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Industriall (2022). A trade union guide of practice for a Just Transition

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Industriall (2022). A trade union guide of practice for a Just Transition

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(TUCA, 2023). Energy, environment, and work – A working class perspective vis-à-vis the transitions of our times.

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(TUCA, 2023). Energy, environment, and work – A working class perspective vis-à-vis the transitions of our times.

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TUCA - Development Platfomr for the Americas (PLADA)

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TUCA - Development Platfomr for the Americas (PLADA)

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English version (2014)
Spanish and Portuguese, updated 2020 (https://csa-csi.org/sdm_categories/plada/)

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TUDCN (2019). Trade Unions´ Development Cooperation Network

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TUDCN (2019). Trade Unions´ Development Cooperation Network

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The just transition

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TUCA. 3rd. Regional Conference on Energy, environement and work. San José de Costa Rica, 2018. (Spanish)

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TUCA. 3rd. Regional Conference on Energy, environement and work. San José de Costa Rica, 2018. (Spanish)

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Declaración de la 3era Conferencia Regional de Energía, Ambiente y Trabajo
DECLARACIÓN DE LA 3era CONFERENCIA

La 3ra. Conferencia sobre Energía, Ambiente y Trabajo, convocada por la CSA en San José Costa Rica, del 8 al 11 de octubre de 218, ha reunido a representantes de 15 países del continente, 20 centrales sindicales afiliadas a la CSA y 4 fraternas, 7 movimientos sociales continentales, 4 organizaciones de la sociedad civil y 5 universidades.

Esta declaración recupera puntos de debate y acuerdos logrados a partir de un diálogo entre el movimiento sindical y las otras representaciones que participaron, como parte de la estrategia de alianzas sociales que compartimos con los movimientos aquí presentes y que se expresa en la construcción de la Jornada Continental por la Democracia y contra el Neoliberalismo.

La clase trabajadora de las Américas atraviesa una coyuntura política de graves riesgos y amenazas para la paz, las libertades, los derechos sociales y la democracia.

Vuelve a la agenda el programa neoliberal en países donde había logrado detenerse, pero a diferencia de los años 90, cuando conseguía venderse electoralmente, ahora se combina con propuestas fascistas y autoritarias, con discursos de odio misóginos, racistas, xenófobos, homófobos, abiertamente antisindicales y de ataque a los movimientos sociales. Incluso el proceso de paz en Colombia con las distintas insurgencias, clave para la distensión en toda la región, ahora está amenazado por el nuevo gobierno.

Esta coyuntura se instala después de un ciclo de avances sociales que se había registrado en varios países latinoamericanos, para finalmente ser puesto en cuestión por los coletazos de la crisis iniciada en 2008 en los Estados Unidos, cuyos reflejos duraderos se extienden sobre los demás países.

Las fuerzas políticas y sociales reaccionarias buscan fracturar a los movimientos populares, haciendo creer que el problema de la sociedad son las dirigencias sindicales, migrantes, LGTBI, las personas jóvenes, el feminismo, la población afrodescendiente, las demandas campesinas e indígenas y el ambientalismo. Hay un recrudecimiento de la represión y la criminalización de la lucha social. Manipulan los miedos de la gente en momentos de aumento del desempleo y desestructuración de las economías. Para eso se valen de las noticias falsas repetidas mil veces en las redes sociales por usuarios falsos y en los medios de comunicación controlados por las grandes empresas.

La xenofobia, la misoginia, la homofobia y el racismo dejan de ser discursos de sectores intolerantes en los márgenes del sistema político, para ocupar el centro del escenario. Hay una nueva oleada de la ideología individualista que intenta crear un terreno para el ataque gubernamental a las organizaciones sindicales y los movimientos sociales.

En ese contexto consideramos insuficientes las políticas estatales ya acordadas en la convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) frente al desafío de la crisis climática. No se ha conseguido poner en marcha una verdadera transición ecológica, al mismo tiempo que hay toda una arquitectura mundial para garantizar la impunidad de las empresas transnacionales en su afán de lucro por sobre los derechos de la clase trabajadora, de las comunidades en los territorios y de la naturaleza. Seguiremos presionando adentro y afuera de las Conferencias de las Partes (COPs) por un freno al cambio climático y por la justicia social.

El momento es de resistencia a la oleada reaccionaria y conservadora, de afirmación de las conquistas de nuestros pueblos y de alianzas sociales y políticas amplias para resistir y vencer.

El sindicalismo que necesitamos para este periodo no es el que se dedica al cabildeo, sino el que moviliza y organiza a trabajadores y trabajadoras.
I. El Trabajo es el Centro de una Política Alternativa
El trabajo continúa en el centro de la vida de nuestras sociedades.

Sin embargo, se encuentra bajo ataque tanto de las fuerzas políticas afines a las organizaciones patronales como de interpretaciones sociológicas que manipulan realidades para tratar de convencernos que trabajadores y trabajadoras ya no somos necesarios y en consecuencia debemos aceptar la erosión de las conquistas en materia de derechos sociales, laborales y sindicales.

Las fuerzas reaccionarias han lanzado una nueva ofensiva individualista, ahora cargada de odio hacia "otras y otros" también pobres y excluidos a quienes se acusa de ser causantes del deterioro de las condiciones de vida y trabajo de los colectivos laborales perjudicados por las políticas neoliberales.

Para el movimiento sindical el punto de partida de una transición desde una economía de alto consumo de carbono, basada en el agronegocio y el extractivismo minero-energético hacia otra social y ambientalmente sustentable, pasa por garantizar que su resultado sea el fortalecimiento y ampliación del trabajo decente.

Recuperar la visión de la centralidad del trabajo es también reconocer el trabajo necesario para la producción del vivir, aquel que es realizado en el hogar y en la comunidad mayoritariamente por mujeres, por fuera de los circuitos mercantiles y que no es reconocido en su contribución al desarrollo económico y social. El aprovechamiento que el capital hace del resultado de ese trabajo es la otra cara de los ataques misóginos a los derechos de las mujeres. El patriarcado no es solamente un fenómeno cultural, sino un sistema de dominación que genera rentas por la explotación de aquel trabajo no remunerado.
II. Democratización de la Energía
La energía debe ser entendida como un derecho fundamental para toda la población de un país, por lo tanto, debe ser un servicio público. Es esencial para que las personas puedan ejercer sus derechos humanos y sociales fundamentales, su integración a la vida social, su dignidad.

La primera reivindicación de la clase trabajadora es acabar con la pobreza energética. Es decir, garantizar que toda la población tenga acceso a la energía que necesita para mantener estándares básicos de vida familiar y movilidad. Que sus ingresos no sean corroídos por los gastos realizados para cubrir esas necesidades básicas.

Afirmamos la necesidad de democratizar la energía, porque entendemos que lejos de tratarse apenas de un debate entre planificadores gubernamentales, técnicos del sector y directivos de grandes empresas, tiene que ser la sociedad, a través de mecanismos democráticos y transparentes de participación popular, quien defina qué energía se quiere desarrollar, cómo, para qué fines y para quienes, cuestionando los patrones de consumo excesivo de las élites. No es suficiente discutir cambios en la matriz energética, hay que rediscutir la política energética en relación con el desarrollo que se quiere para el país y la región.

Frente a este cuadro el movimiento sindical junto con organizaciones de movimientos sociales tiene una agenda afirmativa de:

Desprivatización del sector, ya que la lógica del lucro privado se contrapone a la lógica de la satisfacción de las necesidades de los pueblos y naciones;

Recuperación de la soberanía sobre nuestros recursos y bienes comunes, rompiendo compromisos que significan aceptar una arquitectura de la impunidad de las grandes empresas transnacionales que operan en el sector energético o que lo usan intensivamente en nuestros países y territorios, cuando aprovechan los acuerdos de libre comercio y protección de inversiones;

Discutir las opciones tecnológicas con una orientación definida por un proyecto de país que sea decidido democráticamente. No debemos aceptar determinismos tecnológicos impuestos por saberes manipulados por los intereses de las corporaciones, y que, a pretexto de la transición, refuerzan la dependencia a los centros de desarrollo tecnológicos del Norte;

Debemos crecientemente avanzar hacia la desmercantilización y desfosilización de nuestra matriz energética, desde una visión de transición basada en la democracia y la justicia social y ambiental.
III. La Energía como bien Común
Afirmar la energía como bien común es cuestionar la privatización del sector energético, paso necesario para revertir la mercantilización de la energía y su reconocimiento como derecho.

Se trata de reposicionar mecanismos democráticos de participación en la sociedad, reivindicando el rol del Estado en la propiedad, control y reorientación de la generación y uso de energías desde su carácter público. Las rentas extraordinarias que el sector pueda generar, por las características que tienen varias fuentes energéticas, deben tener una aplicación definida socialmente de acuerdo con una visión de país basada en la garantía de los derechos de la clase trabajadora.

El atendimiento de la energía como derecho básico de toda la población pasa necesariamente por una revisión profunda de la forma como la sociedad ve al sector. Hay necesidad de una nueva pedagogía que promueva en la población la emancipación cultural, educativa y organizativa.

En este entendimiento, también podremos propiciar una desconcentración y descentralización del sector, promoviendo iniciativas locales, cooperativas, comunitarias, etc. aprovechando las posibilidades de las alternativas tecnológicas disponibles y otras que se pueden desarrollar desde una visión popular. Propugnamos por el desarrollo de un sector público que vaya más allá de la propiedad estatal y de la centralización, aportando desarrollo local y que, complementariamente, avancen hacia proyectos de integración regional.
IV. Transición Justa
La transición ecológica y social en materia energética debe considerar que parte de un escenario complejo de muchas heterogeneidades. Un país no es igual a otro, una región no es igual a otra en el mismo país. En este debate, un sector social no es igual a otro, pero debemos avanzar en construir acuerdos mínimos.

Es necesario colocar la discusión de la transición justa en los niveles nacional, subnacional y local, en diálogo entre el campo y la ciudad. Es decir, no hay solo una vía o modelo de transición que debemos propugnar.

Se trata entonces de discutir cuáles deben ser los parámetros generales. Para el movimiento sindical el punto de partida es que la transición debe promover el trabajo decente y asegurar los derechos laborales y sociales con la opción por el dialogo social efectivo.

Es fundamental que se oriente también por criterios democráticos de participación ciudadana, que apunten a la paz en los territorios, a reducir el extractivismo, a democratizar el acceso a la tierra y promover la reforma agraria y a superar una estructura social basada en el patriarcado.

Una transición justa no puede orientarse a una nueva mercantilización de la naturaleza y de las alternativas energéticas.

Tampoco debe ser vista como parte de un debate dominado por técnicos especialistas, sino que debe incorporar la visión de nuestro sindicalismo sociopolítico y de otros sectores sociales, que apunta a la adecuación de las alternativas tecnológicas con los anhelos de construir sociedades de inclusión de todos y todas.
La Jornada Continental por la Democracia y contra el Neoliberalismo
La Jornada Continental por la Democracia y contra el Neoliberalismo es la plataforma donde esa reivindicación del papel central de la clase trabajadora en sus múltiples facetas debe combinarse con la lucha para acabar con la impunidad y la captura de los Estados y los territorios, por parte de las grandes corporaciones, en defensa de los derechos y promoción de la economía campesina y la soberanía alimentaria, la economía feminista y la justicia ambiental y social.

La agenda de lucha sindical es indisociable de las alianzas sociales con todos los movimientos que resisten al neoliberalismo y al avance del fascismo en la región. Desde estas alianzas llamamos a movilizarnos permanente contra el neoliberalismo, el fascismo y en defensa de la democracia. Nos encontraremos en las manifestaciones de noviembre de 2018 contra el G20 y el FMI en Buenos Aires y en todo el continente.

Permaneceremos movilizados en los lugares de trabajos, escuelas, universidades, plazas, comunidades, territorios, calles, etc.
¡Unidad y alianzas sociales en defensa de nuestra América!¡Seguimos en lucha!

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Declaración de la 3era Conferencia Regional de Energía, Ambiente y Trabajo

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Declaración de la 3era Conferencia Regional de Energía, Ambiente y Trabajo DECLARACIÓN DE LA 3era CONFERENCIA La 3ra. Conferencia sobre Energía, Ambiente y Trabajo, convocada por la CSA en San José Costa Rica, del 8 al 11 de octubre de 218, ha reunido a representantes de 15 países del continente, 20 centrales sindicales afiliadas a la CSA y 4 fraternas, 7 movimientos sociales continentales, 4 organizaciones de la sociedad civil y 5 universidades.

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UNEP and Sustainlabour (2014). Climate Change, Its Consequences on Employment and Trade Union Action - A Training Manual for Workers and Trade Unions

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UNEP and Sustainlabour (2014). Climate Change, Its Consequences on Employment and Trade Union Action - A Training Manual for Workers and Trade Unions

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RISCTOX: a comprehensive database on toxic and hazardous substances.

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RISCTOX: a comprehensive database on toxic and hazardous substances.

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RISCTOX is a database of hazardous substances developed by ISTAS (CC.OO., Spain) to provide clear, organized and concise information about health and environmental risks caused by chemicals contained in products generally used or handled by companies.

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Base de datos de sustancias tóxicas y peligrosas RISCTOX

RISCTOX es una base de datos sobre sustancias peligrosas que pretende ofrecer información clara, organizada y sucinta sobre los riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente de las sustancias químicas que pueden estar presentes en los productos que se manejan o generan en tu empresa.

RISCTOX facilita la siguiente información sobre sustancias individuales en forma de fichas:

Riesgos específicos para la salud

Riesgos específicos para el medio ambiente

Normativa medioambiental

Las consultas se pueden realizar a través del buscador general, introduciendo el nombre o algunos de los números de identificación (CAS, CE/EINECS), o bien consultando los listados de riesgos o normativa que se incluyen.

RISCTOX ofrece también recomendaciones de actuación y enlaces a guías de actuación y a normativa. Accede a esta información pulsando sobre el símbolo

que aparece a la izquierda de cada lista de sustancias. La información sobre las fuentes utilizadas para construir cada listado se encuentra también en estas fichas.

RISCTOX incluye la información pública accesible y sistematizada sobre riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente.
El hecho de que una determinada sustancia no esté incluida en RISCTOX no significa que esa sustancia no sea peligrosa, sino que no hemos podido acceder a información sobre ella o que esa información no existe.

RISCTOX no incluye información sobre todos los riesgos sobre la salud y el medio ambiente que puede generar una sustancia determinada, sólo sobre los riesgos indicados. Esperamos poder ir ampliando esta información.

RISCTOX incluye solo información sobre sustancias individuales, para conocer los riesgos sobre la salud que pueden ocasionar mezclas de sustancias recomendamos consultar la Enciclopedia de Salud y Seguridad en el trabajo de la OIT.

Rogamos que disculpen los errores que puedan aparecer debidos a la transferencia de la información a la base de datos y agradecemos que nos informen de ellos.

Para cualquier duda, consulta o sugerencia sobre esta herramienta puedes dirigirte a risctox@ecoinformas.com.

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SPL - www.spl-ssi.com - info@spl-ssi.com

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RISCTOX es una base de datos sobre sustancias peligrosas que pretende ofrecer información clara, organizada y sucinta sobre los riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente de las sustancias químicas que pueden estar presentes en los productos que se manejan o generan en tu empresa.

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Sustainlabour- International Labour Foundation for Sustainable Development (Sustainlabour) | Scribd

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Sustainlabour- International Labour Foundation for Sustainable Development has uploaded 0 documents on Scribd. Sustainlabour nació en 2003 con el objetivo de ayudar al movimiento internacional sindical en la construcción de propuestas de desarrollo sostenible en gener...

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Sustainlabour (2014). Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America.

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Sustainlabour (2014). Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America.

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key to improving workers' and communities'

health in Latin America
Main achievements and outcomes of the Projects implemented by
Sustainlabour with the support of the
Quick Start Programme (QSP) of SAICM

Produced by Sustainlabour, December 2014

Authors: Laura Maffei, Laura Martín Murillo

Thanks to contributions from Isamar Escalona

This report has been produced with the support of UNEP through the
joint program with Sustainlabour "A Just Transition towards
Sustainability".

Challenges for chemicals management 7

Workers' contribution to SAICM implementation in Latin America 12

28
Main Results of Sustainlabour's QSP Project 21

21
Conclusions 31

Bibliography 36

43

3
1. Introduction

It should be noted that these projects were aimed at Acknowledgements:

both workers and worker organisations. This
contributed an additional objective of strengthening Sustainlabour wishes to especially thank the trade
union structures and agendas to better deal with unions involved in the implementation of the project.
chemicals issues. Both projects gave very significant Without their commitment it would not have been
results on this. Strengthening trade unions and possible to achieve the results described in this
including chemical risk issues in their agendas is key report: Confederação de Trabalhadores do Ramo
for two reasons. Firstly to obtain better and more Químico do Brasil (CNQ/CUT); Central Única de
highly qualified participation in national processes. Trabajadores de Chile (CUT); Central Autónoma de
Secondly, to encourage unions to actively search for Trabajadores Salvadoreños (CATS), Central
solutions and alternatives. Democrática de los Trabajadores (CTD), y
Confederación Sindical de Trabajadores
Additionally, when attempts are made to reinforce Salvadoreños (CSTS) en El Salvador; Frente
environmental requirements, health protection or Nacional de los Trabajadores de Nicaragua; Central
other workers' rights, job protection and Autónoma Sindical Clasista (CASC), Confederación
competitiveness are often cited against this. Trade Nacional Unitaria de Sindicatos (CNUS), y
union understanding and commitment to this Confederación Nacional de Trabajadores
discussion is fundamental if progress is to be made Democráticos (CNTD) en República Dominicana; y
on an ambitious agenda. Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores - Congreso
Nacional de Trabajadores (PIT-CNT) de Uruguay.
The first section of this report describes the main
challenges for chemical management at both a Our thanks also go to the Trade Union
worldwide and regional level and includes: trends in Confederation of the Americas (TUCA) for its
production and commercialisation; risks posed to commitment and valuable collaboration in different
human health and the environment; links between stages of the project.
health and safety at work; and last but certainly not
least the main international instruments for sound We would also like to express our gratitude for the
chemical management. support of SAICM Focal Points and of the different

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 5
governmental authorities who have contributed to the
different project activities. Also thank you to the
nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental
bodies and other institutions that have generously
contributed with their experiences and knowledge.

A very special thank you goes to SAICM's Secretariat

for its permanent support through these four years of
work.

Another concern is the final disposal of dangerous

waste. In many developing countries this is mixed
with municipal waste or domestic waste and are spilt
or burnt in the open air without any kind of previous
treatment. (UN-Habitat 2010).

It is estimated that in Europe, the United States and

the Russian Federation alone there are two million Source: Prüss-Ustün et ál. 2011

sites suffering from chemical substances

contamination. Data from developing countries or
transitional economies is more difficult to obtain
(UNEP, 2012b). The Blacksmith Institute, which is
devoted to monitoring and restoring toxic sites, is 1
DALYs is a weighted measure that estimates the life years lost
currently monitoring some 3,098 highly contaminated
due to early death and years of life with disability. One DALY
sites in low and medium income countries. According equals one lost healthy life year.

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 8
Even though chemical pollution is a global problem, in known, diseases or accidents related to
many cases it is possible to achieve significant occupational exposure to chemicals is generally
improvements in quality of life and environmental rarely recorded. Even though under-recording and
health by means of local relatively accessible lack of information is a worldwide problem, informal
measures and controls. For example, the costs of work and lack of health coverage are amongst the

removing and treating lead contaminated soil between reasons why this problem is especially noticeable in
2007 and 2010 in Bajos de Haina (Dominican many developing countries. (ILO, 2013a) Certain
Republic, one of the most polluted sites in the world) groups (such as those in the informal economy,
was estimated at USD 404,000, and achieved domestic workers, immigrant workers, etc.)
substantial improvements in different environmental encounter significant barriers to reporting
and human health indicators. (UNEP, 2013) (Sustainlabour 2013).

Many of the substances that workers are exposed

to in the workplace are considered carcinogenic.
The WHO estimates that cancer attributable to
Fuente: Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO). 2013
occupational exposure fluctuates between 4 and
40% of the global cancer burden and causes next
c. Risks for workers' health to 200,000 deaths a year (WHO 2007). It is
estimated that occupational exposures to asbestos,
Workers are among those most exposed to chemical silica and metal fumes, are responsible for 9% of
risks. Besides environmental and domestic exposure, lung, trachea and bronchus cancer. (PAHO, 2014)
millions of workers are exposed to different chemicals
in their workplaces every day. The risk is higher for Among the non-communicable diseases, cancer is
chemical industry workers and also for those people the second cause of death in the Americas.
working in diverse sectors along the production chain The International Agency for Research on Cancer
where these substances are used. These include (IARC/WHO) has identified at least 15 lung
agriculture, construction, commerce, carpentry, carcinogens where occupational exposure plays a
cleaning, painting, automotive, textile and IT fundamental role. The ILO ranks occupational
industries, among others. Estimates suggest around cancer as the top work related cause of death
30,000 different chemicals (from the roughly 150,000 worldwide, accounting for some 760,000 fatalities
existing in the market) are used in workplaces each year. This is almost a third of all deaths linked
worldwide. However, barely 1 in 100 has been to workplace factors, and is higher than circulatory
thoroughly tested for health and environmental disease, infections or accidents. Lung cancer and
effects. (Sustainlabour, 2013)Exposure to chemicals mesothelioma account for 50% of these fatalities.
is an important cause of work related mortality (Sustainlabour 2013)
worldwide. Nevertheless, it is difficult to measure the
reach of effects on health, due to, among other Painting and rubber production are among those
reasons, the lack of information about possible effects sectors with the greatest risk of cancer by
and the time gap from exposure to appearance of occupational exposure. (PAHO, 2014)
effects. Besides, even in cases where effects are

Nonetheless, serious deficiencies persist. In particular

there are in general important institutional
weaknesses regarding the implementation of
commitments and the effective compliance of
regulations. Most countries in the region do not have
legislation to regulate hazardous waste management
and do not yet have regulations on labelling chemical
components. Many countries are currently carrying
out projects to improve these capacities; these are
expected to finish before the 4th International
Conference on Chemicals Management in 2015.
When social and working conditions are precarious
and when environmental controls are lax, the safe
management of chemicals is critical to improving
quality of life and to reducing environmental
degradation. In addition, these conditions often
contribute to the regulation of the chemical safety
agenda and to prioritisation of approaches oriented
towards economic growth as a way of generating jobs
and wealth. However, this approach doesn't take into
account the quality of those jobs and the
consequences on occupational, public or
environmental health.

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 11

Workers' Contribution to SAICM

3.
Implementation in Latin America
centres in different countries, along with
a. Sustainlabour: Working Side
intergovernmental organisms like UNEP and ILO.
by Side with Workers to
Reduce Chemical Risk Through the years, Sustainlabour has carried out
programmes and projects that have reached trade
Since its establishment, SAICM's Strategic Approach unionists from almost 100 different countries. The
has highlighted the importance of involving different organisation has dealt with subjects such as
stakeholders to achieve sound chemical management climate change, chemical management,
and to make progress on the 2020 Johannesburg goal. biodiversity, green jobs, and others. The projects
In addition to the organisations linked to the chemical have received financial support from different UN
industry and academic sectors, many international bodies, cooperation agencies from different
networks of NGOs and trade unions1 have contributed countries, and trade union cooperation funds.
and followed the different international processes.
Since its foundation, Sustainlabour has worked on
At a national level there are also dialogue mechanisms chemical risk issues by giving support to the trade
with the different stakeholders aimed at implementing union movement in various ways. It has supported
chemical plans and policies. The degree and scope of union delegate participation in international
participation greatly fluctuates depending on national meetings on chemicals, e.g. SAICM, the
situations, traditions surrounding dialogue and the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety
capacities or levels of organisation of the different (IFCS), and the International Conference on
social groups. In many cases, particularly in many Chemicals Management (ICCM). It has also worked
Latin American countries, NGOs and social at the national level by carrying out awareness
organisations continue to find difficulties to access the raising campaigns among workers and the general
necessary information so that they can intervene public; promoting and facilitating dialog with
appropriately in these processes. (ECLAC, governments, employers and social organizations;
2010)Among the different organisations in civil society, providing tools for trade union action; implementing
worker organizations have a unique possibility of demonstrative projects; etc.
taking direct action to make progress in safe chemical
management at the workplace. , They also have an
Between 2008 and 2013 Sustainlabour drove two
important role to play at the local and national policy
projects, in Latin American countries both of which
level.
spanned 2 years. Financial support came from the
QSP Trust Fund. Both projects were oriented to
Sustainlabour (The International Labour Foundation
unions and workers, and the general objective was
for Sustainable Development)2 was founded in 2003
to improve workers' and unions' capacity to
by unions from different countries with the general
contribute to the sound management of chemicals.
objective of providing support and technical assistance
This included consolidating dialog with other
on environmental issues to trade unions worldwide,
parties; identifying capacities and needs; training
and especially to workers´ organisations in developing
on security issues and management of chemicals;
countries. Sustainlabour works in collaboration with
mainstreaming labour issues into the agenda of
other non-governmental organizations and research
chemicals and vice versa; etc. The following tables
give an overview of each project and give figures to
1 show the project reach. The results of both are
At the international level the trade union movement has
actively participated in the development of SAICM. The International analyzed in detail in section 4.
Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) has been involved in the
negotiation process from the beginning by participating and giving
inputs at the different SAICM "PrepCom" meetings.
2
More information at http://www.sustainlabour.org

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 12
Chart 2: "Enabling workers and workplaces for SAICM implementation"

Project timeframe October 2008 - September 2010

Geographical reach Brazil, Chile, Uruguay
Involved sectors Mining Industry, Chemical Industry, paper production, agriculture,
petroleum, pesticide manufacturing, plastic industry, salmon
farming, rubber production, metallurgy, etc.
Direct beneficiaries 683 people (30% women) in face to face activities
Reach More than 35,000 recipients of outreach materials, campaign,
training guides via web (25,000) and printed (11,000).
Reached 72 trade unions (9 million affiliated workers)
organizations

This first project, approved in the 3rd QSP round of projects, was awarded as "Most
Outstanding civil society QSP project in Latin America" at the 4th regional meeting of
SAICM, carried out in Mexico in August 20131. The second Project was approved in the 10th
QSP round of projects; the proposal was based on the results and lessons learned of the first
project, adapting it to the Central American and Caribbean context.

Chart 3: "Promoting sound chemicals´ management through strengthening trade

unions' capacities"

Project timeframe August 2011 - September 2013

Geographical reach El Salvador, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic
Involved sectors Mining, agriculture, water and sanitation, domestic workers,
petroleum, metallurgy, public servants, ports and airports personnel,
health, waste collectors, maquilas, etc.
Direct beneficiaries 689 people (30% women) in face to face activities
Reach About 30,000 recipients of outreach materials, campaigns, training
guides, via web (20,000) and paper (9,000). More than 1 million of
recipients in printed press media (150,000) and radio (1 million).
Reached 53 Trade unions (650,000 affiliated workers)
organizations

6
National Profile to Assess the National Infrastructure on The "National Profile for Management of
Chemical Management (2006); National Policy on the Environment Chemicals" has been in operation since 2013 and is
(2004, reviewed 2011); Rotterdam Convention on the Prior an initiative that looks at, among other things:
Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and
Pesticides in International Trade; Stockholm Convention on
promoting inter-ministerial coordination, facilitating
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP);Basel Convention on the access and exchange of information, establishing
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and priorities, promoting participation of all interested
Their Disposal; Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol, parties (trade unions' organizations included), and
dealing with Ozone depleting substances; Intergovernmental
Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS); ILO C155 concerning the
integrating the chemical management programs
Safety and Health of workers; among others. into national policy and planning processes.

Sound management of chemicals: key to improve workers' and communities' health in Latin America 16
every year. However it acknowledges that their The creation of Bipartite Health and Safety
statistics significant underestimate this since they Committees at workplaces as a result of the Law on
only reflect accidents involving the population which Prevention of Occupational Risks (approved in
is covered by the Social Security System (INSS). 2012) presents an opportunity for improvement. As
(MTE, 2012). Regarding non-intentional intoxication the project was finishing, almost 4,500 of the 6,000
with agrochemicals, a study of the Bahia Federal companies prescribed by Law were creating their
University (UFB) registered a total of 1,669 deaths Health and Safety Committees.
between 2000 and 2008. The study draws attention
towards the levels of under-reporting in the sector As noted, most workers in Nicaragua lack social
that might reach as high as 91.6%. (UFB, 2012). and health related protection at work and there isn't
Extrapolating to the entire labour force, the MTE any kind of preventive action directed towards
estimates that occupational health could cost working conditions. This includes chemical risk
between 2% and 4% of GDP. (MTE, 2012) exposure.

The Ministry of Labour's resources to monitor

In Uruguay, the majority of the working population
company compliance with preventive obligations are
is covered by the Banco de Seguro del Estado
quite insufficient: there are 74 labour inspectors, of
(BSE). In 2013 some 54,000 accidents at work
which only five are specialized in occupational health.

10
EL País, August 17th 2014. "El plomo dejó su
herencia maldita". http://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/plomo-
dejo-herencia-maldita-jovenes.html
11
Levels higher than 70 µg/dl were found.

Sound management of chemicals: key to improve workers' and communities' health in Latin America 18
Another matter of great concern is superficial and resoundingly dropped and left more than 20,000
underground water pollution from pesticides, workers jobless), but they also seriously impacted
particularly in rural populations with a low level of marine ecosystems, and compromised the
drinking water coverage, and where homes generally livelihood of entire communities of artisanal fishers.
collect water from wells. Exposure to pesticides
constitutes a serious health risk, and among other
illnesses, chronic kidney diseases and renal failure
are noted as a cause of death (WHO, 2013a)

From 2002 to 2012, estimates suggest there have

been more than 24,000 deaths from chronic renal
failure in the Central American Pacific region, most of
them in Nicaragua and El Salvador (Sustainlabour,
2012b). In the last few years local and sanitary
authorities in El Salvador have been reporting the
multiplication of deaths caused by renal failure,
especially in sites closer to where aerial fumigations
are carried out and where obsolete pesticides are
stored12. According to data from the WHO, 6 out of
every 10,000 people died in El Salvador due to renal
failure in 2009, and that was even before the current
crisis. The gravity of the situation in Nicaragua follows
closely; figures went from 466 annual deaths from
chronic renal failure in 2000 to 1,047 in 2010. (PAHO,
2014)

In Brazil, mercury pollution in Amazonian areas as a

consequence of gold mining continues to be one of
the main causes of pollution. This is mainly by
artisanal and small scale mining, affects water, fish
and riverside communities. It also constitutes an
important pollution factor in the great industrial hubs
in the south of the country, fundamentally from
atmosphere emissions.

Although figures are significantly underestimated,

Brazil's Ministry of the Environment registers
accidents involving chemical substances. In its
"environmental emergencies" web-site, and only for
2010, it reports 900 chemical accidents. Of those,
600 are likely to have happened in the transportation
stage in roads, and a 100 in the industry.

In Chile, which is the second greatest salmon

producer worldwide, the incorrect use of different
chemical substances to control sanitation in salmon
farming in the south of the country resulted in serious
marine pollution problems in 2008. Not only did these
chemicals affect salmon production (which

12
Public complaints by the local authorities of San Luis
Tapia at national media and at the National Conference on
Chemical Risks (August, 2013). Reports and interventions by the
Ministry of Health.

In the case of El Salvador, Nicaragua and the

Dominican Republic, levels of informality,
precarious work and poverty, as well as government
weaknesses on controlling and implementing
regulations, were a much higher priority than in the
other three countries in the Latin American Southern
Cone. The main issues were lack of structure and
human resources, insufficient funding, lack of
mechanisms to ensure law compliance, superposition
of competences, and a lack of political will.

Likewise, the occupational dimension was completely

missing from chemical policies and programs, and
there was no trade unions participation in any of the
dialogue mechanisms on the subject. Trade unions'
Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 20
4. Main results of Sustainlabour's QSP Projects

In this section, the projects' main results are

described along with an assessment carried out when a. Direct and indirect
they finished. Significant impacts were obtained on beneficiaries
strengthening union organisations and their agendas,
a large number of workers were trained on safe
chemical management and responsibilities and The participants
structures were generated at a union level. In some
cases these structures have been established at Interest aroused by the projects during
sectoral or union level, but in others multi-trade union implementation far exceeded involved organisations
committees have been created to coordinate and expectations. Trade unions saw the subject as a
follow up the agenda1. matter of marginal interest for workers in their own
organisations. Hence, both projects' previsions and
It is important to highlight that the strengthening of goals were greatly surpassed: of an excepted total
trade union organisations, and the fact that these of 400 to 500 participants in the projects' different
issues have been implemented in their programs and activities, the numbers increased to 1,546
action plans, had a direct impact on project outputs. participants, of whom 30% were women. The
The involvement and commitment of the possibility of broadening the scope rose in great
organisations that participated in the projects was measure because of the greater number of training
fundamental to achieving the goals and objectives. activities that were carried out with resources
provided by target organisations. To date, some of
The trade union structures that have been created these training activities continue to be replicated in
and the inclusion of chemical issues in the trade Uruguay, El Salvador and the Dominican Republic.
union agenda are fundamental for the sustainability of
the work undertaken in the six countries. 81% of all participants, that is 1,254 people,
participated in training activities. The rest of the
We believe that the projects have significantly activities included: Multipartite Conferences in El
contributed to increasing participation and articulation Salvador and Dominican Republic, a pilot project
of civil society on these matters; to increasing with waste collectors in the Dominican Republic,
awareness and training among workers and the and an International Tripartite Conference in Brazil.
general public; as well as the direct impacts that they Participants came from some of the most critically
have had at the sectoral and workplace levels. chemical-risk-relevant sectors including: agriculture,
the pharmaceutical and chemical industry, paper
In addition to a general assessment of results, this
mills, tanneries, fish farming, the rubber industry,
section also includes boxes which illustrate specific
plastic factories, ports and airports, cleaning,
results in the different countries. This information has
commerce, health, maquilas, metallurgy, mining,
been updated at the time of writing this report through
public administration, street vendors, waste picking
interviews with involved actors to better valuate the
and recycling.
impacts2.

Box 2: Working with the most vulnerable

In both projects work was carried out with a

variety of sectors based on a double criterion:
1
For more information on the impactos on trade union the level of exposure of workers or communities
structures see the Final Narrative Reports of both projects to chemical risks; and the level of protection or
http://sustainlabour.org/programas.php?lang=EN&idprograma=9
2
Phone and e-mail interviews consucted in August 2014. capacity to tackle these risks. The combination

Also, in the dumping sites where work was

carried out (among the biggest in the Dominican
Source: Final activity report. Sustainlabour.
Republic) the industrial or pathological waste
arrives along with the domestic waste, and there
is no sorting or previous treatment. Accidents,
intoxications, diseases, serious injuries and Outreach and communication
deaths are very common among sector workers.
In addition to direct participation in the project
In many cases exposure to hazardous
activities, an outreach and massive dissemination
substances has played a major role. With all this
program was carried out using different media, such
in mind, the project worked together with trade
as printing and distributing training material,
unions, waste pickers, and waste recycling
diagnostic reports, leaflets and awareness-raising
associations. It covered both associations for
posters. Along with this, electronic distribution
street workers and dump site workers.
channels and networks were used, both by
Achievements included, waste picker
Sustainlabour and other organizations. Tens of
participation in the National Commission on
thousands of people were reached with articles and
Waste ("Mesa Nacional de Residuos"), alliances
relevant information articles. The projects and their
forged with trade unions - which led to progress
results were presented in international events such
on pilot projects to sort at source, and advances
as Side Events in UNEP, ICCM, etc.
ware made in the discussion about improving
sanitary conditions with the municipalities Particularly in El Salvador, which was enduring a
responsible for the dumping sites. pollution crisis due to pesticides at the time of the

Chart 4: Quantity and kind of outreach and

campaign materials b. Contributing to the National
Agendas on Chemicals
Material Estimated Quantity
One of the first tasks that was dealt with was the
Campaign materials: sector
53,000 printed leaflets collection of available information and
specific leaflets (Brazil, Chile and
distributed documentation from national and sectorial levels in
Uruguay)
order to identify information gaps, capacities and
Campaign materials: leaflets and weaknesses at the union and public administration
15,000 printed leaflets
posters about pesticides (El levels. Available documentation was reviewed and
distributed
Salvador and Dominican Rep.) complemented with interviews with union leaders;
national authorities on health, the environment and
1,200,000 radio
labour; university and research centre experts;
Written press and radio listeners
environmental NGOs, etc. From this research work
Campaigns (El Salvador) 150,000 written press
readers a National Report was drafted for each country.

As previously mentioned, unionising is in general

lower in Central America and the Caribbean, and in
addition there exists greater fragmentation and

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 23
Policy on Chemical Safety (PNSQ) in Chile3, the the different actors and society in general. In this
National Policy on dangerous substances' sense the projects contributed significantly to
management in El Salvador4 and the National Profile making the chemical agenda visible to the general
on Chemicals in the Dominican Republic. public, workers and unions:

"...before the project only those who directly

Box 3: Contributions to the National Profile in the
participated in the ICCM knew about SAICM
Dominican Republic
and the processes of chemical management.
The tripartite Conference carried out in Sao
The National Profile on Chemicals and Hazardous Pablo gave the opportunity to share
Waste5, published in 2013, was drafted while the information with many other interested actors,
Project was being implemented, which allowed for an not only the unions, but also other interested
intervention in the process by direct contact with the society actors. The project has made these
environmental authorities of the Ministry of the processes known to all institutions related in
Environment and Natural Resources (MARN). This any way with the subject." (Fernando Vieira
provided the opportunity of not only accessing Sobrinho, Fundacentro/MTE. Sao Pablo,
updated information, but also contributed to October 2010)
identifying concerns in the world of work.

The main conclusions and recommendations from the c. Promoting Dialogue

National Report issued by Sustainlabour were
included in different sections of the National Profile. The six countries have been going, for the last few
The conclusions of the National Profile ask for decades, through different democratic processes
worker's involvement as a priority actions. and in all six there are certain traditions of dialogue
in accordance with international standards.
However, the degree of development of the social
The Projects had an impact on the implementation of dialogue processes, along with union possibilities
Occupational Health and Safety regulation, and this is and capacities to intervene, are very different in
no minor deed taking into account the needs and each country. The main deficiencies can be
gaps that these countries still face. For example, in observed in Chile - where most ILO regulations that
Uruguay, the Project contributed to expanding the guarantee worker participation were not ratified
Health and Safety Commissions for companies. This when the project was being carried out - or the
is something that used to be almost exclusive to the countries of Central America and the Caribbean,
chemical industry. They also helped to place the which have high levels of precarious work and a
chemical safety issue on the commissions´ agendas. heavy union fragmentation which complicates
worker participation in the few available
In El Salvador the Project coincided with the launch of
participation spaces .For this reason workers are
a new law on "Occupational Risks", which establishes
often absent from the debate on measures and
the constitution of Health and Safety Bipartite
policies for chemical management. This remains
Commissions at company level. The project
true even in those stages where they have a right to
contributed to this process by providing tools that
demand participation. On this point, both projects
allowed chemical risk to be included as these
significantly contributed to improving or facilitating
committees were constituted. A typically important
(and in some cases inaugurating) dialogue between
component of policies and strategies on chemicals is
different actors, and gains were even made in those
raising awareness, participation and involvement of
countries where high levels of dialogue and
participation were already expected. Focusing on
3 this last point, in Brazil, the project drove the
National Policy on Chemical Safety (PNSQ)
http://www.sinia.cl/1292/articles-44404_PoliticaNacSegQuimica.pdf reactivation of the National Commission of
4
National policy to assess National infrastructure for Chemical Safety - CONASQ - whose work had
managing chemical substances in El Salvador. A proposal for an been paralyzed for the last 3 years. In Uruguay, it
Appropriate Environmental and dangeourous substance
Management policy 2010. allowed for dialogue with the different areas of the
http://www2.unitar.org/cwm/publications/cw/np/np_pdf/El_Salvador government to start. In Chile it helped union
_National_Profile.pdf
5 representatives to become a part of the Operational
National Profile on Chemicals and Hazardous Waste.
2013 Commission of the National Policy on Chemical
http://www.ambiente.gob.do/Ministerio/Gestion/ProyectoProgramaI Safety (PNSQ), which, up until the start of the
nicioRapido/Proyecto%20Programa%20Inicio%20Rapido/2.4%20N
P_Dominican%20Republic.pdf projects, only included governmental bodies,

Box 4: Reactivation of the National Commission Equally praiseworthy is the facilitation of dialogue
on Chemical Safety of Brazil between trade unions, particularly in El Salvador
and the Dominican Republic, where there had been
The National Commission on Chemical Safety no tradition of working on common agendas. The
(CONASQ)7 was created in 2000 and is a dialogue project gave rise to 2 important elements: dialogue
space. It serves as a mechanism of inter-sectorial spaces were created to deal with key matters and
articulation to promote the adequate management the labour movement received increased visibility.
of chemical substances. It strives to create On the latter point, , workers stood together firmly
opportunities to strengthen, disseminate and on pressing matters such as new legislation on
develop inter-sectorial actions related to chemical pesticides in El Salvador, where they held press
safety and also to accompany the implementation conferences, made press releases and used radio
of the National Program on Chemical Safety announcements to outreach nationally.
(PRONASQ).

It is chaired by the Ministry of the Environment and d. Strengthening Union

has 22 members. These consist of public Organisation: Capacities and
institutions, NGOs, academic institutions, business
sector and worker organizations.
Tools for Action
Even though this subject normally concerns
The CONASQ resumed its meetings in August
workers across different sectors, as they frequently
2009, after three years of inactivity. Its reactivation
witness health problems and accidents at work
had been one of the commitments taken on by the
which are related to chemical exposure, in general
union, business and governmental representatives
the issues of chemical risk are marginal inside trade
in the Regional Tripartite Conference, which was
union agendas. This is especially true in countries
held in San Pablo, in April 2009.
that present important deficits in social and labour
conditions, where union agendas usually prioritise
Since its reactivation, the CONASQ has held 29
the pressing needs related to precarious work,
meetings. This is in addition to setting up. Working
informality and lack of protection .For the projects
implemented by Sustainlabour, most trade unions
which participated had not previously discussed or
6
SAICM/ICCM.2/INF/47- Available at
http://www.saicm.org/images/saicm_documents/iccm/ICCM2/meeti

ng%20documents/ICCM2%20INF47%20LAC%20unions%20S.pdf
7 8
More information at http://www.mma.gov.br/seguranca- A Conference in Nicaragua was cancelled because it
quimica/comissao-nacional was considered that the process was not sufficiently mature.

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 27
Box 5: El Salvador, trade unions´ Press Release on the Law for the control of pesticides

Source: "La Prensa Gráfica". Published on 30 September 2013. Page 75. www.laprensagrafica.com

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 28
5. Conclusions

The QSP project implementation provided an In this sense, it is essential to move forward with
opportunity to accompany the regional chemical research on both pollutants and their effects on
agenda's growth during the four years in which this human and environmental health. Examples of lead
work was undertaken. (2008 to 2010, and 2011 to or pesticide pollution, such as those described in
2013). Some "lessons learnt" and trade union this document, are uncovered on an almost daily
proposals and recommendations that came up basis in Latin American countries. Regrettably,
throughout the lifetime of both projects are outlined these cases become visible due to different public
here. health crises with a number of deaths, critical
illnesses and irreversible effects.

a. Improving knowledge and It would be necessary to conduct epidemiological

studies to confirm and monitor environmental
information diseases that may be attributable to chemical
pollution. This is especially true in abandoned
Aims for the projects' collective consultation and
industrial areas, rural areas where pesticides are
discussion processes for the National Reports were
sprayed and active industrial hubs.
to identify gaps, needs and capacities for chemical
management in the different countries covered. A
general conclusion is that there has been confirmed
significant progress in the last few years in the region, b. Adding the health and safety
and especially since the adoption of SAICM and the dimension
implementation of the various QSP Projects.
Progress has been made in all six countries on Although in some of the countries, plans and
implementing and setting out different instruments policies regarding chemical management
such as the National Profiles, chemical substances considered health and occupational safety issues
and dangerous waste Management Policies, etc. among their priorities, in all of them there is a
significant statistical gap, with under-recording
These documents gather important national levels that make it impossible to properly evaluate
information together. Essentially they identify priority the real situation. This is one of the biggest
courses of action, stakeholders, normative challenges in the region and it is directly related to
frameworks and the competencies of different the levels of precarious working conditions and
institutions which are responsible for this area. informality. Sustainlabour's projects have
However, deficiencies regarding information on contributed to awareness raising in governments
pollutants and a lack of updated records and and other parties on the links between chemical risk
inventories were observed. The progress made in and working conditions.
these issues is recent and has mostly been on
specific substances. These are in general, certain To make progress in this aspect it is essential to
substances of special interest like Mercury or improve control systems and record occupational
Persistent Organic Pollutants. diseases and accidents. This includes providing
financial and technical resources to organisms that
International studies such as the Global Chemicals are responsible for public inquiries, in particular
Outlook (GCO) provide important contributions to occupational inspector bodies and specialised
identifying chemical pollution effects on people and doctors.
ecosystems. However regional information on these
matters is still limited. As pointed out before, laws dealing with
occupational health oblige almost every country to
set up Bipartite Commissions to deal with

Public research institutions, university centres, The seriousness of the problem, the disease and
laboratories, etc. must be strengthened in order to death of many workers, and understanding their
provide the means for research and development of own capacity must provoke trade unions to double
solutions and alternatives. It is at the same time efforts.
necessary to secure training opportunities for workers
in the public sector and also the private sector, on Often, trade union leadership is less aware of the
how to roll out new technologies and processes. With urgencies than the workers at their workplaces.
this in mind, it is also important to improve the North- Moving beyond salary discussions in collective
South and South-South technology exchange bargaining processes and including health and
mechanisms. safety issues is a powerful tool. Projects such as
those described in this report are needed to
improve understanding of the needs and,
f. Ensuring continuity especially, possibilities for change.

The gap between challenges and capacities is huge, At an international level, the labour movement has
especially in countries that still face big deficits in actively participated in the development of the
essential social and labour rights. It is necessary to SAICM Strategic Approach. The International Trade
double efforts and guarantee the continuing Union Confederation (ITUC) has been involved
international technical and financial support so that from the beginning in the negotiation process, by
the issue can move to a more prominent place in the participating and making their contributions in the
national and local agendas. various SAICM "PrepCom" Meetings.

Chemical risks are numerous and are rapidly Trade unions are key actors to achieve sound
changing. This is evidenced by the growing electronic chemical management. Workers are among the
industry and new nanotechnologies. Prevention and victims, but they are also a part of the solution. For

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 33
SAICM to be successfully implemented, the trade
union contribution should be acknowledged. This
facilitates opening concrete participation and spaces
for dialogue. This is in addition to being able to design
strategies for worker training, offering transparent

mechanisms of control and keeping society informed.

Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America 34
Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America
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Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America
38

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sound management of chemicals: key to improving workers' and communities' health in Latin America. Main achievements and outcomes of the Projects implemented by Sustainlabour with the support of the Quick Start Programme (QSP) of SAICM. (Sustainlabour, 2014)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This document's goal is to highlight the main achieved outcomes stemming from two Projects implemented in Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, El Salvador, Nicaragua and the Domincan Republic, with a special focus on three outputs: safe chemical management at a national level, increasing civil society's participation and articulation and; direct impacts at a sectorial and workplace level.

# data[].attributes.headline
Perú: hacia una economía justa y verde. Propuestas sindicales. (Spanish only)

# data[].attributes.subject
Perú: hacia una economía justa y verde. Propuestas sindicales. (Spanish only)

# data[].attributes.headline
TUCA and Sustainlabour (2013). Reducing chemicals risks in the workplace. Manual for trade unions (Spanish, only)

# data[].attributes.subject
TUCA and Sustainlabour (2013). Reducing chemicals risks in the workplace. Manual for trade unions (Spanish, only)

# data[].attributes.headline
Mapeo colectivo de problemáticas ambientales (Spanish only)

# data[].attributes.subject
Mapeo colectivo de problemáticas ambientales (Spanish only)

# data[].attributes.body
UNTER (2019). Unión de Trabajadores de la Educación de Río Negro (Argentina)

# data[].attributes.headline
ACTRAV y Sustainlabour (2010). Manual sindical sobre desarrollo sustentable y trabajo decente (Spanish)

# data[].attributes.subject
ACTRAV y Sustainlabour (2010). Manual sindical sobre desarrollo sustentable y trabajo decente (Spanish)