# data[].attributes.body
Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, Harriet Jacobs publicized her sexual vulnerability and stated unequivocally that "slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women.

# data[].attributes.body
Sojourner Truth was born and would later go on to escape slavery and become a prominent advocate for women's rights.

# data[].attributes.body
First female abolition group was organized by free women of color, it was called Salem Massachusetts Female Antislavery Society

# data[].attributes.body
Maria W. Stewart (1803-1879), a free black from Connecticut with abolitionist and feminist impulses, delivered four public lectures in Boston.

# data[].attributes.body
Manifestations of black women's race and gender consciousness are also found in the single-sex, self-help organizations which free Northern black women formed in the early 1800s.

# data[].attributes.body
Afric-American Female Intelligence Society of Boston was founded in 1831.

# data[].attributes.body
Racially mixed Philadelphia Female AntiSlavery Society, also founded in 1833, emerged because the AAS prohibited female membership.

# data[].attributes.body
primarily white male delegates excluded women from participating in the World's Anti-Slavery    Convention despite being allowed to be there

# data[].attributes.body
A feminist speech, "Ain't I a Woman", is delivered in Ohio.
It enhanced the link in race and gender issues in black women, and how they face womanhood differently than white women.

# data[].attributes.body
Second women's rights convention in Salem, Ohio

# data[].attributes.body
Black men get the right to vote. Women still can't vote.

# data[].attributes.body
American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA) was organized with Lucy Stone as chair.

# data[].attributes.body
The National Association of Colored Women (NACW) was formed

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
This article was most recently revised and updated by

National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC), formerly (1896-1914) National Association of Colored Women (NACW), American organization formed at a convention in Washington, D.C., as the product of the merger in 1896 of the National Federation of Afro-American Women and the National League of Colored Women-organizations that had arisen out of the African American women's club movement. Its founders included Harriet Tubman, Frances E.W. Harper, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, and Mary Church Terrell, who became the organization's first president.

The NACW adopted the motto "Lifting As We Climb," with the intention of demonstrating to "an ignorant and suspicious world that our aims and interests are identical with those of all good aspiring women." Terrell established an ambitious and forward-thinking agenda for the organization, focusing on job training, wage equity, and child care. The organization raised funds for kindergartens, vocational schools, summer camps, and retirement homes. In addition, the NACW opposed segregated transportation systems and was a strong and visible supporter of the antilynching movement.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (reproduction no. LC-USZ62-75978)

In 1912 the organization began a national scholarship fund for college-bound African American women. During that same year it endorsed the suffrage movement, two years before its white counterpart, the General Federation of Women's Clubs. In 1914 the NACW changed its name to the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs.

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; neg. no. LC USZ 62 54724

Into the early 21st century the NACWC continued its traditional community-based service projects, with equal pay and child care remaining as chief issues.

Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now

Adam Augustyn, Managing Editor, Reference Content.

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

National Association of Colored Women's Clubs

date

related people

areas of involvement

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
national association of colored women's clubs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
National Association of Colored Women's Clubs | Description, History, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This article was most recently revised and updated by National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC), formerly (1896-1914) National Association of Colored Women (NACW), American organization formed at a convention in Washington, D.C., as the product of the merger in 1896 of the National Federation of Afro-American Women and the National League of Colored Women-organizations that had arisen out of the African American women's club movement.

# data[].attributes.body
The National Training School  for

Women  and  Girls  in Washington,   D.C. is founded to prepare and educate black women for industrial employment.

# data[].attributes.body
A newspaper is published that passionately describes imperialism, racism, capitalism, race, class, and  gender oppression that  black and  other women experienced globally and in colonial contexts.

# data[].attributes.body
WW2 left a labor shortage from men who were at war and black  women left the rural South

again and migrated to the North    for better jobs in industry.

# data[].attributes.body
Beatrice Medicine was on the American Indian Women’s Service League in Seattle.  An activist group

# data[].attributes.body
Publication of Toni Cade's book: The Black Woman : An Anthology

# data[].attributes.body
Dr. Ross became active in the Women’s movement at the University of Montana.  Inspired by loved experience and her friend Diane Sands

# data[].attributes.body
Medicine was a leader in that she Was instructing class on Native Women

# data[].attributes.body
Combahee River Collective, made up of black feminists, formed. It was named in honor of Harriet Tubman's efforts to free over 800 slaves.

# data[].attributes.body
Dr. Ross met Dr. Medicine at a conference and was inspired by medicine’s work resulting in in her personal and professional roles

# data[].attributes.body
Dr Ross attended a conference on Native Women and gained another perspective of intersectional aspects in Indigenous Feminism which is if you were raised on the reservation or in the urban community

# data[].attributes.body
Ellen Gilham Clayborn developed a class on Native Women at U of M.

# data[].attributes.body
Dr Ross Presented in Indigenous communities on the “F- word: feminism”

# data[].attributes.body
Dr Ross began instructing class at the UM and used books such as “Daughters of the Earth” to critique and books such as “The White Mand Indian” to critique Indian cinema.  Early lectures were anthropological and sociological.  Then she moved towards theories of colonialism and Native Feminism

# data[].attributes.body
The term "womanism" is introduced by Alice Walker as an alternative to feminism.

# data[].attributes.body
Medicine’s book “The Hidden Half” was published

# data[].attributes.body
bell hooks publishes "Aint I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism"

# data[].attributes.body
Kate Shanley’s book “Thoughts on Indian Feminism” was published

# data[].attributes.body
Paula Gunn Allen’s’s essay “Violence and the American Indian Woman” was published

# data[].attributes.body
Gunn Allen’s book “The Sacred Hoop” was published