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There were 2 obstacles of the unification of Italy, Austria wouldn't give up Italian land that are in their territories. Also the Pope would not give up the Papal states to the Italian Nationalists. Giuseppe Mazzini, a member of the Carbonari formed a organization called "Young Italy" in 1831.

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Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democrat's refused to ratify a peace treaty with Austria. Camillo Benso Di Cavour entered the cabinet and was able to  reduce public dept, and develop a railroad system. Cavour also introduced various ecclesiastical, judicial, and fiscal reforms.

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The role of Piedmont

In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections. The victorious Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d'Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king. D'Azeglio introduced the Siccardi law, which curtailed the power of ecclesiastical courts. In October 1850 another prominent moderate, Camillo Benso di Cavour, entered the cabinet and directed a laissez-faire economic policy. He formulated international commercial treaties and drew on foreign capital to reduce the public debt, stimulate economic growth, and develop a railroad system. Cavour's dynamism alarmed conservatives and even d'Azeglio. In 1852, through an alliance with centre-left deputies that became known as the connubio ("marriage"), Cavour displaced d'Azeglio as head of the cabinet. Despite disagreements with the king (who favoured the clerical party and occasionally displayed absolutist tendencies), Cavour introduced various ecclesiastical, judicial, and fiscal reforms.

A number of events promoted Piedmont's prestige in Italy and abroad. In March 1854 France and England intervened in support of the Ottoman Empire against Russia in the Crimean War. To obtain Austrian support, they were prepared to guarantee the status quo in Italy. Only Piedmont was in a position to disrupt it at that time, and Cavour negotiated an alliance with the Western powers. In May he sent to Crimea an army that performed brilliantly. As a result, Piedmont was able to assume a place among the victors at the Congress of Paris (February 1856). From this platform Cavour, achieving a diplomatic coup for Piedmont and Italy, declared that the only threat to peace in Italy, and the root cause of subversive plots, was the burdensome Austrian overlordship. Cavour's pronouncements at the congress increased the standing of Piedmont among nationalists.

Meanwhile, Mazzini's democratic and republican movement was crumbling. In February 1853 an insurrection against the Austrians failed in Milan. The discovery and execution at Belfiore (1852-53) of the leaders of a conspiracy in Mantua, as well as abortive insurrections in Cadore and Lunigiana, discredited the democratic movement and discouraged its most dedicated adherents. Mazzini faced complete isolation for his support of an expedition to the southern mainland to incite insurrection, known as the Sapri expedition (June-July 1857), in which the Neapolitan republican and socialist Carlo Pisacane and some 300 companions lost their lives. The democrats were divided and unable to carry on the revolutionary struggle; nothing was to be expected from the restored governments. In Lombardy-Venetia, Austria carried out stern repressive measures. Pius IX, now under the influence of the reactionary Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli, refused to grant any reforms in Rome. Liberal Catholicism could not remain viable without reforms in the Papal States. In Naples and the duchies, reaction became pervasive, although the grand duke of Tuscany sought to make his subjects forget that he owed his throne to Austrian military intervention. Only in Piedmont was there any hope left for the reformers.

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State

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Italy - Unification, Risorgimento, Nation-State: In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria. This was an exception to the general course of reaction. The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favourably contrasted Victor Emmanuel's policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections.

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Portugal rulers went to Brazil and during the Napoleonic time period. The king nd queen had to leave but the prince stayed back, the Cortes rebelled against the prince and won. After a few wars and year later the prince moved back to Portugal to replace his father as king when his father died.

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Brazilian Independence | 3 Minute History

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Manuela spoke out with tenacious determination to gain freedom on August 10, 1809. They needed to fight for total Independence, eventually being achieved 13 years later. She sparked all of Latin America calling "Quito Light of America".

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Ecuador Independence was officially declared on August 10th. They fought in a war called" Battle of Pichincha" and it ended on May 24th. This was the day when they became an Independent country.

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Ecuador's tumultuous history is filled with myths and legends. Revolutionary heroes are studied in today's history classes and Ecuador's most important plazas, parks and building carry their names. Quito's downtown emanates with a revolutionary past that is felt in its walls and across its cobblestone streets. This 10th August, the city celebrates Ecuador's Declaration of Independence, so if you are on your way to the Galapagos archipelago, or back from an amazing Galapagos cruise, stop at Casa Gangotena (located in the heart of Quito's colonial district) and immerse yourself in its vibrant history.
Ecuador's Declaration of Independence was signed on 10 August of 1809, but it would take another 20 years for Ecuador to become a fully independent Republic. The meeting held by Quito's criollos (children of Spanish families born in the American continent and who had lesser rights and privileges than those born in Spain) on this date ended up serving as the catalyst that would eventually propel the whole country into a series of battles that were aimed at setting itself free it from the Spanish rule. Even though the final battle - known as the Battle of Pichincha - on 24 May is considered the date of Ecuador's complete Independence, none of it would have ever been possible had it not been for the initial mention of the idea of independence (known as "the first scream for independence") by the group of revolutionaries on that special 10th of August.

Under Spanish Rule

Ecuador had been under Spanish rule since the year 1532, after Pizarro's official conquest of the Ecuadorian territory. The northern conquest of the Andean region had been motivated by the Spanish's thirst for gold. Local stories stated that Atahualpa's gold had been hidden somewhere in the northern Andes, triggering the conquest and foundation of what would later become some of Ecuador's main towns and cities. The Spanish monarchy followed a strict hierarchical social distribution that was based on the colour of skin and religion, with the purely Spanish and Catholic-born serving as the rulers of the newly conquered continent. Even their children, called criollos, would be considered a social level beneath them despite being a part of the aristocracy. Eventually, this abusive and inhumane system would end up angering the local inhabitants that were living under Spanish oppression.

The First Meeting

With independence movements running high in the United States and France, the South American continent soon felt the revolutionary tides as well. Poverty levels, inequality and prohibitions added to the general discontent that festered in the city of Quito. During a Christmas dinner held at the home of one of the revolutionary criollos (called Juan Pio Montufar y Larrea II, Marquis of Selva Alegre) the movement was orchestrated. Before they could go ahead with their plan, however, the Marquis was betrayed, along with criollos Juan de Dios Morales, Jose Riofrio, Juan Pablo Arenas, Manuel Quiroga, Nicolas de La Peña, Francisco Javier de Ascazubi and Captain Juan de Salinas y Zenitagoya. They were sent to jail by Earl Ruiz de Castilla, president of Quito's Real Audiencia, but were released shortly after their imprisonment due to lack of evidence.

The Declaration of 10 August

On 10 August, the group met again at the house of famous revolutionary woman Manuela Cañizares and signed the Declaration Act that ousted Earl Ruiz de Castilla but remained loyal to the King of Spain, Ferdinand VII (who had recently been ousted by the French). The newly appointed Primera Junta Autónoma de Gobierno (First Autonomous Government Board) didn't last long and was met by a counter-revolution. The Earl Ruiz de Castilla regained power and the 300 criollos and revolutionaries of the 10 August uprising were imprisoned and killed. Quito was weakened by the loss of its most relevant intellectuals and would later have to rely on the aid of neighbouring Guayaquil and Colombia - along with Simon Bolivar's increasing forces - to fight for its Independence. But the flame was lit, and the rest is history.

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Ecuador's tumultuous history is filled with myths and legends. Revolutionary heroes are studied in today's history classes and Ecuador's most important plazas, parks and building carry their names. Quito's downtown emanates with a revolutionary past that is felt in its walls and across its cobblestone streets.

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When the Portuguese King and Queen and son went to seek refuge in Brazil during the Napoleon time frame. After a bit Portugal wanted their king and queen back, so they left but the son stayed. After a bit Brazil wanted to become independent from Portugal, so the King and Queen gave it as a gift to the son. It became independent in 1824.