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Germany is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia. Its capital city is Berlin. After the Cold War started, Germany formed into the two states.  The states were the western Federal Republic of Germany and the eastern German Democratic Republic. The republic of Germany was in economics and organizations and the  German Democratic republic was in the soviet-let war. with the end of the Cold War the two Germany's joined together in the year 1990. By 1999 10 European union countries introduced the common currency of Euro.

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Germany is located in the Western side of the continent of Europe. Germany has a total area of 357,002 square kilometers. it is the 63rd largest country in the world. the temperature is usually cool and cloudy, and it had wet summers and winters. There is the North European plain and in the northeast, the land is sandy and has dozens of lakes. Germany also includes the Harz and Rothaargebirge Mountains. moving eastward is the Thuringian forest and close to the Czech republic border is also the Ore Mountains. in the far south-west close to the border of France is the famous Black Forest. Because there is no more mining, the levels of rivers close to the mines have risen causing many of them to have polluted water which has killed many animals. Germany also passed a policy phasing out the country’s nuclear power plants and allowing utilities to burn more coal which resulted in air pollution.

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more than 87 percent of people in Germany are German, and more than 1.5 percent are Turkish. The official language of Germany is German, Danish, Frisian, Sorbian, and Romani are official minority languages. About 28 percent of Germans are Roman Catholics and 26 percent are Protestant. Muslims are 5 percent and about 1 percent are other types of Christian. Germany's folk music included Beethoven and classic piano and now it is more in the ways of Techno and rock. Traditional clothing included lederhosen for men and dirndls for women, but nowadays it is more likely to see dark washed jeans.

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Germany Population, Education, and health

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Germany Population, Education, and health

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Germany's population is 80,457,737. Germany is the most populous country in Europe and about 16.7 percent of the population is below poverty line. there are about 1.5 migrants per 1000 population. Any non-EU can easily migrate to Germany if they are a skilled worker. Germany's new laws also give a chance for rejected asylum seekers to get a residency permit with a permanent job. Berlins population is about 1 million more than Paris. Germany's literacy rate has remained at 99 percent since 2008. Females have a life expectancy of 83.4 years and males 78.6 years. The birth rates are 1.5 per woman. the death rates are 11.3 deaths per 1000 population. The German health care system is divided into three main areas: outpatient care, the hospital sector care, and rehabilitation facilities.

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The government of Germany is a federal parliamentary republic. in January 1871 Germany was divided into four groups which were France, United Kingdom, United States, and The Soviet Union. Germany adopted its current political system back in 1949 and there have been many Chancellors but the current one is Angela Merkel. there has been Adolf Hitler, whom was the leader of the Nazi party and a reason for WWII. Adolf Hitler and his Nazi led party were the main cause of the death of more than 5 million Jews. Another one of Germany's genocides was against the Herero/Nama tribes in South-west Africa. up to 10,000 people were forced into concentration camps and left in deserts to die.

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Germany 2014 championship in FIFA World Cup

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Germany 2014 championship in FIFA World Cup

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“Europe/.” World Atlas - Maps, Geography, Travel, 7 Apr. 2017, www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/germany/delatlog.htm.

“Where Is Germany?” WorldAtlas, 2 Oct. 2015, www.worldatlas.com/eu/de/where-is-germany.html.

“Europe/.” World Atlas - Maps, Geography, Travel, 7 Apr. 2017, www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/germany/deland.htm.

Smith, Brett. “Germany: Environmental Issues, Policies and Clean Technology.” AZoCleantech.com, Brett Smith, 22 May 2019, www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=549.

“The World Factbook: Germany.” Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html.

Carolinereckart. “Germany: Folk vs. Pop Culture.” 3rdPeriodAPHUG2014, 19 Nov. 2014, 3rdperiodaphug2014.wordpress.com/2014/11/19/germany-folk-vs-pop-culture.

“Germany's New Immigration Laws Open Door for Skilled Labor.” Germany VISA, 3 Oct. 2018, www.germany-visa.org/germanys-new-immigration-laws-open-door-for-skilled-labor/.

May, Jack, and Jonn Elledge. “What Are the Biggest Cities in Germany?” CityMetric, www.citymetric.com/fabric/what-are-biggest-cities-germany-2897.

“Germany Adult Literacy Rate, 2007-2018.” Knoema, knoema.com/atlas/Germany/topics/Education/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate.

“Health Care in Germany: The German Health Care System.” InformedHealth.org [Internet]., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 8 Feb. 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK298834/.

Atkinson, Rodney. “GERMAN GENOCIDES IN THE 20TH CENTURY.” Freenations, MB, 1 Sept. 2017, freenations.net/german-genocides-in-the-20th-century/.

“The Greatest German Political Leaders Every Geek Will Recognize.” Famous People - Famous People in History, Famous People List & Biography, www.thefamouspeople.com/german-political-leaders.php.

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Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EU is 1986. Before that Portugal lost most of it's wealth because of an earthquake in Lisbon, 1755.
1974 a military coup, installed democratic reforms. After that year Portugal gave it's African colonies independence. They have national holiday celebrating freedom on 25th of April. Lisbon is the capital of Portugal!

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Portugal is a southern european country. It is also on the Iberian Peninsula, that borders the North Atlantic ocean, West of Spain. Portugal takes 91,470 square kilometers of land and is the 11th largest nation in the world, and in total holds 92,090 square kilos of land. The climate is different in different parts of Portugal. It is cool and rainy in the North and Warmer in the South. Portugal has two islands that are named Azores, and Madeira. Agricultural lands and forests are also part of Portugal. Portugal has many natural resources that include fish, copper, silver, gold, clay, salt, and many more! Sadly, there are soil erosions, air pollution, and water pollution in coastal areas.

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The ethnicity of Portuguese people is Lusitanians that come from an Indo-uropean branch. These people lived West of the Iberian Peninsula.
Portuguese are also part of the Romance ethnic group. The religion that most people follow is Christianity, but is mainly Roman Catholicism. There are around 9,000 Muslims in Portugal, since in 711 the Arabs had control of Lisbon (the main city) in Portugal. Portuguese is the most common language people speak, but people have also learned English, French, and Spanish from neighboring countries. English is the second most spoken language in Portugal. Mirandese is localy used. Literature is a folk culture of the Portuguese. Literature was first developed in the 16th-century by Dom Denis who wrote mostly of oral traditions that were sang by troubadours. Some of his works have been compared to Shakespeare. Cristiano Ronaldo is an example of their popular culture. He is one of the most famous soccer players in the world and still to this day has millions of followers. He is wanted player in any team!

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Population, education, and health (Portugal)

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Population, education, and health (Portugal)

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The population of Portugal was around 10.31 million in 2017. On June 1st, 2019, based on United Nations estimations, the population is 10,257,609. Portugal takes up 0.13% of the whole world's population. The prime minister of Portugal recently said that they are in need of immigrants, because of their declining population. There were 30,000 foreign people who recently immigrated to Portugal, but they do not have good standards to work. 300,000 people, mostly students migrated out of Portugal mostly to the Americas for better University's and way of living. There are 2.927 million people in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal and 1.307 million people in Porto, that are the major urban areas. The literacy rate of Portugal is 95.7%. There are 97.1% male and 94.4% female. As seen in most of the world, men are born more than females. The life expectancy is around 80.9 years old for most people. Females mostly live up to 84.2 years and males live up to 77.7 years. Females are also known to live longer than men mostly anywhere in the world! The birth rate is around 8.2 per 1,000 people and 10.6 deaths per 1,000 people. The health care in Portugal is similar to U.S. People will be took care of but if they don't have the European Health Insurance card they will be charged a lot of money. They have both private and public health services that have to be a standard to Portugal's health care. Foreign citizens are also able to be treated, but if they don't have insurance it will cost a lot.

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Portugal's government type is called a Parliamentary Partycracy. It is a kind of democracy where people vote for a party, instead of representatives. However, the government is also called semi-presidential republic. They have a civil law system that reviews the constitutionality of legislation. Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is the president of Portugal and Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues is the deputy of  the Portuguese Republic.  Portugal has had many wars in the past but one of them is called "War of the Portuguese independence." This battle started to take place in 1640 when Spain was on bad terms with the conflicts they had with France and the Dutch. Portugal had a leader, Philip II and his grandson, that took away Portugal's independence and later excessive taxes. Since Spain was on bad terms Portugal saw an wanted to take back it's independence, and so three Portuguese nobles organized a coup d'etat that was what started the war without leaders. Miguel de Vasconcelos, the seretary of state, died and governor Margaret that was the cousin of the King was imprisoned and so the relation between the governor and the King put an end to the Iberian Union.

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“Where Is Portugal?” WorldAtlas, 2 Oct. 2015, www.worldatlas.com/eu/pt/where-is-portugal.html.

“Portugal Environment - Current Issues.” Portugal Environment - Current Issues - Geography, www.indexmundi.com/portugal/environment_current_issues.html.

“The World Factbook: Portugal.” Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1 Feb. 2018, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html.

Admin. “Government.” Portugal.com, Portugal.com, 29 July 2018, portugal.com/portugal/information/government.

“War of the Portuguese Independence.” Spanish Wars, www.spanishwars.net/17th-century-war-of-portuguese-independence.html.

“Traditions and Culture in Portugal - International Living Countries.” International Living, internationalliving.com/countries/portugal/traditions-and-culture-in-portugal/.

“Portugal Population (LIVE).” Worldometers, www.worldometers.info/world-population/portugal-population/.

Hermesauto. “Portugal, the European Country That Wants More Migrants.” The Straits Times, 2 July 2018, www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/portugal-the-european-country-that-wants-more-migrants.