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c.1550-1200 BCE

[https://hist1039-16.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/exhibits/show/rise-and-fear/ii--a-disruption-on-the-late-b]
[https://www.ancient.eu/Bronze_Age_Collapse/]

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c.1200-1025 BCE

https://www.penn.museum/sites/Canaan/IronAgeI.html

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The Israelites in Palestine

Though the Israelite tribes entered Palestine before the end of the Late Bronze Age, they did not become firmly established in their new home until the early decades of the 12th century bce. Their number was increased greatly during the settling of Canaan by seminomadic Hebrew tribes already in Palestine, as well as by many settled Canaanites (e.g., the Gibeonites), who joined the invaders against their sedentary neighbours. Excavation has made it clear that the Israelites began building amid the ruins of their precursors and that new settlements sprang up rapidly all through the hill country. Had events followed their normal course, the resurgent Canaanites, who had not been driven from the coastal plain or the Plain of Esdraelon, might have overwhelmed the scattered and unorganized Israelite clans, but this was prevented by the great invasion of the Sea Peoples in the time of Ramses III, in the early decades of the 12th century bce. Among the invaders from the Aegean basin were the Philistines, who were to conquer much of the region within a century and a half after their settlement in the southern coastal plain. (The Philistines have been identified with the so-called Peleset, who were used as garrison troops and mercenaries by Ramses III.) Meanwhile, three other peoples were settling east of the Jordan River: the Edomites in the south, the Moabites east of the Dead Sea, and the Ammonites on the edge of the Syrian Desert east of Gilead. Considered by the Israelites as fellow Hebrews, these peoples had begun to settle down before the Israelite invasion, and they remained polytheists until the end of the Hebrew Bible period.

Palestine under the House of David Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The early Israelites possessed a strong centralizing force in their monotheistic faith, combined with a stern code of ethics, which set them apart from all their neighbours. The Mosaic tradition of the covenant between Yahweh and Israel, made concrete by the Tabernacle and its ritual, bound the tribes together in a cultic bond resembling the later Greek amphictyonies. Characteristic of these organizations was a central sanctuary, surrounded by its worshipers. Straining against this religious bond were disruptive tribal forces held in leash by a loose alliance between the tribes, which was often severed by civil war. But for the constant attacks launched by its neighbours, Israel would perhaps never have attained any political solidarity. As it was, salvation from its foes lay only in union, and, after abortive attempts had been made at one-man rule, Saul became king of all of Israel ( c. 1020 bce).

Saul defeated the Ammonites and the Philistines but was killed in battle against the latter about 1000 bce and was succeeded by David. King David crushed the Philistines ( c. 990) and conquered the three Hebrew states east of the Jordan River, after which the intervention of the Aramaeans from Syria forced him to defeat and annex the states of Aram as far north as the borders of Hamath on the Orontes River. Farther east he established some sort of control over the nomadic tribes of the Syrian Desert as far as the Euphrates River, though it is scarcely probable that Israelite domination was that effective. At home David organized a stable administration based largely on Egyptian models and, according to tradition, carried out a census of the population. He died before he could complete his plans, but they were put into effect by his successor, Solomon.

The reign of Solomon (mid-10th century) represents the culmination of Israelite political history. Though Solomon gradually lost control over outlying territories conquered by David, he was extraordinarily successful in organizing the economic life of the country. He joined forces with Hiram of Tyre, who was leading the Phoenicians toward the exploitation of Mediterranean trade. Expeditions to Ophir, a region probably in either East Africa or India, brought items of wealth such as gold, peacocks, and sandalwood to Palestine. At the same time, the Israelite king entered into trade relations with the Arabs as far south as Sheba, or Sabaʿ (modern Yemen). These activities would have been impossible but for the development of new principles in shipbuilding and for the recent domestication of the Arabian camel and its use in the caravan trade. Among the king's other undertakings was the construction of a fortress or storehouse at a site near the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. The modern site, Tell el-Kheleifah, may have been the biblical Ezion-geber. Most of the kingdom's wealth was spent in elaborate building operations, which included the Temple of Jerusalem and the royal palace, as well as numerous fortified towns. The best-known of these are Megiddo, Hazor, and Gezer. But royal activities on such a vast scale cost more than was produced by foreign trade and the tribute of vassal states, and the Israelites themselves were forced to submit to conscription in royal labour gangs as well as to heavy levies of various kinds. It is not surprising that the people of northern Israel revolted after the great king's death, thus disrupting the united monarchy.

The rump kingdom of Israel lasted two full centuries, sharing the worship of Yahweh and the Mosaic tradition with its smaller southern neighbour, Judah. After a period of intermittent warfare between Judah and Israel, King Asa of Judah entered into an alliance with the growing kingdom of Damascus, by which the latter attacked northern Israel, thus relieving pressure on Judah. This move cost Israel its territory to the east of the Jordan River and north of the Yarmūk River and ushered in a long series of wars between Israel and Damascus, which did not end until the capture of Damascus by the Assyrians in 732 bce.

The best-known phase of Israelite history is the period during which the great prophets, Elijah and Elisha, flourished, under the Omrides of the 9th century. Omri himself, founder of the dynasty, selected Samaria as his capital and began constructing elaborate defenses and royal buildings, which have been uncovered by excavations. His son Ahab was alternately hero and villain of the principal stories of the prophets; he became involved in complex international maneuvers, which ended with his ignominious death at Ramoth-Gilead. The dynasty of Omri ended amid torrents of blood ( c. 841 bce); it was followed by the dynasty of Jehu, which lasted nearly a century. This was a period of extreme oscillations, from the catastrophic defeat of Israel ( c. 815 bce) and the destruction of its army by Hazael, king of Damascus, to the triumphs of Jeroboam II ( c. 786-746 bce). Meanwhile, Judah also oscillated between periods of prosperity and weakness; when it was strong, it controlled Edom and the caravan routes of the south from Midian to the Mediterranean; when it was feeble, it shrank behind its own narrow boundaries. Great kings such as Asa, Jehoshaphat, and Uzziah alternated with weak kings.

In 741/740 bce the death knell of independence in Syria and Palestine was sounded by the capture of Arpad in northern Syria by the Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III. Events unfolded with dizzying speed. In 738 Israel and Judah paid tribute to Assyria for the first time in decades; in 733 the Assyrians devastated Gilead and Galilee, turning the entire land into Assyrian provinces except for the territory of two tribes, western Manasseh and Ephraim; in 732 Damascus was captured and Aram ceased to exist as a state; and in 725 the siege of Samaria began. Finally, in the first months of 722, Samaria was taken and Israel became politically extinct.

Assyrian and Babylonian rule

Judah was left the sole heir of the legacy of David and Solomon. Hezekiah ( c. 715- c. 686 bce), lured by promises of Egyptian aid, attempted to resist Assyria but was defeated and compelled to pay a crushing tribute. It is possible that only the timely intervention of an epidemic that decimated the Assyrian army of Sennacherib saved Judah from total devastation. The eloquent guidance of the prophet Isaiah restored the morale of the people, and even the weakness of Hezekiah's son Manasseh did not bring complete ruin. Another strong king, Josiah ( c. 640-609 bce), arose in time to restore the ebbing fortunes of Judah for a few years, during which much of the ancient territory of united Israel was brought back under the rule of the Davidic dynasty. Assyria was rapidly declining in power, and in 612 its hated capital, Nineveh, was destroyed by the Medes. Josiah's successful rebellion ended when he fell in battle against a more powerful contender for the Assyrian succession, Necho of Egypt.

Meanwhile, the Chaldean kings of Babylonia were rapidly gaining strength. Nabopolassar of Babylon and Cyaxares of Media divided the old Assyrian empire between them, and the former's son, Nebuchadrezzar II, gained control of Syria and Palestine in swift campaigns. The defeated Egyptians, however, continued to intrigue in Palestine, whose native states repeatedly joined anti-Babylonian coalitions, all of which collapsed of themselves or were crushed by the Chaldean armies. Jerusalem was twice besieged, in 597 and after 589. Finally, about 587/586, it was stormed and destroyed. The prophet Jeremiah, who had foreseen the tragic denouement and had repeatedly warned his people against their suicidal policy, died in Egypt. Judah was devastated and almost depopulated.

In 539 bce Cyrus II of the Persian Achaemenian dynasty followed up his triumph over Media by conquering Lydia and Babylonia, thus making himself ruler of the greatest empire thitherto known. In the administrative reforms implemented by Darius I (reigned 522-486 bce), Phoenicia, Palestine-Syria, and Cyprus constituted the fifth province (satrapy) of the Persian empire (Herodotus, The History, Book III, chapter 91).

One of Cyrus's first acts was to decree ( c. 538 bce) that Judah be restored and the Temple of Jerusalem be rebuilt. A large number of Jewish exiles in Babylonia returned to Jerusalem, and work on the Second Temple was begun. The political situation was extremely unfavourable, however, since Judah south of Hebron had been occupied by Edomites escaping from Arab pressure, while the tiny remainder north of Hebron had passed under the control of the governor of Samaria. In spite of political intrigues to prevent completion of the work of rebuilding the Temple, the Jews took advantage of the civil wars and rebellions that racked the empire after the accession of Darius I to press forward with the work. They were urged on by the fiery prophets Haggai and Zechariah. In 515 bce the Second Temple was finished, but the Jews had meanwhile aroused the suspicion of the Persian authorities, and further efforts to improve their situation were discouraged.

Matters rested in this unsatisfactory state until about 445 bce, when the Jewish royal favourite, Nehemiah, deeply stirred by reports of the sorry condition of Judah and Jerusalem, succeeded in obtaining the Persian ruler's support for a mission to Palestine. Under Nehemiah's leadership, Jerusalem's walls were rebuilt. Knowledge of the exact sequence of events is complicated by the confused state of the documentary sources, and the chronology of events in the time of Nehemiah and Ezra, who became a leader of the Jews who had returned to Jerusalem from Babylonia, is not certain. There is good evidence to suggest that Ezra's return to Jerusalem should be dated to 398 bce, early in the reign of the Persian king Artaxerxes II. The mention of Persian intervention in the priestly affairs of the high priest Johanan can reasonably be associated with Ezra's reform activities. In any event, Nehemiah and Ezra were able to establish both the religious autonomy of Judah and the practice of normative Judaism so firmly that they continued with little change for several centuries.

Information concerning the history of Palestine in the period following the age of Nehemiah and Ezra is scanty. It is known that the province of Judah continued to be administered by high priests who struck their own coins and that the provinces of Samaria and Ammon remained under governors of the houses of Sanballat and Tobiah. In 343 Artaxerxes III (Ochus) is said to have devastated parts of Palestine in connection with his reconquest of Egypt. Eleven years later the country passed into Macedonian hands after Alexander the Great 's conquest of Phoenicia.
William Foxwell Albright Glenn Richard Bugh

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Palestine - Palestine - The Iron Age: Though the Israelite tribes entered Palestine before the end of the Late Bronze Age, they did not become firmly established in their new home until the early decades of the 12th century bce.

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c.1025-586
https://www.penn.museum/sites/Canaan/IronAgeII.html
https://www.bu.edu/anep/Ir.html

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c. 1000 BCE

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c.1025-982

https://www.enterthebible.org/periods.aspx?rid=904
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Kingdom_of_Israel
https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/places/main-articles/kingdom-of-israel

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c. 960 BCE

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The United Kingdom gets divided into North (Samaria/Israel) and South (Judah) after Solomon’s reign.

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The United Kingdom gets divided into North (Samaria/Israel) and South (Judah) after Solomon’s reign.

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c. 930 BCE

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c.928-722 BCE
https://www.enterthebible.org/periods.aspx?rid=905
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-two-kingdoms-of-israel
https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/hebrew-bible/did-pharaoh-sheshonq-attack-jerusalem/
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/sargon/essentials/kings/shalmaneserv/

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Tel Dan Inscription, first inscriptional reference to the dynasty (“house”) of David (you may link to your assigned reading for this item, or to the Israel Museum’s website, since that is where this object is currently housed).

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Tel Dan Inscription, first inscriptional reference to the dynasty (“house”) of David (you may link to your assigned reading for this item, or to the Israel Museum’s website, since that is where this object is currently housed).

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c. 900 BCE

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The Northern Kingdom (Samaria/Israel) is conquered by the Assyrians and the northerners are dispersed throughout the Assyrian Empire.

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The Northern Kingdom (Samaria/Israel) is conquered by the Assyrians and the northerners are dispersed throughout the Assyrian Empire.

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c. 722 BCE

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c.722-586 BCE

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hezekiah
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/hezekiah
https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/jerusalem-mount-zion-babylonian-conquest-evidence-intl-scli/index.html
https://www.britannica.com/event/Babylonian-Captivity

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Hezekiah defends Jerusalem from attack by the Assyrians.

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Hezekiah defends Jerusalem from attack by the Assyrians.

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c. 701 BCE

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 BCE Babylonian Deportations: the elites from Judah are taken away into exile by the Babylonians.

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 BCE Babylonian Deportations: the elites from Judah are taken away into exile by the Babylonians.

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c. 587/6/1 BCE

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The Babylonians destroy Jerusalem and its temple.

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The Babylonians destroy Jerusalem and its temple.

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c. 587/6 BCE

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c.586-529
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nabonidus
https://www.livius.org/articles/person/nabonidus/

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539-332 BCE
https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/history/pages/history-%20the%20second%20temple.aspx
https://www.ancient.eu/Cyrus_the_Great/
https://www.ancient.eu/Peloponnesian_War/

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Learn about Cyrus the Great and the Achaemenian Empire Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Transcript

Cyrus the Great

Why was Cyrus the Great "great"?
Cyrus the Great leveraged his skills as a warrior and a statesman to establish the Achaemenian Empire, which was the largest to have ever existed at the time of his rule. His reputation as "great" was enhanced by his appearance in ancient texts.
How did Cyrus the Great become king?
Greek historian Herodotus gives a historically dubious account in which Cyrus overthrows his grandfather Astyages and unites the latter's Median kingdom with the Persian one he inherited. Alternate versions of the tale exist in other Classical texts.
What did Cyrus the Great conquer?
Cyrus's career as a military leader began in earnest in 550 BCE, when he rose up against his Median overlord, King Astyages. Other mythologized campaigns during his reign include his conquests of Lydia and Babylonia.
What ancient sources mention Cyrus the Great?
Herodotus gives a famous account of Cyrus's life in his History, which was probably highly fictionalized. Xenophon and Ctesias also lionized Cyrus in texts of questionable historical accuracy, and the Bible identifies Cyrus as the ruler who freed the Jewish people from captivity in Babylonia.
How did Cyrus the Great die?
Cyrus the Great died while campaigning on his empire's eastern frontier, but little else is known of his final years. Herodotus noted that he came across several versions of the events that may have led to Cyrus's demise.

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Learn about Cyrus the Great and the Achaemenian Empire

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Cyrus the Great Why was Cyrus the Great "great"? Cyrus the Great leveraged his skills as a warrior and a statesman to establish the Achaemenian Empire, which was the largest to have ever existed at the time of his rule. His reputation as "great" was enhanced by his appearance in ancient texts.

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Cyrus of Persia issues the Cyrus Cylinder, permitting Babylonian exiles to repatriate

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Cyrus of Persia issues the Cyrus Cylinder, permitting Babylonian exiles to repatriate

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538 BCE

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Completion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem

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Completion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem

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515 BCE

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Alexander the Great conquers Syro-palestine

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Alexander the Great conquers Syro-palestine

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333 BCE

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332-63 BCE
https://www.ancient.eu/article/827/the-maccabean-revolt/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seleucus-I-Nicator
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-I-Soter
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/alexander-the-great

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- [Instructor] Now, we're going to talk about one of the most famous conquerors in all of human history, and that is Alexander the Great. But before talking about all of the things that he conquered, let's think about how he got started out and in particular, how he's able to consolidate control over the empire that his father begins. So, in the last video, we saw that exiting the Peloponnesian War, the Greeks were weak. Sparta and its allies, the Peloponnesian League, they had won, but the Greeks were ripe for being conquered. And they end up being conquered by Philip II, King of Macedonia, and he rules from Pella. And shortly after he becomes king, his son, his first son, Alexander, is born. And Alexander is the son that Philip has with Olympias. Olympias is the daughter of the king of Molossia, which makes her Molossian and not Macedonian, which is going to be somewhat important later on when Philip II dies. But the early part of Alexander's life is quite good and he seems to be in favor with his father, Philip II. After all, Alexander seems like a decent heir to the throne. Early in his life, he gets from his father what is arguably the best tutor, for sure of the time, probably the best tutor in human history, in Aristotle. And the way that his father convinces him to tutor Alexander when Alexander's 13, he tutors him from when Alexander is about 13 to about 16, is Philip destroys Aristotle's village of Stagira as he conquers Greece. And Aristotle says, "Okay, sure, I'll tutor your son. "But in exchange for that, why don't you rebuild my hometown "and free all of the people who had been enslaved "after the town was conquered?" And so, Philip agrees; Alexander gets a great tutor. There's also the stories of how Alexander carried favor with his father by taming the famous horse Bucephalus, who Alexander will eventually ride into Asia as he conquers the Persian Empire and beyond. And Philip, very proud of his young son being able to conquer this seemingly untamable horse, as Philip conquers, as he conquers Greece, Alexander is alongside him leading troops, showing him to be a capable military general, a capable leader. So, all seems to be working out well for Alexander until Philip takes what ends up being his seventh and last wife. Until then, Olympias was his favored wife. And Olympias is a bit of a character, at least from the point of historians. And you should take all of this with a grain of salt because many of these histories and these stories were written hundreds of years later, and so it's not clear how much was a true account versus how much was made up. But beyond Olympias not being Macedonian, she is from Molossia, she is also, according to Plutarch, part of the Cult of Dionysus and she worships snakes and potentially even sleeps with snakes, which is really off-putting to a lot of the Macedonians. And so, when King Philip, in around 337 or 338, finds a Macedonian to marry and her name is Cleopatra, not the famous Cleopatra from history, we'll talk about her in a few hundred years, but you see here, Philip II, he takes his seventh wife. I don't list them all here. I only list Olympias here who he marries in 357 BCE. And then they have Alexander, born Alexander III, shortly thereafter the next year. They also have another daughter, Cleopatra. Once again, not the Cleopatra when people refer to it in history. But then, around 337 or 338 BCE, he takes his seventh wife, and this seventh wife is also named Cleopatra. She is Macedonian. Philip renames her Eurydice after his mother. And so, you can imagine this is already a little bit threatening. Because, well, what if this Cleopatra has a son? And she eventually does have a son. And now, that son would be pure Macedonian, as opposed to Alexander, who is only half-Macedonian. And this becomes quite pointed at the wedding of Philip and Cleopatra, the Macedonian Cleopatra, in 337 or 338 BCE when we have this account, and once again, take all of this with a grain of salt. This is an account by Plutarch that was written 400 years later. But Plutarch writes, "At the wedding of Cleopatra," this is Cleopatra Eurydice, this is the Macedonian Cleopatra, the young one, "whom Philip fell in love with and married, "she being much too young for him, her uncle Attalus," and you see him on our little family tree here, this is Cleopatra's Uncle Attalus, a Macedonian, "her uncle Attalus in his drink "desired the Macedonians would implore the gods "to give them a lawful successor to the kingdom "by his niece." Let me underline that. Give them a lawful successor to the kingdom. You might be saying, "Wait, I thought Alexander was a lawful successor?" And Alexander's probably thinking the same thing. "This so irritated Alexander "that throwing one of the cups at his head," throwing it at Attalus' head, "'you villain,' he said. "'What, am I then a bastard?' Then Philip," Alexander's dad, "taking Attalus' part," so he wouldn't take his son's side, he takes the side of his in-laws, "rose up and would have run his son through, "but by good fortune for them both, "either his over-hasty rage, or the wine he had drunk, "made his foot slip, so that he fell down on the floor. "At which Alexander reproachfully insulted over him: "'See there,' said he, 'the man who makes preparations "'to pass out of Europe into Asia, "'overturned in passing from one seat to another.'" So, if this account by Plutarch is even vaguely true, it shows this real tension that is forming between Alexander and his father. And it's of course being goaded on, or likely to be goaded on, by his mother, Olympias, who was the primary wife for a little bit but now she's being pushed aside in favor of this Macedonian, Cleopatra. And so she actually goes into voluntary exile, Alexander follows her, and so things are quite tense. And they really come to a boiling point, or everything gets released a year or two later, when Olympias' other child, Cleopatra, the other Cleopatra, not Cleopatra Eurydice and not the famous Cleopatra from history, she gets married to Olympias' brother. And so, she's marrying her uncle. Many strange things happened like this in the ancient world. This is 336 BCE and this is the famous wedding where Phillip II is assassinated by his bodyguard, who was likely Phillip II's former lover. But once Phillip II gets assassinated, you could imagine that many people are wanting to have a go at the throne, in particular, Alexander, aided by his mother, Olympias. And so immediately, there starts to be a consolidation of power and the first way to consolidate power is to kill off all of the folks who might threaten you. And so Olympias and Alexander, and many historians give credit mainly to Olympias, some say Alexander was involved more or less, but they go on a killing spree. Europa is killed, Caranus is killed. These are the children of Cleopatra Eurydice. At the time of this, we're talking 336, 335 BCE, they would have been toddlers. They would have been two, at most three years old. They're being killed. There are some accounts that Cleopatra is killed or she is forced to hang herself. There's some accounts that some combination of them are burned alive. Alexander goes after Attalus, the famous uncle who insulted him at the wedding party only a few years ago. He kills his cousin, Amyntus, who might have had a claim to the throne, other princes. So this is this bloody, bloody period. So even though sometimes people glorify some of these rulers like Alexander the Great, that they unified all these people and they pushed culture throughout the world, or however you want to talk about it, they usually come to power in very brutal ways. And their conquering is also very brutal. You really shouldn't romanticize, oh let's conquer other people. A war is ugly and when there's multiple factions coming to a throne, that is also ugly. So, we're shortly after Phillip II's death. Alexander, with the help of his mother, is able to consolidate power within his family, really secure his place as the king of the Macedonian Empire. And so the next thing is to secure his hold on the empire militarily and you immediately start having rebellions to the North and West of Macedon. And so, in particular, the Illyrians, which is in modern-day Albania, so this region right over here. They start to revolt. Alexander goes and makes a point of sieging the pass at Peliam. This is a very strategic location but while he's there with his military forces, so while he's there with his military forces, you can imagine the other city-states of Greece, in particular Athens and Thebes, say hey now's our chance. King Phillip is dead, Alexander's out fighting with the Illyrians, let's rise up and regain our independence. And many of them thought that Alexander might have already died in the previous military campaign. And so you can imagine they were very surprised after Alexander took control through a siege at Peliam, and is able to come down surprisingly quickly. He really makes his soldiers march hundreds of kilometers in a matter of weeks, to come down and put down the rebellion, from his point of view, at Thebes. And the Thebans refuse to stop rebelling and so in retaliation, Alexander the Great completely destroys Thebes, this famous city of antiquity. Only a few decades before this time, the leading city-state in all of Greece. And so he destroys Thebes, he enslaves its people, but that's what allows him to essentially scare the rest of the city-states of Greece to come in line. He hasn't conquered Sparta, or his empire hasn't conquered Sparta, that will happen soon but the rest, it really consolidates his power. And now, we're talking 335 BCE, he's ready to think about doing what his father was planning and going off and trying to conquer Asia.

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Alexander the Great takes power (video) | Khan Academy

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Instructor] Now, we're going to talk about one of the most famous conquerors in all of human history, and that is Alexander the Great. But before talking about all of the things that he conquered, let's think about how he got started out and in particular, how he's able to consolidate control over the empire that his father begins.

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164-163 BCE

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63 BCE

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63 BCE- 330 CE

https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/places/main-articles/second-temple
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/julius-caesar/#:~:text=He%20also%20granted%20citizenship%20to,Caesar%20aspired%20to%20be%20king.
https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/jesus.html
https://www.biography.com/religious-figure/pontius-pilate
https://www.ancient.eu/article/823/the-great-jewish-revolt-of-66-ce/

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Herod the Great rules Israel/Palestine as a client king of the Romans

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Herod the Great rules Israel/Palestine as a client king of the Romans

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40-4 BCE

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~4 BCE

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~30 CE

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51-53 BCE

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 First Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple Temple by the Romans

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 First Jewish Revolt and the Destruction of the Second Temple Temple by the Romans

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70 CE

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 Second Jewish Revolt against the Romans (The Bar Kokhba Revolt)

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 Second Jewish Revolt against the Romans (The Bar Kokhba Revolt)

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135 CE

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Constantine makes Christianity an official religion in the Roman Empire in the Edict of Milan

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Constantine makes Christianity an official religion in the Roman Empire in the Edict of Milan

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313 CE