data based on: D. T. Pham, S. S. Dimov, Rapid manufacturing, Springer-Verlag, 2001, ISBN 1-85233-360-X, page 6

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Biomedical Engineering In recent years scientists and engineers have already been able to use 3D printing technology to create body parts and parts of organs.

Aerospace and Automobile Manufacturing High technology companies such as aerospace and automobile manufacturers have been using 3D printing as a prototyping tool for some time now.

Construction and Architecture Architects and city planners have been using 3D printers to create a model of the layout or shape of a building for many years.

Product Prototyping The creation of a new product is always one of that involves many iterations of the same design. 3D Printing revolutionized the industry by allows designers to create and the next day see and touch their design.

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FDM – Fused Deposition Modeling Fused Deposition Modeling, is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modeling, prototyping, and production applications.

SLA – Stereolithography Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process which employs a vat of liquid ultraviolet curable photopolymer "resin" and an ultraviolet laser to build parts' layers one at a time.

SLS - Selective laser sintering Selective laser sintering is an additive manufacturing technique that uses a high power laser (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic, metal (direct metal laser sintering), ceramic, or glass powders into a mass that has a desired three-dimensional shape.

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http://goo.gl/forms/0XCYMeIMeV

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A survey for people in possession of or who have access to a 3D printer

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L.D: Acronym for Laser Diode or the Semiconductor Laser

Gain Medium: The part of laser construction wherein light amplification takes place

Population Inversion: This term in statistical mechanics occurs when a system has more members in the excited state than in lower energy states

Optical Resonator or Cavity: The arrangement in a laser wherein the average photon is passed repeatedly through the gain medium before it is emitted or lost to diffraction or absorption

Optical pumping: The laser process in which energy input is used to attain population inversion

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The form for participating in the survey regarding the above discussion has been mentioned below:

https://docs.google.com/a/hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in/forms/d/1GD6a9BH7mAt4jzAA0BMlRfwTjd1MJ-nSFAkf5OIQGhg/viewform?usp=send_form

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Survey has been done in Google forms. And here is the link for it:

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1oh1ITFjFSFufgMSMRUvB5YTr5UPzmVMNEGo4fAhcUIc/viewform?usp=send_form

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1.Book from library on Lasers and its applications.
2.Three pdf files for reference
3.Some Youtube links

4.Website URLs.

-All the above mentioned resources are given below,

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BOOK: Laser systems and applications   V. K. Jain

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BOOK: Laser systems and applications   V. K. Jain

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Bibliographic information

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Title - Laser Systems and Applications

Author - V. K. Jain

Edition - illustrated

Publisher - Alpha Science International Limited, 2013

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LASER SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS provides the foundation for understanding the subject of lasers. The topics included in this book are various experiments that led to the foundation of quantum mechanics, concepts of atomic and molecular spectra. Basic concepts of lasers, solid, liquid and gas lasers, Q-switching and mode locking are described.

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3D printing will soon allow digital object storage and transportation, as well as personal manufacturing and very high levels of product customization. This video by Christopher Barnatt of ExplainingTheFuture.com illustrates 3D printing today and in the future.

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Introducing Glowforge - The 3D Laser Printer

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Introducing Glowforge - The 3D Laser Printer

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Introducing Glowforge - The 3D Laser Printer

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The Dreamliner and Airbus A380 already use 3D printed parts. Additionally F18's and other aircraft have benefitted from 3D printed parts on retrofitting projects. Aerospace is low volume production and is ideally suited for 3D printing. Additionally 3D printing can make heating ducts in a way that other processes can not. 3D printed airplane wiring and weight optimized parts are in of itself their own revolutions in this industry. Additionally all the aircraft majors are doing extensive research and development in 3D printing including a Rolls Royce project to try to 3D print aircraft engines.

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What is the envionmental impact of 3D printing?

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What is the envionmental impact of 3D printing?

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1.No more transporting products
2.No more unsold products
3.No wasted materials
4.More lifetime for what you have
5.Recycling gets easier

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Which areas will 3D printing affect the most?

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Which areas will 3D printing affect the most?

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1.Product Development & Prototyping
2.Personalized medicine
3.Aerospace
4.Automobile Manufacturing
5.Low Volume Manufacturing
6.Gifts, jewelry, toys, hobby items, interior decoration and fashion accessories

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Edwin:How was the information on laser diode collated

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Edwin:How was the information on laser diode collated

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I used the internet as a source of information in augmenting my knowledge on electronics in lasers.I came across various articles explaining the functionality and working principles of the semiconductor laser or the laser diode.Additional information on the applications and other supporting data regarding research and innovation in this field were mainly sourced from Wikipedia.

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How To Print A 3-D Object With Laser Sintering

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How To Print A 3-D Object With Laser Sintering

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How To Print A 3-D Object With Laser Sintering

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For more on 3-D printing: http://cenm.ag/3d This is a step by step guide to the process of laser sintering from researchers at the University of Texas, Austin. This technique, a type of 3-D printing, produces solid objects from polymer and metal powders.

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The growth of three dimensional (3-D) printing technology brings opportunities scientific, entrepreneurial – even culinary. Three dimensional printing uses a digital model to create a 3-D object by adding consecutive layers of material to it. That requires a digital model, raw material that can include plastic, metal,etc. , and a personal or industrial-strength printer.

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technique that uses a laser as the power source to sinter powdered material (typically metal), aiming the laser automatically at points in space defined by a 3D model, binding the material together to create a solid structure.

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Laser Sintering: a 3D Printing Technology

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Laser Sintering: a 3D Printing Technology

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Selective Laser Sintering is also a technique by which parts are built layer by layer. The basic material consists of powder with particle sizes in the order of magnitude of 50 µm. Successive powder layers are spread on top of each other. After deposition, a computer-controlled CO ₂ laser beam scans the surface and selectively binds together the powder particles of the corresponding cross section of the product. During laser exposure, the powder temperature rises above the glass transition point after which adjacent particles flow together. This process is called sintering.

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2. Give some examples to various areas listed above?

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2. Give some examples to various areas listed above?

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Laser Welding:   -Laser welding of light materials   -Rapid manufacturing by e-beam welding
-Gas tungsten arc welding

-Galvanized steel welding

Laser Micromachining: -Laser texturing of Mo for solar

–Laser micromachining for fluidics

- Laser drilling of Ni superalloys

Laser Cladding:  -Laser sintering

- Laser Cladding for erosion
Laser Diagnostics-   -Laser corrosion detection
-Composition diagnostics

Plasma Processing: -Transparent coatings, pulsed plasm

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1 : What are some areass of applications of LASER in industries?

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1 : What are some areass of applications of LASER in industries?

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The below listed are some of the application areas of lasers

Laser cutting

Laser marking and engraving

Laser welding

Laser drilling

Laser melting

Laser heat treating

Laser micromachining

Laser soldering

Laser surface treatment
-SANJO

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Please visit the link: http://imedea.uib-csic.es/~salvador/coms_optiques/addicional/profile/profileLD.pdf

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Some of the important sub-classes include:

>Double Heterostructure Lasers

>Quantum Cascade Lasers

>Quantum well lasers

>VCSEL's

>VECEL's

>External Cavity Diode Lasers

among other types

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Edwin:Why is the laser diode a bestseller among common laser types?

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Edwin:Why is the laser diode a bestseller among common laser types?

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LD's are used in a variety of electronic appliances owing to the ability of it's construction to be miniaturised in line with other electronic components.This enables it to play a key role in today's rapidly growing electronics industry wherein devices are getting slimmer and smarter.For instance it is commonly used in CD/DVD/Bluray players.

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Edwin:What makes the semiconductor laser theorem unique?

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Edwin:What makes the semiconductor laser theorem unique?

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In the semiconductor laser theory the optical gain or the laser's amplifying capabilities is generated within a semiconductor material.Laser light it produced when electron and photons interact in a manner similar to a conventional diode

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-----SANJO------

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Laser diodes a revolutionary application of the p-n junction diode

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Laser diodes a revolutionary application of the p-n junction diode

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Laser diodes or LD's in short play an important role in our everyday lives by providing cheap and compact sized lasers.It combines the efficiency of an LED with the high power characteristics of a laser device.They are in short small size ,low power input,high power output devices. LD's are available in a variety of wavelengths suited for a variety of applications.

The technology is based on the idea of an inverted carrier density system,wherein the carrier inversion results in an electromagnetic polarization which drives an electric field E(t).In most cases,the electric field is confined in a resonator, the properties of which are important factors for faster performance.

The idea of a laser diode was first conceptualized and demonstrated by two US groups led by Robert.N.Hall at the General Electric research center and by Marshall Nathan at the IBM T.J Watson Research Center.Laser diodes is the most sold laser type in the market with 2004 sales of 733 million units.Laser diodes have a wide range of applications which spans from barcode scanners to fiber optics.Today LD's have are as widely used as transistors with the electronics industry witnessing the birth of data storage media whose capabilities lie in it's optical properties. Some other notable applications include:

>Laser printing

>Directional lighting sources

>Laser scanning

>CD/DVD/Bluray reading and recording

and many more

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Lasers in 3D Printing

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The inventor of the semiconductor laser tells us how it works in one minute. Robert N. Hall developed the laser at General Electric in Schenectady, New York in 1962. The semiconductor laser is use in a myriad of consumer electronics. It is a cheap and efficient way to make a laser.

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These links gives some ideas on the Industrial Applications of Lasers

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These links gives some ideas on the Industrial Applications of Lasers

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1. http://www.spectra-physics.com/applications/industrial-manufacturing#overview

2. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/latj.201290044/pdf

---------SANJO---------

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I have chosen semiconductor lasers a classic application of electronics in lasers

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Lasers are employed across the manufacturing industry as tools capable of delivering intense cutting or welding power with high precision. Their ability to manipulate and transform materials makes them ideal for the automobile, computer and clothing industries - to name but a few. In fact, it is difficult to find a modern consumer product that has not seen a laser during its manufacturing.

Lasers are employed across the manufacturing industry as tools capable of delivering intense cutting or welding power with high precision. Their ability to manipulate and transform materials makes them ideal for the automobile, computer and clothing industries - to name but a few. In fact, it is difficult to find a modern consumer product that has not seen a laser during its manufacturing.

-SANJO

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I have taken LASER and its use in Manufacturing