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Photovoltaic cells are made of a semiconductor material such as silicon that is positively charged on one side and negatively charged on the other. As sunlight hits the cells, electrons are knocked loose, creating an electric current with the conductors attached to the semiconductor. Cells can be combined to make modules which can be put together to make arrays.

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Photovoltaic cells produce electricity.

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The main costs of photovoltaic cells come from the purchase price of solar modules, installation, system design, and the balance of system, including inverters, bi-directional billing meters, and connection devices. However, the use of solar cells can reduce electric bills.

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1. Intermittency issues; no sunlight at night or on cloudy or rainy days.
2. Needs to be converted from DC to AC to be used on the power network.
3. Needs storage batteries for continuous power, increasing investment cost.
4. On the ground, solar panels need a relatively large amount of space.
5. Fragile
6. Not very efficient(14 - 25%) compared to other renewable sources.

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1. Energy is completely clean; no greenhouse gases emitted.
2. Sunlight is free.
3. Solar panel cost is lowering.
4. Operation and maintenance costs for solar panels are considered very low compared to other energy sources.
5. Silent and easy to install on ground and rooftops.
6. Promoted through government subsidy funding(tax credit, etc).

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This educational video clip from Enerdynamics' online course Electric System Fundamentals explains how photovoltaic (PV) cells work and describes types of PV cells. For more details visit http://bit.ly/2eHbqZD

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https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/clues-solar-cell-efficiency-found-atomic-level-82586

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https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells

http://solarcellcentral.com/cost_page.html

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https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Photovoltaic_cell

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http://heavensolarenergy.com/blog/what-are-solar-panels-photovoltaic-cells/