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The temperature of Vostok Station in Antarctica of which over many thousands of years up until the year 2011. It shows the temperature graph in which how steady the temperature is and was there.- Brandon

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This graph shows the [what we're measuring] in [units] at [location] over [range of x axis]
Use ALL the information in the chart to give a detailed answer!

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The graph is showing the temperature of Antartica from the past 400,000 years all the way up to 2011. It shows how the temperature was declining in certain time periods and how it was rising.

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This graph is showing us the temprature of anartica for the past 400,000 years from Vostok station . It shows us how the teamparture is going up and down every few years.

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This graph shows the average annual temperature at Vostok Station, Antartica over the last 400,000 years.

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They obtained this information by drilling for ____. Then they took samples from different sections and...
Key word from linked article: isotope
OR
Something about concentration of gases

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Robert Mulvaney, a glaciologist with the British Antarctic Survey, explains.

The cornerstone of the success achieved by ice core scientists reconstructing climate change over many thousands of years is the ability to measure past changes in both atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and temperature. The measurement of the gas composition is direct: trapped in deep ice cores are tiny bubbles of ancient air, which we can extract and analyze using mass spectrometers. Temperature, in contrast, is not measured directly, but is instead inferred from the isotopic composition of the water molecules released by melting the ice cores.

Water is made up of molecules comprising two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (H ₂O). But it's not that simple, because there are several isotopes (chemically identical atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons, and therefore mass) of oxygen, and several isotopes of hydrogen. The isotopes of particular interest for climate studies are ¹⁶O (with 8 protons and 8 neutrons that makes up 99.76 percent of the oxygen in water) and ¹⁸O (8 protons and 10 neutrons), together with ¹H (with one proton and no neutrons, which is 99.985 percent of the hydrogen in water) and ² H (also known as deuterium (D), which has one proton and one neutron). All of these isotopes are termed 'stable' because they do not undergo radioactive decay.

Using sensitive mass spectrometers, researchers are able to measure the ratio of the isotopes of both oxygen and hydrogen in samples taken from ice cores, and compare the result with the isotopic ratio of an average ocean water standard known as SMOW (Standard Mean Ocean Water). The water molecules in ice cores are always depleted in the heavier isotopes (that is, the isotopes with the larger number of neutrons) and the difference compared to the standard is expressed as either ¹⁸O or D. Both of these values tell essentially the same story--namely, that there is less ¹⁸ O and D during cold periods than there is in warm. Why is this? Simply put, it takes more energy to evaporate the water molecules containing a heavy isotope from the surface of the ocean, and, as the moist air is transported polewards and cools, the water molecules containing heavier isotopes are preferentially lost in precipitation. Both of these processes, known as fractionation, are temperature dependent.

At a range of sites in the polar regions scientists have measured a near linear relationship between ¹⁸O and D in samples of modern snowfall taken over several years and the mean annual temperature. This relationship can be used to calibrate the isotope ratio thermometer, although the calibration changes a little during ice age climates. Plotting either ¹⁸ O or D with depth along the length of an ice core reveals the seasonal oscillations in temperature and researchers can also count annual layers in order to date them. From the very deepest ice cores reaching depths of more than three kilometers in the Antarctic ice sheet, we can clearly see the steady pulsing of the ice ages on a period of about 100,000 years. From a site called Dome C in Antarctica, we have recently reconstructed the climate spanning the last three quarters of a million years, and have shown seven ice ages, each interspersed with a warm interglacial climate such as the one we are living in today.

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How are past temperatures determined from an ice core?

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Robert Mulvaney, a glaciologist with the British Antarctic Survey, explains. The cornerstone of the success achieved by ice core scientists reconstructing climate change over many thousands of years is the ability to measure past changes in both atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and temperature.

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They examined how ice cores filled with atmospheric bubbles which which get trapped within the ice. These bubbles can stay like this for thousands of years

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This graph shows the average air temperature in Celsius of the Vostok Ice Cores for the past 400,000 years. The patterns seem to be that the temperature will increase incredibly fast every 5000-10,000 years, then decrease until the next jump up.

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The graph shows the air temperature at Vostok Station, Antarctica for the past 400,000 before 2011 in degrees Celsius. About every 50,000 years it looks like it's declining but the temperature stays before -50C

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This graph shows us the air temperatures from Vostok Ice Cores, over the past 400,000 years. The graph gives us the temperature in degrees Celcius, you can see how the temperature increases and decreases both gradually and suddenly over time.

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They obtained this information using ancient bubbles found in ice cores. They use these bubbles to measure the isotopic ratio found in the bubbles, and comparing it to average ocean water using very sensitive mass spectrometers.

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They obtanied this information by finding bubbles of air and looking at the gasses in the bubbles from many years ago in ice cores. They get the temprature from the istopic comsition.

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We are asking about what causes the pattern of higher and lower temperatures in the graph over hundreds of thousands of years

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Scientists measure past changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. They also can find it from the Isotopes. Isotopes have hydrogen and oxygen which is used to see temperatures in a more ancient time. There are small ancient tiny bubbles in the ice cores. They extract it with a mass spectrometers.

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They got this information by extracting the air from bubbles in the ice cores. They would do this by using spectrometers, which would extract and analyze the air for scientists to gather conclusions from. One of the conclusions scientists would gather are the temperatures, found from looking at the isotopic composition of the water molecules being released by the ice melting.

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They obtained this information by measuring gas in tiny ancient air bubbles trapped in ice cores. They use spectrometers to measure the ratio of isotopes by melting ice cores.

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it show's the degrees graph its temperature over time how the temp is going by every 10,000 years so you can see it when it go

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it show's the degrees graph its temperature over time and it goes up and down by the min or hour.

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that there is less ¹⁸O( 180 is another form of water) and D during cold periods than there is in warm.

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Scientists are able to obtain information on the temperature of ice cores by using spectrometers and measuring different isotopes inside air bubbles trapped in the ice.

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Ayana Moore:  This graph shows us the  temperatures of the air from Vostok Ice Cores, over the past 400,000 years. The graph is giving us the temperature in degrees celcius, you can see how the temperature increases and decreases both gradually and suddenly over time.

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Ayana Moore:  This graph shows us the  temperatures of the air from Vostok Ice Cores, over the past 400,000 years. The graph is giving us the temperature in degrees celcius, you can see how the temperature increases and decreases both gradually and suddenly over time.

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it shows how the temperature changes over time. It is in degrees celsius and over 400,000 years.

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Something that would cause this cyclical change is when the ocean is a higher temperature. The Earth has natural changes in climate, changes of the season, that bring warmer or colder temperatures according to where the sun is. These are all things that could cause this kind of cyclical change.

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We can see that evolution of thousands of years shaped and formed my ice together thus causes more temperature to drop. once again or maybe the Earths axis spinning's  that light hits certain areas of the world.

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Yes, here in CT there are big changes in temperature between summer and winter. I think this happens because...

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As the earth spins on its axis, producing night and day, it also moves about the sun in an elliptical (elongated circle) orbit that requires about 365 1/4 days to complete. The earth's spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons. When the earth's axis points towards the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere. When the earth's axis points away, winter can be expected. Since the tilt of the axis is 23 1/2 degrees, the North Pole never points directly at the Sun, but on the summer solstice it points as close as it can, and on the winter solstice as far as it can. Midway between these two times, in spring and autumn, the spin axis of the earth points 90 degrees away from the sun. This means that on this date, day and night have about the same length: 12 hours each, more or less.

Why should this tilt of the Earth's axis matter to our weather? To understand this, take a piece of paper and a flashlight. Shine the light from the flashlight straight onto the paper, so you see an illuminated circle. All the light from the flashlight is in that circle. Now slowly tilt the paper, so the circle elongates into an ellipse. All the light is still in that ellipse, but the ellipse is spread out over more paper. The density of light drops. In other words, the amount of light per square centimeter drops (the number of square centimeters increases, while the total amount of light stays the same).

The same is true on the earth. When the sun is overhead, the light is falling straight on you, and so more light (and more heat) hit each square centimeter of the ground. When the sun is lower in the sky, the light gets more spread out over the surface of the earth, and less heat (per square centimeter) can be absorbed. Since the earth's axis is tilted, the sun is higher when you are on the part of the earth where the axis points more towards the sun, and lower on the part of the Earth where the axis points away from the sun.

For the Northern Hemisphere, the axis points most toward the sun in June (specifically around June 21), and away from the sun around December 21. This corresponds to the Winter and Summer Solstice (solstice is Latin for "the sun stands"). For the Southern Hemisphere, this is reversed.

For both hemispheres, the earth is 90 degrees away from the sun around March 21 and then again around September 21. This corresponds to the Fall and Spring Equinox (equinox is Latin for "equal night"). Everyplace in the world has about 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of night.

So why are sunrise and sunset not exactly 12 hours apart on the Equinox?

Day and night are not exactly of equal length at the time of the March and September equinoxes. The dates on which day and night are each 12 hours occur a few days before and after the equinoxes. The specific dates for this occurrence are different for different latitudes.

On the day of the equinox, the geometric center of the Sun's disk crosses the equator, and this point is above the horizon for 12 hours everywhere on the Earth. However, the Sun is not simply a geometric point. Sunrise is defined as the instant when the leading edge of the Sun's disk becomes visible on the horizon, whereas sunset is the instant when the trailing edge of the disk disappears below the horizon. At these times, the center of the disk is already below the horizon. Furthermore, atmospheric refraction (or bending) of the Sun's rays cause the Sun's disk to appear higher in the sky than it would if the Earth had no atmosphere. Thus, in the morning, the upper edge of the disk is visible for several minutes before the geometric edge of the disk reachs the horizon. Similarly, in the evening, the upper edge of the disk disappears several minutes after the geometric disk has passed below the horizon.

For observers within a couple of degrees of the equator, the period from sunrise to sunset is always several minutes longer than the night. At higher latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the date of equal day and night occurs before the March equinox. Daytime continues to be longer than nighttime until after the September equinox. In the Southern Hemisphere, the dates of equal day and night occur before the September equinox and after the March equinox.

When are the times and dates of the next equinoxes and solstices?

The chart shown below shows the dates and times for the equinoxes and solstices through 2020. Times listed are in Eastern Time. Subtract one hour for Central Time. (Source: U.S. Naval Observatory)

Is it true that you can stand an egg on end during the Spring Equinox?

The answer is YES. However, you can stand an egg on end, with a large amount of patience, on any day of the year. This idea seems to pop up every year around the equinox. The thought that an egg can only stand on end on the spring equinox due to gravitational forces of the sun being aligned with the earth sounds like science, but it isn't. According to Chinese tradition, an egg can be made to stand on end at the precise moment winter ends and spring begins. But, the Chinese calendar had this transition occurring at a variable time each year, determined partly by the Chinese lunar month, usually in early February. More recently, this thought became fixed to the time of the spring equinox.

The underlying assumption relating to standing eggs on end is that there must exist some special gravitational balance. There are many forces acting on an egg when you try to stand it on end on a flat surface. Some people think that the gravitational pull of the Sun becomes balanced with that of the Earth to allow for this phenomenon to occur. However, the Moon exerts a much stronger gravitational effect on the Earth than the Sun, dominating the ebb and flow of the ocean tides. The Moon's effects are different at each of the equinoxes however. The most dominant force of gravity on a standing egg is the one between the Earth and the egg itself. This is determined by the weight of the egg and the force pulling the egg to the counter top.

If you want to prove this to yourself, take a fresh, uncooked egg and hold it with the larger end resting on a table or counter top. Wait for the fluid content of the egg to settle, then carefully test the balance. Be patient as you find the point where you can ever so gently let it go to remain standing on end.

What Is the Difference Between Astronomical Seasons and Climatological Seasons?

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As the earth spins on its axis, producing night and day, it also moves about the sun in an elliptical (elongated circle) orbit that requires about 365 1/4 days to complete. The earth's spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons.

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they obtain this by taking little different sections from different places and putting it in one

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they obtained the info by drilling into the ice to get a good sample to see how the change in climet is affecting the ice they used the sample to them make a simulation of what would happen

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During times when the ocean is warmer. It interacts differently with the atmosphere. The change in the atmosphere transports more warm air south into Antartica. Which causes it to be warmer. This is called the Southern Annual mode.

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This kind of cynical change could be caused by the release of CO2 from the ocean and atmosphere and can cause the warmer and the cooler temperatures.
It might also be seasonal changes.

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In the summer we don't have school and we're outside playing a lot, so just like when there are a lot of people in a room in gets hotter when there are a lot of people outside it gets hotter outside

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yes I do experience some big tempter changes at my house I think that is because the earth is  just spinning in one direction like a top and it will start to wobble a tilt making some place's closer to the sun and some further from the sun causing country's that are normally super cold to be warmer than normal and places that feel like its always summer feel cold

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The earth's climate fluctuates naturally between warm periods and cold periods. The temperature will be a lot colder if it's during an ice age, if there is a lot of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere then the temperature will be warmer.

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They acquired this information using ancient bubbles that were obtained in ice cores. They utilized these bubbles by using them to measure the isotopic ratio found in them, and comparing it to average ocean water using very sensitive mass spectrometers.

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One thing that could cause this is the ocean getting warmer and affecting the atmosphere in a different way making the tempartures warmer.

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Yes, here in Connecticut there are big temperature changes. The temperature changes greatly with the season. In the summer the temperature might go over 100 degrees Fahrenheit and it goes below 0 in the the winter.

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This kind of change could possibly be caused by the release of CO2 coming from the ocean and also from the atmosphere and it can cause the warmer and the cooler temperatures that are happening.
It might also be seasonal changes.

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These changes could be caused by warmer temperatures in the summer melting the ice and causing water to evaporate, letting the CO2 trapped inside go into the atmosphere, causing more warm temperatures.

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I think these temperature changes happen because certain areas where the Earth spins over a years causes more light from the sun/warmth to hit the Earths surface so this cause certain seasons to be colder then others.

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It warms up in the summer because the suns rays are hitting the earth more directly. These rays are more focused on one spot during the summer because of how the earth is tilted on it's axis. When the earth is tilted away from the sun on it's revolution it cools down and is winter.

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I think this happens because how the earth rotates on axis and the northern hemisphere is never really pointed directly to the sun which causes drastic changes in tempratures during the seasons.

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In CT there are big seasonal changes. Summer is extremely hot and winter is extremely cold. I think this happens because the Earth's rotation causes the sun to shine more or less light and warmth during different times of the year.

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I think that these temperature changes occur because there are certain areas where the Earth spinning over the years causes the warmth from the sun to hit the Earths surface, causing certain seasons to be colder then others.

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Yes, there are big changes in temperature where I live. In the summer it can be up in the 80's, and in the winter it can get into the negatives during January. I think this is because of the difference in seasons, and where we live is facing depending to the sun. Since CT is around the middle in the Northern Hemisphere, when the Southern Hemisphere is closer to the sun, CT will be very cold, compared to when it is closer to the sun, making the temperature warmer.

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When the earth spins on its axis, it makes wide turns around in a circle going towards and facing more towards the sun. Since summer weather is usually hot in mots cases this means more light is hitting here in these months then any where else all year. This all happens while the Earth rotates around the sun while go in a circular motion on its self. This also depends on the amount of time your areas sustains light so that it can be this hot or cold and etc.

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Yes, in the summer it tends to be mid-eighty's in Fahrenheit, but in the winter it tends to be low-forties. This is caused by CT being slightly close to the North pole, so the difference for when we're closer to the sun and father from it tend to be more noticeable.

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The temperature changes a lot in CT because it is higher in the Norther Hemisphere which causes it to rely on the sun to be the temperature it is. Sea level plays a big factor too. They higher the sea level the colder. The lower the sea level the warmer.

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It gets hotter the summer because the rays of the sun are hitting the earth more directly. These rays are more so focused on one place in the summer because of the way the earth is tilted on it's axis. When the earth is tilted farther away from the sun it cools down and becomes winter.

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these changes could be caused by warming temperatures in the summer melting the ice causing the water to CO2 trapped inside to go into atmosphere to get warmer temperatures

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The earth rotates around the sun on axis so when it is one side the nothern hemishpere is exposed to the sun more causing it to be hotter and colder in the southern hemishpere and when its on the other side the southern hemishpere is hotter were the nothern is colder. There winters and summers are switched.

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It's warmer in the Summer or colder in the Winter becase of the direction the Earth's face is pointing. Depending on your location on Earth, the sun will be closer or farther then you, depending on the time of year. During winter, where you live is pointed away from the sun, making it harder for the sun's rays to warm up where you live. In summer, where you live is pointed towards the sun, making it so the sun can bring up the temperature.

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The temperature of Vostok Station in Antarctica of which over many thousands of years up until the year 2011. It shows the temperature graph in which how steady the temperature is and was there.- Brandon

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It's warmer in the summer and cooler in the winter because the way the Earth's axis is tilted and the location. If the Earth's axis is facing towards the sun, it's hotter. When the Earth's axis is away from the sun, it gets colder.

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In CT the temperature changes a lot and pretty fast. Especially when the seasons change. I think it is because of where CT is on Earth. The position of CT on the Earth matters because it is close to the sun but far away from the equator

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Every 365 days when the sun rotates. During the summer, the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun which causes it to be warmer, hence summer. Winter is when the south pole tilts toward the sun which causes the northern hemisphere to be colder.

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During our summer, the northern hemisphere faces the sun, and the southern hemisphere faces away from it. Because were closer to the sun, the temperatures rise and we see the sun more often, causing longer days. But in the winter, we face away from the sun and the southern hemisphere faces the sun. Because we face away from the sun, we don't get as much rays from the sun, causing lower temperatures and shorter daytime.