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Put a yes/no question asking what people think or say after the wh-word inside a wh-question.

Do you think something is wrong? --> What do you think is wrong?

Put a yes/no question inside a wh-question, we use question word order in the yes/no question, not in the wh-question.

When does he believe the fighting will end?

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A form of question but is asked without expecting an answer.
- We can use rhetorical questions to assert something:

John isn’t here yet.
Who cares? (= I don’t care.)

- We can use rhetorical questions to establish a topic:

Do you remember the oil crisis?
- We were sure then that cars would have to become smaller.

- We can use rhetorical questions to highlight a previous question before giving an answer:

What do you think of it?
What do I think of it? I think it’s just too big.

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To ask for confirmation of something.

Monday is a holiday?

To repeat what was just said, usually to express surprise.

Paul won first prize? - He won the first prize?

To ask for clarification or to get more information about part of what was just said

She zapped it? - She did what to it?

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We use inversion both in formal (or literary English) and in informal replies, after neither, nor and no way.

John should let me leave early. - No way will he agree to that.

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To check or confirm information

Aren’t they coming to the class now?

To express surprise

Don’t you like chocolate? Everyone loves it

For offers or suggestions with

Why don’t you do it first?

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Using Yes to say the positive is true and No to say negative is true.

Aren’t those apples good?

Yes (=They are good)
No. (=They aren’t good)

Note:These questions can be confusing to answer. Do not answer with one word (Yes/No). Instead use a short sentence.

A: Aren't you tired?

B: Yes, I am tired.

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Begin with wh-words

What’s your address?

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Begin with be, do, have or a modal

Am I the first to arrive?

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We use inversion after negative phrases with no and not in front position:

You shouldn’t go under any circumstances -> Under no circumstances should you go.

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Negative yes/no questions:  usually begin with negative forms of be, do, have or a modal.

Aren't you tired?

Negative wh-questions: put the negative forms after the wh-words

What isn’t  your name? or  Why didn’t you go?

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We use inversion after negative adverbs such as never or nowhere when they are placed in front position for emphasis and then we put the subject after an auxiliary verb (be, do, have) or a modal:

I have never heard such nonsense -> Never have I heard such nonsense.

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- Not and no

+ Use not rather than no in reduced negatives:

Do you want to keep these boxes or not? If not, I’ll just throw them out.

+ Use before the indefinite article a/an.

Not a single drop of blood was split.

+ Use before quantifiers such as all or a lot:

Not all Americans are rich.
There is not a lot to be gained by being rude to people.

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- No: Use no with both singular and plural nouns or a gerund to emphasise the negative.

+ We can use this structure instead of a negative verb:

One class doesn’t have a teacher => One class have no teacher

+ Or we can use it as a shorthand for” is/ are not allowed” in formal situations:

No dogs

+ We use Don’t + verb rather than No +gerund in informal situations:

Don’t park here.

- No or not/n’t any:

+ Use with comparative adjectives:

These seats are no better/ aren’t any better than the others.

+ Use with adverbs:

We should leave no later/shouldn’t leave any later than 8.30.

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- No and none: Use no before nouns and  none instead of noun and don’t use double negative

Didn’t you bring any money? -  I have no money/ I have none

- None of: Use none of before pronouns and determiners( the, those, our…)

None of them understood it.

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Used to report what was asked

Don’t use question words order or a question mark

Begin yes/no indirect questions with if or whether

Do you teach karate → I asked if they taught karate.

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Inversion after negative words and phrases

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Inversion after negative words and phrases

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We put not before the infinitive or gerund:

She pretended not to see me.

We can also use no before nouns and negative adverbs such as no longer or never before verbs:

He’s no longer living there.

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In some wh-questions, the preposition is always at the end.

What are you doing that for?

We put adverbs after wh-words, but we can use some adverbs before wh-words.

How often do you exercise?
Precisely where did you last see the keys?

Wh-words with ever are used to express surprise or disbelief.

Wherever did you find that?

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We can use wh-questions to ask about the objects of prepositions, and put the preposition at the end of a wh-question.

He’s going to fill the hole with something --> What is he going to fill the hole with?

We must use whom (not who) after a preposition

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Questions words with prepositions and adverbs

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Questions words with prepositions and adverbs

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Reduce yes/no questions : Without Are you? or Do/Did you?

Like it?

Reduce wh-questions : only Wh-word or short phrases

You have to do it. - Why me?

Other: Use the phrases How about? and What about? without verbs before nouns and gerunds to makes suggestions or to draw attention to something

How about a cup of tea?

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We form negatives with do plus not/n’t before the base form of the verb.

It doesn’t help us.

Paying attention that the negative forms of do are not used with modal verbs:

I can’t swim. ( NOT “I don’t can swim”)

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- Positive statement + negative tag

We’re late, aren’t we?

- Negative statement + positive tag

I can’t win, can I?

- Use a pronoun that matches the subject a verb that matches the main verb auxiliary or be or we use a form of do

The evidence showed he was guilty, didn’t it?

- Use modals in tags after imperative for request or proposals

Don’t say anything, will you?

- Use a positive tag after a positive sentence to confirm information

That’s your new car, is it?

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We use which ( not what) before one or ones.

There are a lot of cups of tea here. Which ones already have sugar?

We use which of ( not what of) before determiners ( the, this, my,etc.) and pronouns when we ask about things and people in a limited set.

Which of these books haven’t you read?

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- In formal situations, we form negatives with the full form not (We are not).

Dogs are not allowed in city parks.

- In informal situations:

+ We form negatives by contracting not (We aren't)

They aren’t listening.

+ We form negatives by contracting the auxiliary (We’re not):

We’re not ready yet.

+ We form negatives by contracting the modal (We’ll not):

She’ll not leave unless you require her.

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Use what and which before nouns or as pronouns. We use what when we think there is an unlimited number of possible answers and which when we think there is a limited number.

What are you doing?
Which is her home phone number?

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WHAT OR WHICH ?