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who is more responsible for gala teas awakening, pygmalion or Aphrodite?

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who is more responsible for gala teas awakening, pygmalion or Aphrodite?

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Aphrodite because she heard Pymalion's plea to marry a lady much like the ivory maiden. She fulfils his wish by turning the Ivory Maiden into a mortal.

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Who is more responsible for Galatea’s “awakening,” Pygmalion or Aphrodite?

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Capsules are only present in prokaryotic cells. They are usually made up of polysaccharides (sugar polymers). Capsule's function is to help prokaryotes cling to each other and attach to various surfaces in their environments. Also, in the case of disease-causing prokaryotes, capsules serve as protection against the host immune system.

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A vesicle is a self-contained structure of fluid or gas that is enclosed by an outer membrane named the lipid bilayer. Vesicles have different functions such as helping to transport materials among the cell or recycle waste materials. They can also absorb or destroy pathogens for preventing cell damage or infection. Furthermore, vacuoles can fuse with membranes of other cells to break down another cell. Moreover, vesicles can store and transport materials such as enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters, and proteins. Finally, there are five main types of vesicles: transport vesicles, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, peroxisomes, and extracellular vesicles. Also, vesicles are present in eukaryotic cells, they are common in animal cells, but rare in plant cells.

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70s Ribosomes' main function is protein synthesis, also they are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, they are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts (only in plant cells). While, in prokaryotic cells, they are present in bacteria and blue-green algae, also they are found in the cytoplasm. Also, 70s ribosomes are made of small 30s subunits and large 50s subunits.

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Flagella are present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells although, they are structurally different, moreover, flagella are present in all animal cells but it isn't present in the majority of plant cells unless of sperm plant cells. But, their main function is the same which is moving the cell. In eukaryotic cells, flagella run in bending movement, they are made up of tubulin proteins, they move in undulatory movements, consist of two parts; the shaft and basal body which bear rootlets; and the flagella is covered with a membranous sheath. On the other hand, prokaryotic flagella run in rotary movement, they are made up of flagellin proteins and microtubules, they move in a rotary movement, they are made up of three parts: hook, filament and the basal body which bears ring; and the flagella are not covered by a membranous sheath.

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The plasma membrane is found in both eukaryotic and animal cells. It is a network of lipids and proteins between the inside and outside of the cell. controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. It can also be called the membrane of the cell and it is surrounded by proteins that interact with other cells.  Its main function is to control what goes in and out of the cell through acting transport. Furthermore, the plasma membrane aids in Endocytosis and Exocytosis. Also,  the plasma membrane facilitates communication between cells the proteins, and carbohydrate attached to the membrane.

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Circular DNA is present in some prokaryotic cells as some of them carry little amounts of DNA,  and it is also present in all eukaryotic cells. Circular DNA is molecules consisting of a few genes around a hundred. Furthermore, Circular DNA provides extra copies of certain genes that can be beneficial, though some studies have determined that they can influence other DNA, therefore even get involved in cancerous development.

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Pili are only found in the prokaryotic cell and they are very common in Gram-negative bacteria, while they can be also found in Gram-positive bacteria. The main functions of pili are: to transfer genetic information and they serve to aid cells attach to surfaces. Some of the pili types are conjugative pili and Type IV pili. As mentioned, conjugative pili are primarily involved in the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another. This is why they are also referred to as sex pili. While the process is not properly understood, it's suggested that single strands of DNA can pass through the hollow lumen of the pilus to be transported to the recipient cell. Some studies have shown that genetic material can be transferred over a distance through the F-pili. Meanwhile, the Type VI pili's functions were the adhesion and motility that they provided to the attachment of the cell. Moreover, they play an important role in the biofilm formation

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The cytoplasm is present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoplasm is a gel-like cytosol which is a water-based solution that contains ions, small molecules, and macromolecules. Though they are slightly different, cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells which all have nucleus is everything between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope. While in prokaryotic cells it is everything inside the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the cytoplasm can be divided into two primary parts: endoplasm and ectoplasm.

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The cell wall is present in eukaryotic plant cells and prokaryotic cells (except mollicute bacteria), but is absent in animal cells. It is composed of peptidoglycan which is a mixture of carbohydrates and amino acids. The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells. Furthermore, it serves to prevent mechanical and osmotic stress. Moreover, it acts as a filtering mechanism and provides structural support and protection.  Also, it allows developing the turgor pressure which is the procession of the contents of the cells against the cell wall. In prokaryotic cells, cell walls prevent the cells from bursting and protects them from intruders.

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Centrosomes are celullars structures involded in the process of cell division. Proteins named microtubules assemble a spindle between them to help them separate the replicated chromosomes into the daughter cells. They serve to direct the movements of microtubules and other cytoskeletal structures and proteins, ultimately allowing large changes to the shapes of animal cell membranes.

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Qué son los ribosomas ,tipos de ribosomas 70s y 80s, funciones y ESTRUCTURA DE RIBOSOMAS FÁCIL 2020

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Dr.G Bhanu Prakash Animated Medical Videos

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Centrosome and centrioles - Cell physiology Animations

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References:

- Allott, A., & Mindorff, D. (2014). IB Biology Course Book: 2014 Edition: Oxford IB Diploma Program (2014 ed.). Oxford University Press.

- Thoughtco. (n.d.). What’s the Role of a Cell’s Cytoplasm? Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/cytoplasm-defined-373301

- Genome. (n.d.). Mitochondria. Genome.Gov. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Mitochondria#:%7E:text=Mitochondria%20are%20membrane-bound%20cell,called%20adenosine%20triphosphate%20(ATP).

- BD Editors. (2019, April 8). Plasmid. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/plasmid/

- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (n.d.-a). Flagellum | biology. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/flagellum

- Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes | Boundless Microbiology. Lume Learning. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/specialized-internal-structures-of-prokaryotes/

- Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Lysosome | Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 13, 2021, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/cell-biology/lysosome

- Genome. (n.d.-c). Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane). Genome.Gov. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Plasma-Membrane#:%7E:text=The%20plasma%20membrane%2C%20or%20the,substances%20out%20of%20the%20cell.

- Rogers, K. (n.d.). smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Definition, Structure, & Function. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum

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Plasmids which are small circular DNA are present in prokaryotic cells and sometimes on eukaryotic cells such as fungi and higher plants. Its main function is that it contains genes that enhance the survival of the organism, for example, it can have the genes to produce toxins so the cell can be defended. Also, plasmids are small so usually, they only contain a few genes for a specific function. Moreover, several plasmids can coexist at the same time but each which different functions.  For instance, in prokaryotic cells plasmids can help the process of replication in bacteria.

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(click for better sight)

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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a membranous organelle found in the majority of eukaryotic cells which has many enzymes on its surface. Their functions are the synthesis o lipids, steroid hormones, detoxification of harmful byproducts, and storage of calcium ions in the cell.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure and Function | Rough ER Simplified

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Golgi Apparatus - Structure and function of Golgi body - 3D animation  - in English

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Dr.G Bhanu Prakash Animated Medical Videos

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Mitochondria structure and function  | Cell Physiology medical animation

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The Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) is an organelle only found in eukaryotic cells. They are made up of cisternae and ribosomes. Their main function is to synthesize protein for secretion from the cell; proteins that are synthesized are passed through the cisternae and then carried by vesicles to the Golgi Apparatus. In Eukaryotic cells, almost 50% of the surface consists of ERs and is the cell's largest organelle.

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What is the Nucleus | Nucleus Structure and Function

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The Golgi apparatus are organelles made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae only found in eukaryotic cells. It is located in the cytoplasm and near the cell nucleus as well as the endoplasmic reticulum. Also, plant cells contain hundreds of several types of Golgi apparatus while animal cells contain usually one. Its main function is helping in processing and packaging proteins and lipid molecules especially the ones that are going to be exported from the cell.

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Cilia are only found in eukaryotic cells, they are a whip-like structure that protects the cell surface, like the flagella. Moreover, they are found in animal cells but some plant cells such as high plants do not have cilia. It contains a ring of nine double microtubules plus two central ones. Cilia's main function is the locomotion of the cell, they can also be used to create a current in the fluid of the cell. Cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion. Also, their function is the movement of the cell itself, or of other substances and objects past the cell. For instance, some organisms known as ciliates, depend on cilia for the movement of the complete cell. Also, they work, for instance, to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily and without irritation.

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The nucleus controls activities in the cell such as metabolism and growth; not only the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope but also it stores the genes which contain hereditary information in order to make proteins. Moreover, nucleoli are smaller bodies seen inside the nucleus. Also with the nucleolus, (where ribossomes are made) and separated from the rest of the cell by a nuclear membrane. However, the nucleus, nucleoli, and nuclear envelope are only present in eukaryotic cells not in prokaryotic cells from where, eukaryotes wrap their DNA around proteins called histones to help package the DNA into smaller spaces, most prokaryotes do not have histones (with the exception of those species in the domain Archaea).

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Cell cancer nucleus

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Vacuoles are organelles found only in eukaryotic cells, they are not found on prokaryotic cells as they are membrane-bound organelles. Vacuoles consist of a single membrane with fluid inside. The main function of vacuoles is to hold different molecules or substances, like the storage of the cell.  In animal cells, vacuoles are relatively small but are numerous, their main function is to assist in the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. In plant cells, there is one big vacuole that may be able to cover up to 90% of the cell and its main function is to maintain the water balance. Furthermore, it stores salts, minerals, nutrients, proteins, pigments, helps in plant growth, and plays an important structural role for the plant. Also, the vacuole is filled with water and it exerts significant pressure against the cell wall which helps to maintain the structural integrity of the plant as well as the support from the cell wall.

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Ribosomes 80s and 70s main function are to translate RNA into a polypeptide chain amid protein synthesis. Also, they play a key role in the catalysis of peptidyl transfer and peptidyl hydrolysis in both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. Ribosomes 80s are only present in eukaryotic cells, and they are found in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, they have 4 molecules of RNA and were synthesized in the nucleus. Furthermore, they have subunits of small 40s and large 60s. Meanwhile, Ribosomes 70s are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They are found in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells, whereas in eukaryotic cells they are found in cell organelles such as mitochondria. It has 3 molecules of RNA and has subunits of small 30s and large 50s.
B. (n.d.). Specialized Internal Structures of Prokaryotes | Boundless Microbiology. Lume Learning. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/specialized-internal-structures-of-prokaryotes/

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Mitochondria are membrane-bound cells that are the main source of energy in the cell which is needed for its biochemical reactions. Furthermore, the energy produced by the mitochondria is stored on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which are small molecules. Also, they are present in eukaryotic cells but aren't present in prokaryotic cells.
Also it's to consider that the programmed cell death, also called Apoptosis, generally begins from mitochondria. Other specialized functions include apoptosis, controlling the cell cycle, cell growth and detoxifying ammonia in the liver cells.

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A centriole is a barrel-shaped organelle composed of microtubes that usually live within the centrosome, and it is found near the nucleus as its main function is to aid the cell division of chromosomes in the nucleus. Furthermore, they can help to organize microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system, also they help to determine the locations of organelles in the cells. Moreover, they aid in the process of ciliogenesis which is the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles are found in Eukaryotic cells, nevertheless, some plant cells such as high plants do not have them. Also, centrioles are not present in prokaryotic cells.

Genome. (n.d.-a). Centriole. Genome.Gov. Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Centriole#:%7E:text=Centrioles%20are%20paired%20barrel%2Dshaped,other%20organelles%20within%20the%20cell.