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The stone age technology could be shown by the ignition of fire by rubbing two stones, hand made weapon, manufacturing, utensils making using stones and the use of clothing from animal skin and fur.

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The bronze age period showed the development of agriculture technology, fishing techniques and domesticating animals and establishment of permanent homes instead of going from one place to another. The people also developed metal technology using copper bronze.

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During the iron age, the people made progress by resorting to iron smelting technology since iron was cheaper than bronze. The iron age was the last period prior to the discovery of writing.

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- Tribal priests introduced bodies of knowledge and ancient culture, and introduced sign writing or pictographs to record or transmit information.
- Technology of instruction was found to be more complex in highly advance cultures, and social behavior.

- The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations which stimulated and educated people and societies in the world to adopt new ways of living and governance.

- The Chinese civilization, contributed technology like paper, seismological detectors, toilet paper, matches, iron plough, suspension bridge, wheelbarrow, parachute, natural gas as fuel, magnetic compass, elevated relief map and gun powder.
- With the invention of paper, came their first step towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade paper products as means of visual aids.

- Another language-related technology was the ancient Egyptian language which was one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their language was made up of 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics.

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- Paper and pulp papermaking process was developed.
- Discovery of spinning wheel which increased the productivity of thread making process.

- The invention of the printing press took place in approximately 1450 AD, by JOHANNES GUTENBURG  a German inventor. The event was a prime developmental factor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advance-technology cultured society.

- During this time, only textbook was used with a few illustration. Educational technology during those times was associated with simple aids like charts and pictures.

- In 1873, educational technology paved its way to be known as AUDIO-VISUAL EDUCATION when an international exhibition held in Vienna showcased the winning American exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks, and other equipment.
- This was followed by Maria Montessori ( 1870-1952), an internationally renowned child educator, when she introduced the Montessori Method, which developed graded designed activities to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner.

- Earlier than Montessori's innovation, Charles Babbage's design of a general purpose computing device laid the foundation of the modern computer in 1883.

- In 1929, the first practical use of regular television broadcasts was done in Germany.
- The Olympic Games in 1936 were shown on television in Berlin. Then, open circuit television began to broadcast entertainment in 1950.
- In 1960, television was used in education.

- In 1943, the first computing machine was designed by Babbage. In 1966
- O.K. Moore developed a talking type tutorial Computer Assisted Instruction ( CAI ).
- Since 1947, computers are interestingly used in schools, colleges, and universities.
-In the beginning of the 19th century., there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution to formal education.
- In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in UNITED KINGDOM were equipped with radios and there were regularly daily programs.

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FIVE PHASES OF USING COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION

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FIVE PHASES OF USING COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION

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Educational technology is a multifaceted and integrated process which are applied and used by people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization. It utilized varied technologies derived from different fields of science. Educational technology development went through five stages.

STAGE 1

The first stage of educational technology is associated with the use of aids like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials.
Educational technology referred to audio-visual aids.

STAGE 2

Stage 2 in the development of educational technology refers to the introduction of electronics through the sophisticated hardware and software. This stage shows the use of varied audio-visual gadgets like projector, tape recorder, radio and television which marked changes in the educational scenario.

STAGE 3

The third stage of educational technology revolved around the use of communication enhancement equipment to promote mass media for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction ( CAI ) became important component of instruction.

STAGE 4

The fourth stage of educational technology exemplified individualized teaching and learning with the use of programmed learning and programmed instruction. It created a new approach to educational technology with the introduction of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines.

STAGE 5

"The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on language laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer instruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research."
(http://blitzlondon.blogspot.com/2012/10/history-of-educational-technology.html )

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HISTORY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

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HISTORY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

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FIVE PHASES OF USING COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION

1. Late 1970's - Early1980's: Programming, Drill, and Practice

This is the era when computers were beginning to be used in school. The pedagogical reason to teach programming was not to train programmers, but to develop students' logic and math skills.

2. Late 1980's - Early 1990's: Computer Based Training ( CBT ) with Multimedia

This was known as the golden era of CD-ROMs and multimedia computers which contributed a lot to students' learning. Students appeared to learn better by watching movies/animations and listening to audios whereas some learned better by reading or watching still images.

3. Early1990's : Internet-Based Training ( IBT )

The third wave of using computers in education came with the adoption of the World Wide Web.

4. Late 1990's - Early 2009: E-learning

- Improvements were made on the Internet-based training in late 1990's and early 2000 in the form of e-learning.
- The markets for e-learning courses and especially for Learning Management Systems ( LMS ) were created.
- The pedagogical thinking around the e-learning is closely related to the computer-based training. The point is to deliver courses for students. Later on, the learning platform developers has become more aware that learning requires social activities among the learners themselves.

5. Late 2000: Social Software + Free and Open Content

- In the late 2000, social software and free and open content marked a real breakthrough in the field of educational technology.
- Blogs and wikis have already brought web back to its original idea: simple tool for personal notes that are easily accessible and even editable by peers and your potential peers.