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Use this website to cite. Do not put the URL though. Just put web.

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MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University

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Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources.

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Both genders grow tusks.
In Asian elephants, only males can grow tusks and not all of them do.

"African and Asian Elephant Facts." The Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee, 19 April 2019, web.

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Tens of thousands of elephants are being killed across Africa each year for their tusks.

The Born Free Foundation , 19 April 2019 web.

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Elephants have created their very own sunscreen! After a river or swamp bath, they’ll throw mud and sand up and over themselves to protect their skin from the hot, burning sun.

"10 Top Elephant Facts! | Animals.” National Geographic Kids, 19 Apr. 2019, web.

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The Ivory trade is estimated to be worth $1 billion dollars a year
"The Round Staff June 4. “6 Shocking Facts About The Ivory Trade.” The Round, 4 June 2018, web.

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Geographic, National. “10 Top Elephant Facts! | Animals.” National Geographic Kids, 17 Aug. 2018, www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/animals/general-animals/elephant-facts/.

Elephants are the world’s largest land animal! Male African elephants can reach 3m tall and weigh between 4,000 -7,500kg. Asian elephants are slightly smaller, reaching 2.7m tall and weighing 3,000– 6,000kg. They are known for their large ears, tusks made of ivory and their trunks – which are actually a fusion of their nose and upper lip.

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In the black market, ivory tusks are sold at a rate that starts at $1,500. Even though the sale of ivory has been banned in many countries, elephants are still hunted down and killed for it.

Suresh, Susmitha. “World Elephant Day: Facts About Ivory And Tusks.” International Business Times, 19 Apr. 2019, web.

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elephants brain react the same way human brains react when they see puppies, meaning that they think people are cute.

https://www.unilad.co.uk/featured/elephants-think-humans-are-cute-just-like-we-think-puppies-are/

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Commercial uses of ivory include the manufacture of piano and organ keys, billiard balls, handles, and minor objects of decorative value. In modern industry, ivory is used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, including specialized electrical equipment for airplanes and radar.

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Commercial uses of ivory include the manufacture of piano and organ keys, billiard balls, handles, and minor objects of decorative value. In modern industry, ivory is used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, including specialized electrical equipment for airplanes and radar.

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https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/ecology/zoology/general/ivory/uses-of-ivory

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ivory trade is an estimated 264 million dollar industry, with 1 ton of it being worth 1.8 million dollars on the black market.

Ivory Black Market Threatens the African Elephant

https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/ivory-black-market-threatens-the-african-elephant.html

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the ivory trade is causing the number of elephants in the world to decrease, as many elephants are illegally killed by poachers for their ivory tusks.

“Elephants and the Ivory Trade: The Crisis in Africa - CBBC Newsround.” BBC News, BBC, April 19 2019,

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About a century ago there was around 5 million elephants in Africa now there is only less than 5 hundred thousand. Savannah elephants have been dying out by 30 percent from 2007 to 2014 and forest elephants have been dying out by 60 percent from 2002 to 2011.
“The Ivory Trade.” Born Free, www.bornfree.org.uk/ivory-trade.

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In Mount Elgon National Park in Kenya, a group of elephants use their tusks to mine for salt in underground caves! They feel their way around with their trunks and eat the salts by breaking them off with their tusks.

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In Mount Elgon National Park in Kenya, a group of elephants use their tusks to mine for salt in underground caves! They feel their way around with their trunks and eat the salts by breaking them off with their tusks.

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Geographic, National. “10 Top Elephant Facts! | Animals.” National Geographic Kids, 17 Aug. 2018, www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/animals/general-animals/elephant-facts/.

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Geographic, National. “10 Top Elephant Facts! | Animals.” National Geographic Kids, 17 Aug. 2018, www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/animals/general-animals/elephant-facts/.

All that eating means one thing, gang, an awful lot of poo! Each elephant creates about one tonne of poo per week, which keeps the soil fertile and disperses tree seeds. Elephants also dig waterholes and create footpaths, literally changing the landscape around them!

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At its peak in 2014 wholesale prices for raw ivory stood at $2,100 (1,900 euros) per kilogramme in Chinese markets, but by 2017 the price had fallen to$730 per kilogramme, according to the report by two ivory trade experts, Lucy Vigne and Esmond Martin.

staff, Science X. “Hope for Elephants as Ivory Prices Fall: Conservation Group.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 29 Mar. 2017, phys.org/news/2017-03-elephants-ivory-prices-fall-group.html.

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Elephants are herbivorous and can be found in different habitats including savannahs, forests, deserts, and marshes. They prefer to stay near water. They are considered to be a keystone species due to their impact on their environments. Other animals tend to keep their distance from elephants while predators, such as lions, tigers, hyenas, and any wild dogs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Behaviour_and_life_history

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Ivory poaching for tusks is the main reason that elephants have been so heavily hunted. Elephant ivory has been used in huge amounts to make billiards balls, piano keys, identification chops and many other items for human enjoyment.

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Ivory poaching for tusks is the main reason that elephants have been so heavily hunted. Elephant ivory has been used in huge amounts to make billiards balls, piano keys, identification chops and many other items for human enjoyment.

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www.eleaid.com/elephant-information/elephant-tusks/

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You can tell a lot about an elephant by looking at their tusks! Elephant tusks never stop growing, so enormous tusks can be a sign of an old elephant. Both male and female African elephants grow tusks, but only male Asian elephants grow them. A tusk-less adult elephant is likely to be a female Asian elephant.

“10 Top Elephant Facts! | Animals.” National Geographic Kids, 17 Aug. 2018, www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/animals/general-animals/elephant-facts/

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African elephants have large ears shaped like the continent of Africa! Asian elephants’ ears are smaller and shaped like India

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African elephants have large ears shaped like the continent of Africa! Asian elephants’ ears are smaller and shaped like India

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“10 Top Elephant Facts! | Animals.” National Geographic Kids, 17 Aug. 2018,

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1/3 of the tusk is actually embedded deep inside the elephant's head.

"Elephant Tusks." Ivory Tusks - A Blessing and a Curse, 19 April 2019, web.

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Elephants use their tusks for a variety of tasks. Principally, they are formidable weapons against potential predators like the tiger (although tigers will only ever attack young or juvenile elephants) or in battle against other elephants. They are also used to aid foraging, digging, stripping bark and moving things out of the way; trained logging elephants are capable of lifting large logs with their tusks. There is also a display element to tusks and they can attract the interest of females.

“Elephant Tusks - Elephant Facts and Information.” EleAid, 19 Apr. 2019, web.

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Elephants are herbivorous and can be found in different habitats including savannahs, forests, deserts, and marshes. They prefer to stay near water. They are considered to be a keystone species due to their impact on their environments. Other animals tend to keep their distance from elephants while predators, such as lions, tigers, hyenas, and any wild dogs

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importance of ivory, in retrospective of the poachers.

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importance of ivory, in retrospective of the poachers.

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Prior to the introduction of plastics, ivory had many ornamental and practical uses, mainly because of the white color it presents when processed. ... Ivory can be taken from dead animals – however, most ivory came from elephants that were killed for their tusks.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory

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The price for raw ivory in China was $2,100 per kilogram
"staff, Science X. “Hope for Elephants as Ivory Prices Fall: Conservation Group.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 29 Mar. 2017, phys.org/news/2017-03-elephants-ivory-prices-fall-group.html."

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An adult elephant can eat up to 300 pounds of vegetation a day.

African Elephant Facts/Southern Africa Wildlife Guide,19 April 2019 web.

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In one week, Togo security officials seized nearly four tons of ivory at the nations main port.
"“Elephant Poaching.” Havocscope Black Market, 19 Apr. 2019, web.

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Elephants typically lasts around two years with interbirth intervals usually lasting four to five years. Births tend to take place during the wet season.[139] Calves are born 85 cm (33 in) tall and weigh around 120 kg (260 lb)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Behaviour_and_life_history

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About 50% of Asian females have short tusks known as tushes – which have no pulp inside.

“Elephant Tusks - Elephant Facts and Information.” EleAid, 2019, www.eleaid.com/elephant-information/elephant-tusks/.

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Tens of thousands of elephants are being killed every year for their ivory tusks. The ivory is often carved into ornaments and jewellery – China is the biggest consumer market for such products.

"Forest elephant killed by poachers for tusks," Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic .

© Martin HARVEY / WWF . .. 2019

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In Japan, ivory must be registered before a sale. Owners don't need to provide proof of how, when, and where the elephant tusk was acquired. Because of this,  even if the ivory was obtained after the ivory trade ban, tusks can easily slip into Japan's legal market.

"Japan's Legal Ivory Markets Are Fueling the International Ivory Trade." African Wildlife Foundation, 19 April 2019, web.

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Commercial uses of ivory include the manufacture of piano and organ keys, billiard balls, handles, and minor objects of decorative value. In modern industry, ivory is used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, including specialized electrical equipment for airplanes and radar.

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Commercial uses of ivory include the manufacture of piano and organ keys, billiard balls, handles, and minor objects of decorative value. In modern industry, ivory is used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, including specialized electrical equipment for airplanes and radar.

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“Ivory: Uses of Ivory.” Infoplease, Infoplease, April 19 2019

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Baby elephants are being born without tusk at an increasing rate. This is natural selection doing its work. If people don't stop hunting, elephant will eventual stop having tusks

"Under poaching pressure, elephants are evolving to lose their tusks." National Geographic Society, 19 April. 2019, web.

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Despite a ban on the international trade in ivory, African elephants are still being poached in large numbers. Tens of thousands of elephants are being killed every year for their ivory tusks. The ivory is often carved into ornaments and jewellery – China is the biggest consumer market for such products. (WWF)
“Threats to African Elephants.” WWF, wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/endangered_species/elephants/african_elephants/afelephants_threats/.

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The poaching of elephants for their ivory, meat and hides has been one of the major threats to their existence.[170] Historically, numerous cultures made ornaments and other works of art from elephant ivory, and its use rivalled that of gold.[172] The ivory trade contributed to the African elephant population decline in the late 20th century.[165] This prompted international bans on ivory imports, starting with the United States in June 1989, and followed by bans in other North American countries, western European countries, and Japan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Behaviour_and_life_history

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They help to shape the landscape. When they trample through forests and undergrowth, they create clearings, making space for new plants and trees to grow.
They also help to spread seeds, which may be too big for smaller animals or the wind to carry. Seeds are left on the ground in elephant dung and they can then grow into new plants in new places.

Elephant and the Ivory trade: The crisis in Africa -CBBC Newsround,19 April 2019 web.

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Some countries have attempted to restrict commercial domestic trade to older ivory items variously described as ‘antiques’ or ‘relics’ and, depending on jurisdiction, predating 1974, 1947 or being over 100 years old.
"Ivory-trade" bornfree, 19 Apr. 2019, web.

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Elephants have more than 100,000 muscles in the trunk making it very flexible and strong enough to lift trees.

“Elephant Facts.” The Elephant Sanctuary, www.elephants.com/about-elephants.

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China finally banned the Ivory trade in 2018.
“China's Ban on Ivory Trade Comes into Force.” BBC News, BBC, 1 Jan. 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-42532017.

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"Decades of poaching and overhunting of large tusked elephants may be leading to generations of elephants with smaller tusks—or no tusks at all" (AWF )
“Going Tuskless.” African Wildlife Foundation, 4 Feb. 2015, www.awf.org/blog/going-tuskless.

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It takes a whole elephant to make a little ivory.

"Elephant ivroy trade" ... © 1986 Panda Symbol WWF

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Elephant ivory has been used in huge amounts to make billiards balls, piano keys, identification chops and many other items for human enjoyment.

“Elephant Tusks - Elephant Facts and Information.” EleAid 19,
Apr. 2019, web.

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All elephants are herd animals with very definite social structure. Herds are led by a matriarch, usually the oldest female, and are made up of daughters, sisters and their offspring. Male elephants stay with the herd through adolescence and then move away as they grow older.

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2011 broke the record for the amount of illegal ivory seized worldwide, at 38.8 tons which is equivalent to about 4000 dead elephants.

"What is it About an Elephant's Tusks That Makes Them So Valuable."  The Atlantic, 19 April 2019, web.

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The dna recovered from ivory can lead back to the elephants homeland and allow authorities to track down poachers in that stat

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Elephant tusks evolved from teeth, giving the species an evolutionary advantage. They serve a variety of purposes: digging, lifting objects, gathering food, stripping bark from trees to eat, and defense. The tusks also protect the trunk—another valuable tool for drinking, breathing, and eating, among other uses.

“What Is Ivory and Why Does It Belong on Elephants?” WWF, World Wildlife Fund, www.worldwildlife.org/stories/what-is-ivory-and-why-does-it-belong-on-elephants.

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Three elephant species exist today: the African bush elephant aka African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). While the two African elephants are closely related, the Asian elephant is quite distinct.

“Kids' Games, Animals, Photos, Stories, and More -- National Geographic Kids.” Kids' Games, Animals, Photos, Stories, and More -- National Geographic Kids, web

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Ivory fetched prices as much as $1,500 per pound due to demand in Asia, where elephant tusks are ornately carved into art.

"Elephant Ivory" © 2019 World Wildlife Fund

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Some countries have attempted to restrict commercial domestic trade to older ivory items (variously described as ‘antiques’ or ‘relics’ and, depending on jurisdiction, predating 1974, 1947 or being over 100 years old). 

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Types of Elephants        There are numerous types of elephants found in Africa and Asia, with three distinct species and at least three subspecies. The African Bush Elephant (a.k.a. African Savanna Elephant) is the largest of them all: It’s actually the largest living terrestrial animal on the planet. 

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Types of Elephants        There are numerous types of elephants found in Africa and Asia, with three distinct species and at least three subspecies. The African Bush Elephant (a.k.a. African Savanna Elephant) is the largest of them all: It’s actually the largest living terrestrial animal on the planet. 

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Facts about elephants:  green global travel, April 19 2019

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The popularity of ivory exploitation has determine the name of a Western African nation to be called "Ivory Coast".

"Ivory Coast." Wikipedia, 19 April 2019

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In China, ivory is believed to have healing properties and are used to treat convulsion, remove toxicity, promote tissues regeneration, etc.

" 象牙." Traditional Chinese Medicine Wiki, 19 April. 2019, web.

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As human populations expand, more land is being converted to agriculture. So elephant habitat is shrinking and becoming more fragmented, and people and elephants are increasingly coming into contact - and conflict - with each other.
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Diamonds, like ivory, are a natural substance with little inherent value but prized social significance. Desire in richer lands tumbles poorer societies into resource wars and labor abuse. And certainly the modern dynamics are the same. But demand for ivory is something demand for diamonds is not: ancient.

"What Is It About an Elephant's Tusks That Make Them So Valuable?" The Atlantic 19, Apr. 2019, web.

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Elephants grieve when one of their herd dies. Due to the way their brains are structured, elephants display some remarkably human like emotions, showing sadness and grief and mourning the loss of family members long after they have passed on.
Facts about elephants: Green Global Travel, April 19 2019

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The diminishing number of elephants, to a large extent the result of wholesale slaughter for tusks, and the resulting increased cost of ivory have encouraged the making of imitations and the use of natural substitutes. One strategy for controlling the slaughter of elephants for their ivory is to permit a regulated trade that would reduce poaching and provide profit to Africans, but not deplete the elephant population.

Plants and Animals; Encyclopedia, April 19 2019

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Kong—a major market for elephant ivory—will end sales of the “white gold” by the end of 2021.

“Good News for Elephants: Major Ivory Market Will Close.” National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 31 Jan. 2018, news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/wildlife-watch-hong-kong-elephant-ivory-illegal-trade/.

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A single pound of ivory can sell for $1,500, and tusks can weigh 250 pounds.

Chen, Angela. “Poaching Is on the Rise - Most Illegal Ivory Comes from Recently Killed Elephants.” The Verge, The Verge, 7 Nov. 2016, www.theverge.com/2016/11/7/13527858/illegal-ivory-elephant-radiocarbon-dating-poaching-stockpile.

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Ivory is used to manufacture electrical appliances including specialized electrical equipment and airplane radar.
"staff, Science X. “Hope for Elephants as Ivory Prices Fall: Conservation Group.” Phys.org, Phys.org, 29 Mar. 2017, phys.org/news/2017-03-elephants-ivory-prices-fall-group.html.

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The diminishing number of elephants, to a large extent the result of wholesale slaughter for tusks, and the resulting increased cost of ivory have encouraged the making of imitations and the use of natural substitutes. One strategy for controlling the slaughter of elephants for their ivory is to permit a regulated trade that would reduce poaching and provide profit to Africans, but not deplete the elephant population.

Plants and Elephants: Encyclopedia, April 19 2109

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African elephants declined in massive numbers in the 1970s and 1980s because of poaching for the illegal ivory trade. So the international trade was banned by CITES in 1989. Some elephant populations have begun to recover, but poaching continues to be a problem in many areas.

"Elephant Ivory." WWF 19 Apr. 2019, web

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"African and Arab slave traders traveled inland from the coast, purchased or hunted down large numbers of slaves and ivory, and then forced the slaves to carry the ivory as they marched down to the coast. Once they reached the coast, the traders sold both the slaves and the ivory for hefty profits."

Thompsell, Angela. “Does Legitimate Ivory Trade Encourage Poaching in Africa?” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 28 July 2018, www.thoughtco.com/ivory-trade-in-africa-43350.

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"Villagers were forcibly rounded up into camps, often with great loss of life—as witnessed by Livingstone on his visit—and then ransomed by their relatives, who were sent out on hazardous elephant-trapping expeditions."

Birmingham, David. “Central Africa.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 Jan. 2010, www.britannica.com/place/central-Africa/Exploitation-of-ivory.

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Between 1979 and 1989, the worldwide demand for ivory caused elephant populations to decline to dangerously low levels. During this time period, poachings fueled by ivory sales cut Africa’s elephant population in half.
SoCal, PBS. “Elephants of Africa.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 5 Dec. 2014, www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/elephants-africa-poaching-problem/11367/.

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Between 1979 and 1989, the worldwide demand for ivory caused elephant populations to decline to dangerously low levels. During this time period, poachings fueled by ivory sales cut Africa’s elephant population in half.
SoCal, PBS. “Elephants of Africa.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 5 Dec. 2014, www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/elephants-africa-poaching-problem/11367/.

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This tuskless trend isn’t limited to Mozambique, either. Other countries with a history of substantial ivory poaching also see similar shifts among female survivors and their daughters. In South Africa, the effect has been particularly extreme—fully 98 percent of the 174 females in Addo Elephant National Park were reportedly tuskless in the early 2000s.

Guyton, Jen, and Jen Guyton. “Elephants Are Evolving to Lose Their Tusks.” National Geographic, 9 Nov. 2018, web.

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In 1900, the new European colonial states enacted game preservation laws that forbid most Africans from hunting. Subsequently, most forms of African hunting, including hunting for food, were officially deemed poaching. Commercial poaching was an issue in these years and a threat to animal populations, but it was not at the crisis levels seen in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Thompsell, Angela. “History of Hunting in Africa and How the Practice of Poaching Started.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 18 Feb. 2019, web.

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In the early 2000s, Asian demand for ivory began to rise steeply, and poaching in Africa rose again to crisis levels. The Congo Conflict also created a perfect environment for poachers, and elephants and rhinoceroses began to be killed at dangerous levels again.
Even more worryingly, militant extremist groups like Al-Shabaab began poaching to fund their terrorism.

Thompsell, Angela. “History of Hunting in Africa and How the Practice of Poaching Started.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 18 Feb. 2019, web.

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In the early 2000s, Asian demand for ivory began to rise steeply, and poaching in Africa rose again to crisis levels. The Congo Conflict also created a perfect environment for poachers, and elephants and rhinoceroses began to be killed at dangerous levels again. Even more worryingly, militant extremist groups like Al-Shabaab began poaching to fund their terrorism.

Thompsell, Angela. “History of Hunting in Africa and How the Practice of Poaching Started.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 18 Feb. 2019, web.

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in 2018 china banned ivory trade.

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The Ivory trade is causing a great decrease in elephant population.