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Explains the step by step instructions on how to make tacos.

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Ever wondered how to make simple ground beef tacos that are as good as the ones you enjoy at your local taqueria? This Easy Beef Tacos recipe is your answer. With just six ingredients and 30 minutes of your time, you can serve up ten delicious yet simple beef tacos.

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Ingredients

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Steps

Cook beef in 10-inch skillet over medium heat 8 to 10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until brown; drain.

Stir salsa into beef. Heat to boiling, stirring constantly; reduce heat to medium-low. Cook 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. Pour beef mixture into large serving bowl.

Heat taco shells as directed on package. Serve taco shells with beef mixture, lettuce, tomato and cheese.

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Tips from the Betty Crocker Kitchens

Create a small condiment bar to serve alongside your easy ground beef tacos: in addition to the lettuce, tomato and cheese, set out small bowls of chopped avocado, sliced radishes, sweet bell pepper, additional salsa and fresh cilantro.

Turn these Easy Beef Tacos into taco bowls by spooning the salsa-seasoned beef onto a bed of shredded lettuce, topped with the tomatoes and cheese. Sprinkle with crushed tortilla chips for added crunch.

Look for shredded Mexican cheese blends where you'd find the Cheddar cheese-they're a mix of Cheddar, Monterey Jack, Colby, and sometimes a sprinkle of mild chili powder.

Try switching up this simple ground beef taco recipe by using ground chicken or ground turkey instead.

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Nutrition

190 Calories, 11 g Total Fat, 12 g Protein, 10 g Total Carbohydrate

Show less - See full nutrition facts +

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More About This Recipe

Food historians aren't entirely sure about the exact origins of Mexico's most famous culinary export. In Jeffrey M. Pilcher's book, Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food, he suggests that the dish might have become popular with 18th century silver miners, who named the handheld food after small explosive charges used to excavate ore. The dish grew in popularity through the growth of taquerias in Mexico City. When tacos became part of the fast-food landscape, Americans discovered a deep and abiding hunger for the meaty, crunchy, spicy food. One reason for the popularity of this beef taco recipe is that it calls for simple ingredients like ground beef, Old El Paso™ Thick 'n Chunky salsa and Old El Paso™ taco shells. You can customize the recipe with ground chicken or turkey. Now that you know how to cook tacos, you can find so many more quick and easy ideas in Betty's Best Beef Taco recipe collection.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ever wondered how to make simple ground beef tacos that are as good as the ones you enjoy at your local taqueria? This Easy Beef Tacos recipe is your answer. With just six ingredients and 30 minutes of your time, you can serve up ten delicious yet simple beef tacos.

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Produceral Writing provides step by step instructions for example step by step instructions on how to build a fluffy unicorn.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
COLOR-CHANGING Unicorn Plush!! How to Make Cutest DIY Unicorn Crafts!

# data[].attributes.body
How-to videos and articles are also expository writings. They teach and explain to the reader how to do something. Such as the guide and step-by-step instructions on how to win at connect 4.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
While Tic-Tac-Toe may be the original game about getting pieces in a row, Connect 4 is another classic strategy game. With black and red game pieces reminiscent of checkers, Connect 4 requires a fair amount of foresight. Connect 4 can also move quickly, which requires some fast thinking on the part of its players. Like Tic-Tac-Toe, Connect 4 is played between two people, but while you can get creative with constructing a Tic-Tac-Toe board, Connect 4 requires a special rack.

Here are some quick tips on how to win at Connect 4:

Anticipate Your Opponent's Moves

Connect 4 is indeed very similar to other strategy games, but for players who are not used to the rack, it can be almost intimidating. One of the most important things to remember while playing is that you need to anticipate your opponent's moves. You don't want to inadvertently force your opponent into a winning position!

Stay in the Middle

On the standard seven-column board, any connect-four that is not vertical must use one checker from the center column. This means that if you control most of the central column, it will be very difficult for your opponent to get a connect-four.

If your opponent can create three-in-a-row with an open, playable space on either side, then you will probably lose. Prevent this ahead of time by paying attention as soon as your opponent gets two checkers in a row. Trying to anticipate ways your opponent could win will help you defend against it.

Watch out for Game-Ending Spaces

It will sometimes happen that a certain space on the board would give a connect-four to either you or your opponent, depending on who plays there. If this occurs, then as soon as that space is filled, the game will be over. You can safely ignore all spaces above the game-ending space in the same column, as well as any potential connect-fours that rely on the spaces you are ignoring.

Never Play Directly Below the Game-Ending Space

This will allow your opponent to play into the space and claim victory. Conversely, you should attempt to force your opponent to play just below the game-ending space, perhaps by setting up a connect-four that forces your opponent to block in the critical space.

Fork Your Threats Whenever Possible

The ideal position is to have two potential connect-fours that need a final checker on two spaces that are on top of each other. This will usually lead to a victory because you can threaten in the first space. If the opponent fails to block, you win. If the opponent blocks, you play on top to win in the next space. A simple way to set this up is to make a "7" with your checkers, such that finishing the horizontal or diagonal connect-four on the right will be two spaces on top of each other.

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Top Strategies to Help You Win at Connect 4

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While Tic-Tac-Toe may be the original game about getting pieces in a row, Connect 4 is another classic strategy game. With black and red game pieces reminiscent of checkers, Connect 4 requires a fair amount of foresight. Connect 4 can also move quickly, which requires some fast thinking on the part of its players.

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Espository writing is writings that exposes writing. Its writing that explains and educates its readers. Its rather entertaining than persusasive. For example, magazine articles are entertianment and sometimes you can learn new things from them. For example, we learned about Kim K and Kanye West divorce through people magazine.

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During a bifurcation hearing on Tuesday, the judge granted Kardashian's request to be ruled legally single, PEOPLE has confirmed. Kardashian, 41, appeared via video conference for the hearing, while West, 44, did not attend.

TMZ was the first to report on the news.

The ruling comes nearly three months after she asked the judge to change her marital status.

West previously challenged his estranged wife's request to be declared legally single, but said in a statement Tuesday that, "I've asked my team to expedite the dissolution of my marriage to Kim so I can put my entire attention to our beautiful children."

Attorneys for Kardashian and West did not immediately respond to PEOPLE's request for comment.

Kardashian and West started dating in 2012 and wed in May 2014. They share four children: North, 8, Saint, 6, Chicago, 4, and Psalm, 2½.

Then, Kardashian filed for divorce from West in February 2021 after nearly seven years of marriage. Months later, in December, she requested to be declared legally single. She also asked to separate issues of child custody and property from her marital status and to have her maiden name restored.

Kim Kardashian, Kanye West

In recent court documents, filed on Feb. 23, Kardashian said, "I very much desire to be divorced. I have asked Kanye to keep our divorce private, but he has not done so. Kanye has been putting a lot of misinformation regarding our private family matters and co-parenting on social media which has created emotional distress. I believe that the court terminating our marital status will help Kanye to accept that our marital relationship is over and to move forward on a better path which will assist us in peacefully co-parenting our children."

The Kardashians star added, "While I wish our marriage would have succeeded, I have come to the realization that there is no way to repair our marriage. Kanye does not agree but at least it appears that he has come to the realization that I want to end our marriage, even if he does not. I ask that the Court restore me to the status of a single person so that I can begin the healing process and so that our family can begin the healing process and move forward in this new chapter in our lives."

Also in her filing, Kardashian and her lawyers claim "West, by his actions, has made it clear that he does not accept that the parties' marital relationship is over," adding, "Mr. West has disseminated on social media the parties' private communications and misinformation about personal family matters and co-parenting, which has caused emotional distress. Terminating marital status should help Mr. West to accept that the parties' marital relationship is over and to move forward on a better path which will assist in peacefully co-parenting the parties' children."

The mother of four argued that further delaying the divorce "will only create further tension and anxiety" and accused West of attempting to "rewrite the terms of the parties' prenuptial agreement."

"Kanye's constant attacks on me in interviews and on social media is actually more hurtful than any TikTok North might create," she wrote on her Instagram Story in February. "As the parent who is the main provider and caregiver for our children, I am doing my best to protect our daughter while also allowing her to express her creativity in the medium that she wishes with adult supervision - because it brings her happiness."

Kardashian continued, "Divorce is difficult enough on our children and Kanye's obsession with trying to control and manipulate our situation so negatively and publicly is only causing further pain for all. From the beginning, I have wanted nothing but a healthy relationship because it is what is best for our children and it saddens me that Kanye continues to make it impossible every step of the way."

West later took "accountability" for his series of Instagram posts. However, the rapper has continued sharing posts about Davidson, Kardashian and her family in the weeks since.

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Judge Rules Kim Kardashian Legally Single amid Ongoing Divorce from Kanye West

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During a bifurcation hearing on Tuesday, the judge granted Kardashian's request to be ruled legally single, PEOPLE has confirmed. Kardashian, 41, appeared via video conference for the hearing, while West, 44, did not attend. TMZ was the first to report on the news.

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Another example "The War on Terror has contributed to the growing abuse of many human rights". This opinion cant be backed up with evidence and human surverys to prove that war and violence is not being a positive impact on individuals but rather a negative impact.

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Amnesty says human rights have been eclipsed by “war on terror”

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The “war on terror” of the United States and the United Kingdom has diverted the world’s attention from human rights issues elsewhere, says Amnesty International’s 2006 annual report.

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A persuasive argument is making writers agree with your opinion.However, you can just make a claim, you have to provide evidence to prove why you feel that way. Only factual and valid claims are fesabile in a argument. For example, some people argue that dieting makes people fat because they arent putting the proper fats and carbs and sugar into their body. This can be backed up by a study that proves that people who diet are more likely to gain weight than loose it.

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Dieting is a multibillion-dollar global industry.

However, there's no evidence people are becoming slimmer as a result.

In fact, the opposite seems to be true. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide.

About 13% of the world's adult population has obesity, and this number increases to 35% in the United States (, ).

Interestingly, there's some evidence that weight loss diets don't work in the long term and may actually lead to weight gain.

As the obesity epidemic continues to grow, many people turn to calorie-restricted diets in an attempt to lose weight.

However, people with obesity aren't the only ones dieting. Losing weight is a priority for many people who either have less weight or are slightly overweight, particularly women.

Many researchers believe this is related to having a poor body image, which is made worse by constant media exposure to slim models, celebrities, and athletes (, ).

The desire to be thinner can begin as early as grade school. In one study, more than 50% of girls ages 6-8 with less weight said that their ideal weight was lower than their actual weight ().

Girls' beliefs about dieting and weight are often learned from their mothers.

In one study, 90% of mothers reported they had dieted recently. Study results showed 5-year-old daughters of dieting mothers were twice as likely to already have thoughts about dieting, compared with daughters of non-dieting mothers ().

Summary
The desire to be thin is very common in women and can begin as early as 5 years old. Early awareness of dieting is often due to a mother's dieting behavior.

Losing weight is big business worldwide.

In 2015, it was estimated that weight loss programs, products, and other therapies generated more than $150 billion in profits in the United States and Europe combined ().

The global weight loss market is predicted to reach $246 billion by 2022 ().

Not surprisingly, weight loss programs can be quite expensive for someone who wants to lose more than a few pounds.

One study found that the average cost to lose 11 pounds (5 kg) ranged from $755 for the Weight Watchers program to $2,730 for the medication orlistat ().

What's more, most people go on many diets during their lifetime.

When these multiple attempts are taken into consideration, some people end up spending thousands of dollars pursuing weight loss, often without long-term success.

Summary
The diet industry generates billions of dollars every year and is expected to continue to grow in response to people's desire to lose weight.

Unfortunately, weight loss diets have a disappointing track record.

In one study, 3 years after participants concluded a weight loss program, only 12% had kept off at least 75% of the weight they'd lost, while 40% had gained back more weight than they had originally lost ().

Another study found that 5 years after a group of women lost weight during a 6-month weight loss program, they weighed 7.9 pounds (3.6 kg) more than their starting weight on average ().

Yet, another study found that only 19% of people were able to maintain a 10% weight loss for 5 years ().

It also appears that weight regain occurs regardless of the type of diet used for weight loss, although some diets are linked to less regain than others.

For instance, in a study comparing three diets, people who followed a diet high in monounsaturated fat regained less weight than those who followed a low fat or control diet ().

A group of researchers who reviewed 14 weight loss studies pointed out that in many cases, regain may be higher than reported because follow-up rates are very low and weights are often self-reported by phone or mail ().

Research shows that the majority of people will gain back most of the weight they lose while dieting and will even end up weighing more than before.

Summary
Although a small percentage of people manage to lose weight and keep it off, most people regain all or a portion of the weight they lost, and some gain back even more.

Studies suggest that rather than achieving weight loss, most people who frequently diet end up gaining weight in the long term.

A 2013 review found that in 15 out of 20 studies of people without obesity, recent dieting behavior predicted weight gain over time ().

One factor that contributes to regain in people with less weight is an increase in appetite hormones.

Your body boosts its production of these hunger-inducing hormones when it senses it has lost fat and muscle ().

In addition, calorie restriction and loss of muscle mass may cause your body's metabolism to slow down, making it easier to regain weight once you return to your usual eating pattern.

In one study, when men with less weight followed a diet providing 50% of their calorie needs for 3 weeks, they started burning 255 fewer calories each day ().

Many women first go on a diet in their early teen or preteen years.

A lot of research shows that dieting during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of developing overweight, obesity, or disordered eating in the future ().

A 2003 study found that teens who dieted were twice as likely to become overweight than non-dieting teens, regardless of their starting weight ().

Although genetics play a large role in weight gain, studies on identical twins have shown that dieting behavior may be just as important (, ).

In a Finnish study that followed 2,000 sets of twins over 10 years, a twin who reported dieting even one time was twice as likely to gain weight compared with their non-dieting twin. Also, the risk increased with additional dieting attempts ().

However, keep in mind that these observational studies don't prove that dieting causes weight gain.

People who tend to gain weight are more likely to go on a diet, which may be the reason why dieting behavior is associated with an increased risk of gaining weight and developing obesity.

Summary
Rather than producing lasting weight loss, dieting among people who don't have obesity is associated with an increased risk of gaining weight and developing obesity over time.

Fortunately, there are some alternatives to dieting that give you a better chance of avoiding or reversing weight gain.

Focus on healthy choices and mindful eating

Try shifting the focus from a dieting mentality to eating in a way that optimizes your health.

To start, choose nourishing foods that keep you satisfied and allow you to maintain good energy levels so you feel your best.

Eating mindfully is another helpful strategy. Slowing down, appreciating the eating experience, and listening to your body's hunger and fullness cues can improve your relationship with food and may lead to weight loss (, , ).

Exercise regularly

Exercise can reduce stress and improve your overall health and sense of well-being.

Research suggests that at least 30 minutes of daily physical activity is particularly beneficial for weight maintenance (, ).

The best form of exercise is something you enjoy and can commit to doing long term.

Accept that achieving your 'ideal' weight may not be possible

Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of your weight in kilograms divided by the square of your height in meters. It's often used to help people determine their healthy weight range.

Researchers have challenged the usefulness of BMI for predicting health risk, as it doesn't account for differences in bone structure, age, gender, or muscle mass, or where a person's body fat is stored ().

A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is classified as normal, while a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight, and a BMI above 30 refers to having obesity.

However, it's important to recognize that you can be healthy even if you're not at your ideal weight. Some people feel and perform best at a weight higher than what's considered a normal BMI.

Although many diets promise to help you achieve your "dream body," the truth is that some people simply aren't cut out to be very thin.

Studies suggest that being fit at a stable weight is healthier than losing and regaining weight through repeated cycles of dieting (, , ).

Accepting your current weight can lead to increased self-esteem and body confidence, along with avoiding the lifelong frustration of trying to achieve an unrealistic weight goal (, ).

Summary
Try to focus on being healthier instead of aiming for an "ideal" weight. Let weight loss follow as a natural side effect of a healthy lifestyle.

The desire to be thin often begins early in life, particularly among girls, and it can lead to chronic dieting and restrictive eating patterns.

This can do more harm than good. Contrary to popular opinion, permanent changes in lifestyle habits are needed.

Breaking the dieting cycle can help you develop a better relationship with food and maintain a healthier stable weight.

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Dieting is a multibillion-dollar global industry. However, there's no evidence people are becoming slimmer as a result. In fact, the opposite seems to be true. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. About 13% of the world's adult population has obesity, and this number increases to 35% in the United States (, ).

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Another example of Literary Non-Fiction includes Memoirs. For example, Orange is the New Black is a memoir about a woman who is wrongfully imprisoned and her experiences in prison. The memoir details the events which occur as a result of Piper Kermins Involvement with Nora Jensen, a former friend, lover, and drug smuggler. I'm 1993, shortly after her graduation from Smith College, Kerman agreed to accompany Jensen on several trips to Asia and Europe, going as far as carrying a suitcase of laundered money across the Atlantic Ocean before returning to San Francisco to piece her life back together. In May 1998, Kerman was visited by two customs agents and 6 years later she was sentenced to 15 months in Federal Prison. The title is based on the "snowclone" the new black and orange because prison uniforms are typically orange.

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Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (titled Orange Is the New Black: My Time in a Women's Prison in some editions) is a 2010 memoir by American author Piper Kerman, which tells the story of her money laundering and drug trafficking conviction and subsequent year spent in a federal women's prison.

The book was adapted into the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black.

The memoir details the events which occur as a result of Piper Kerman's involvement with Nora Jansen (Catherine Cleary Wolters in real life), a former friend, lover and drug smuggler. In 1993, shortly after her graduation from Smith College, Kerman agreed to accompany Jansen on several trips to Asia and Europe, going as far as carrying a suitcase of laundered money across the Atlantic Ocean before returning to San Francisco to "piece her life back together". In May 1998, Kerman was visited by two Customs agents and six years later she was sentenced to 15 months in federal prison. After serving time in three different facilities ( FCI Danbury, FTC Oklahoma City, and MCC Chicago), Kerman was released in March 2005.

The title is based on the snowclone "the new black", and on the fact that in the United States, prisoners usually wear orange prison uniforms.

Sasha Abramsky of the Columbia Journalism Review stated that the book "documents the author's attempts to preserve her individuality in the face of a gray, impersonal bureaucracy-one based around prisoner counts, strip searches, rules governing the minutiae of life, and continual reminders that prisoners, by definition, have no power, no real autonomy." Abramsky wrote that the book is mostly "a journey of self-discovery, describing how one can find one's true strengths during moments of adversity" and that it "is more similar to South African anti-apartheid activist Albie Sachs's Jail Diary than it is to, say, Mumia Abu-Jamal 's denunciatory communiqués from Pennsylvania's death row."

In her review for , Jessica Grose argued that the book is not an examination of women within prison, but rather belongs to the middle-class-transgression genre, in which women from more privileged social classes go into situations which are considered degrading. She said that the book should have included Kerman's insight into her own behavior and "a bit of this moral ambiguity would have helped Kerman's memoir a whole lot." June Thomas, also from Slate, cited Grose's review and added that "ultimately, though, the book feels like a well-written, readable stage in Kerman's rehabilitation." Thomas stated that the television show had improved on the book by expanding on Kerman's descriptions of real people and turning them into compelling fictional characters.

Writing in the Journal-Advocate, Tricia Ketchum called the book "not your typical 'I survived prison memoir', referring to Kerman as "spoiled" as she received multiple care packages and money into her commissary. Ketchum concludes, "The best part of this book is the message that it leaves you with: No matter what choices you make, you never realize just how much they will impact the lives of those around you until it is too late."

The book was selected by the UC Santa Barbara Library as its 2015 book for the university-wide reading program "UCSB Reads".

1. ^ Humphrey, Michael (March 25, 2010). "Ex-Convict Piper Kerman on Her Hot New Memoir, Orange Is the New Black". New York Magazine.

2. Abramsky, Sasha. "American Justice." ^ Columbia Journalism Review, May-June, 2010, Vol.49(1), p.55(3) [Peer Reviewed Journal]. Online: May 1, 2010. Online p. 3. (Archive). Retrieved on July 9, 2014. "The juxtaposition between Texas Tough and Orange Is the New Black is fascinating, and makes them well worth reading together."

3. ^ Abramsky, Sasha (May-June 2010). "American Justice". Columbia Journalism Review. Vol. 49, no. 1. pp. 55(3).

4. Grose, Jessica. "^ What's a Nice Blonde Like Me Doing in Prison?" . April 8, 2010. Retrieved on April 10, 2016.

5. ^ Estrada, Andrea (November 24, 2014). "'UCSB Reads' Selects 'Orange Is the New Black' by Piper Kerman". The UC Santa Barbara Current.

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Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison - Wikipedia

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Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (titled Orange Is the New Black: My Time in a Women's Prison in some editions) is a 2010 memoir by American author Piper Kerman, which tells the story of her money laundering and drug trafficking conviction and subsequent year spent in a federal women's prison.

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Much of literary nonfiction can be described as autobiographical, which is written from the author's perspective. For example, The Diary of Anne Frank. Anne tells her story about her experience in the Annex during World War 2.

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The Diary of a Young Girl, also known as The Diary of Anne Frank, is a book of the writings from the Dutch-language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was apprehended in 1944, and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. The diary was retrieved by Miep Gies, who gave it to Anne's father, Otto Frank, the family's only known survivor, just after the Second World War was over. The diary has since been published in more than 70 languages. First published under the title Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 14 Juni 1942 - 1 Augustus 1944 ( The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 - 1 August 1944) by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947, the diary received widespread critical and popular attention on the appearance of its English language translation, Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Vallentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952. Its popularity inspired the 1955 play The Diary of Anne Frank by the screenwriters Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, which they adapted for the screen for the 1959 movie version. The book is included in several lists of the top books of the 20th century.

The copyright of the Dutch version of the diary, published in 1947, expired on 1 January 2016, seventy years after the author's death, as a result of a general rule in copyright law of the European Union. Following this, the original Dutch version was made available online.

Background

During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, Anne Frank received a blank diary as one of her presents on 12 June 1942, her 13th birthday. According to the Anne Frank House, the red, checkered autograph book which Anne used as her diary was actually not a surprise, since she had chosen it the day before with her father when browsing a bookstore near her home. She entered a one-sentence note on her birthday, writing "I hope I will be able to confide everything to you, as I have never been able to confide in anyone, and I hope you will be a great source of comfort and support." The main diary was written from 14 June.

On 5 July 1942, Anne's older sister Margot received an official summons to report to a Nazi work camp in Germany, and on 6 July, Margot and Anne went into hiding with their parents Otto and Edith. They were later joined by Hermann van Pels, Otto's business partner, including his wife Auguste and their teenage son Peter. Their hiding place was in the sealed-off upper rooms of the annex at the back of Otto's company building in Amsterdam. Otto Frank started his business, named Opekta, in 1933. He was licensed to manufacture and sell pectin, a substance used to make jam. He stopped running his business while in hiding. But once he returned in the summer of 1945, he found his employees running it. The rooms that everyone hid in were concealed behind a movable bookcase in the same building as Opekta. The dentist of helper Miep Gies, Fritz Pfeffer, joined them four months later. In the published version, names were changed: The van Pelses are known as the Van Daans, and Fritz Pfeffer as Albert Dussel. With the assistance of a group of Otto Frank's trusted colleagues, they remained hidden for two years and one month.

On 4 August 1944, they were discovered and deported to Nazi concentration camps. They were long thought to have been betrayed, although there are indications that their discovery may have been accidental, that the police raid had actually targeted "ration fraud". Of the eight people, only Otto Frank survived the war. Anne was 15 years old when she died in Bergen-Belsen. The exact date of her death is unknown, and has long been believed to be in late February or early March, a few weeks before the prisoners were liberated by British troops on 15 April 1945.

In the manuscript, her original diaries are written over three extant volumes. The first volume (the red-and-white checkered autograph book) covers the period between 14 June and 5 December 1942. Since the second surviving volume (a school exercise book) begins on 22 December 1943, and ends on 17 April 1944, it is assumed that the original volume or volumes between December 1942 and December 1943 were lost - presumably after the arrest, when the hiding place was emptied on Nazi instructions. However, this missing period is covered in the version Anne rewrote for preservation. The third existing volume (which was also a school exercise book) contains entries from 17 April to 1 August 1944, when Anne wrote for the last time three days before her arrest.

The manuscript, written on loose sheets of paper, was found strewn on the floor of the hiding place by Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl after the family's arrest, but before their rooms were ransacked by a special department of the Amsterdam office of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD, Nazi intelligence agency) for which many Dutch collaborators worked. The diary papers were kept safe, and given to Otto Frank after the war, when Anne's death was confirmed in July 1945 by the sisters Janny and Lien Brilleslijper, who were with Margot and Anne in Bergen-Belsen.

The diary is not written in the classic forms of "Dear Diary" or as letters to oneself; Anne calls her diary "Kitty", so almost all of the letters are written to Kitty. Anne used the above-mentioned names for her annex-mates in the first volume, from 25 September 1942 until 13 November 1942, when the first notebook ends. It is believed that these names were taken from characters found in a series of popular Dutch books written by Cissy van Marxveldt.

Anne's already budding literary ambitions were galvanized on 29 March 1944 when she heard a London radio broadcast made by the exiled Dutch Minister for Education, Art, and Science, Gerrit Bolkestein, calling for the preservation of "ordinary documents-a diary, letters ... simple everyday material" to create an archive for posterity as testimony to the suffering of civilians during the Nazi occupation. On 20 May 1944, she notes that she started re-drafting her diary with future readers in mind. She expanded entries and standardized them by addressing all of them to Kitty, clarified situations, prepared a list of pseudonyms, and cut scenes she thought would be of little interest or too intimate for general consumption. By the time she started the second existing volume, she was writing only to Kitty.

For many years there was much conjecture about the identity or inspiration of Kitty, who in Anne's revised manuscript is the sole recipient of her diary entries. In 1996, the critic Sietse van der Hoek wrote that the name referred to Kitty Egyedi, a prewar friend of Anne's. Van der Hoek may have been informed by the publication A Tribute to Anne Frank (1970), prepared by the Anne Frank Foundation, which assumed a factual basis for the character in its preface by the then-chairman of the Foundation, Henri van Praag, and accentuated this with the inclusion of a group photograph that singles out Anne, Sanne Ledermann, Hanneli Goslar, and Kitty Egyedi. Anne does not mention Kitty Egyedi in any of her writings (in fact, the only other girl mentioned in her diary from the often reproduced photo, other than Goslar and Ledermann, is Mary Bos, whose drawings Anne dreamed about in 1944) and the only comparable example of Anne's writing un-posted letters to a real friend are two farewell letters to Jacqueline van Maarsen, from September 1942.

Theodor Holman wrote in reply to Sietse van der Hoek that the diary entry for 28 September 1942 proved conclusively the character's fictional origin.[citation needed ] Jacqueline van Maarsen agreed,[citation needed ] but Otto Frank assumed his daughter had her real acquaintance in mind when she wrote to someone of the same name.[citation needed ] However, Kitty Egyedi said in an interview that she was flattered by the assumption, but doubted the diary was addressed to her:

Kitty became so idealized and started to lead her own life in the diary that it ceases to matter who is meant by 'Kitty'. The name ... is not meant to be me.

Only when Anne Frank's diaries were transcribed in the 1980s did it emerge that 'Kitty' was not unique; she was one of a group of eight recipients to whom Anne addressed the first few months of her diary entries. In some of the notes, Anne references the other names, suggesting she imagined they all knew each other. With the exception of Kitty none of the names were of people from Anne's real-life social circle. Three of the names may be imaginary but five of them correspond to the names of a group of friends from the novels of Cissy van Marxveldt, which Anne was reading at the time. Significantly, the novels are epistolary and include a teenage girl called 'Kitty Francken'. By the end of 1942 Anne was writing solely to her. In 1943 when she started revising and expanding her diary entries she standardised the form and consolidated all of the recipients to one: Kitty.

Anne had expressed the desire in the rewritten introduction of her diary for one person that she could call her truest friend, that is, a person to whom she could confide her deepest thoughts and feelings. She observed that she had many "friends" and equally many admirers, but (by her own definition) no true, dear friend with whom she could share her innermost thoughts. She originally thought her girl friend Jacque van Maarsen would be this person, but that was only partially successful. In an early diary passage, she remarks that she is not in love with Helmut "Hello" Silberberg, her suitor at that time, but considered that he might become a true friend. In hiding, she invested much time and effort into her budding romance with Peter van Pels, thinking he might evolve into that one, true friend, but that was eventually a disappointment to her in some ways, also, though she still cared for him very much. Ultimately, it was only to Kitty that she entrusted her innermost thoughts.

In her diary, Anne wrote of her very close relationship with her father, lack of daughterly love for her mother (with whom she felt she had nothing in common), and admiration for her sister's intelligence and sweet nature. She did not like the others much initially, particularly Auguste van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer (the latter shared her room). She was at first unimpressed by the quiet Peter; she herself was something of a self-admitted chatterbox (a source of irritation to some of the others). As time went on, however, she and Peter became very close and spent a lot of time together. After a while Anne became a bit disappointed in Peter and on July 15, 1944 she wrote in her diary that Peter could never be a `kindred spirit'.

Editorial history

There are two versions of the diary written by Anne Frank. She wrote the first version in a designated diary and two notebooks (version A), but rewrote it (version B) in 1944 after hearing on the radio that war-time diaries were to be collected to document the war period. Version B was written on loose paper, and is not identical to Version A, as parts were added and others omitted.

Publication in Dutch

The first transcription of Anne's diary was in German, made by Otto Frank for his friends and relatives in Switzerland, who convinced him to send it for publication. The second, a composite of Anne Frank's versions A and B as well as excerpts from her essays, became the first draft submitted for publication, with an epilogue written by a family friend explaining the fate of its author. In the spring of 1946, it came to the attention of Dr. Jan Romein and his wife Annie Romein-Verschoor, two Dutch historians. They were so moved by it that Anne Romein made unsuccessful attempts to find a publisher, which led Romein to write an article for the newspaper Het Parool:

This apparently inconsequential diary by a child, this " de profundis" stammered out in a child's voice, embodies all the hideousness of fascism, more so than all the evidence of Nuremberg put together.

- Jan Romein in his article "Children's Voice" on Het Parool, 3 April 1946.

This caught the interest of Contact Publishing in Amsterdam, who approached Otto Frank to submit a Dutch draft of the manuscript for their consideration. They offered to publish, but advised Otto Frank that Anne's candor about her emerging sexuality might offend certain conservative quarters, and suggested cuts. Further entries were also deleted. The diary - which was a combination of version A and version B - was published under the name Het Achterhuis. Dagbrieven van 14 juni 1942 tot 1 augustus 1944 ( The Secret Annex. Diary Letters from 14 June 1942 to 1 August 1944) on 25 June 1947. Otto Frank later discussed this moment, "If she had been here, Anne would have been so proud." The book sold well; the 3,000 copies of the first edition were soon sold out, and in 1950 a sixth edition was published.

In 1986, a critical edition appeared, incorporating versions A and B, and based on the findings of the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation into challenges to the diary's authenticity. This was published in three volumes with a total of 714 pages.

Publication in English

In 1950, the Dutch translator Rosey E. Pool made a first translation of the Diary, which was never published. At the end of 1950, another translator was found to produce an English-language version. Barbara Mooyaart-Doubleday was contracted by Vallentine Mitchell in England, and by the end of the following year, her translation was submitted, now including the deleted passages at Otto Frank's request. As well, Judith Jones, while working for the publisher Doubleday, read and recommended the Diary, pulling it out of the rejection pile. Jones recalled that she came across Frank's work in a slush pile of material that had been rejected by other publishers; she was struck by a photograph of the girl on the cover of an advance copy of the French edition. "I read it all day", she noted. "When my boss returned, I told him, 'We have to publish this book.' He said, 'What? That book by that kid?'" She brought the diary to the attention of Doubleday's New York office. "I made the book quite important because I was so taken with it, and I felt it would have a real market in America. It's one of those seminal books that will never be forgotten", Jones said. The book appeared in the United States and in the United Kingdom in 1952, becoming a best-seller. The introduction to the English publication was written by Eleanor Roosevelt.

In 1989, an English edition of this appeared under the title of The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition, including Mooyaart-Doubleday's translation and Anne Frank's versions A and B, based on the Dutch critical version of 1986. A new translation by Susan Massotty, based on the original texts, was published in 1995.

Other languages

The work was translated in 1950 into German and French, before it appeared in 1952 in the US in English. The critical version was also translated into Chinese. As of 2019, the website of the Anne Frank House records translations in over 70 languages.

Theatrical and film adaptations

A play by Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich based on the diary won the Pulitzer Prize for 1955. A subsequent film version earned Shelley Winters an Academy Award for her performance. Winters donated her Oscar to the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam.

The first major adaptation to quote literal passages from the diary was 2014's Anne, authorised and initiated by the Anne Frank Foundation in Basel. After a two-year continuous run at the purpose-built Theater Amsterdam in the Netherlands, the play had productions in Germany and Israel.

Other adaptations of the diary include a version by Wendy Kesselman from 1997,. Alix Sobler's 2014 The Secret Annex imagined the fate of the diary in a world in which Anne Frank survives the Holocaust.

The first German film version of the diary, written by Fred Breinersdorfer, was released by NBCUniversal in 2016. The film is derived from the 2014 Dutch stage production.

Censored material

In 1986 the Dutch Institute for War Documentation published the "Critical Edition" of the diary, containing comparisons from all known versions, both edited and unedited, discussion asserting the diary's authentication, and additional historical information relating to the family and the diary itself. It also included sections of Anne's diaries which had previously been edited out, containing passages on her sexuality, references to touching her friend's breasts, and her thoughts on menstruation. An edition was published in 1995 which included Anne's description of her exploration of her own genitalia and her puzzlement regarding sex and childbirth, having previously been edited out by the original publisher.

Cornelis Suijk-a former director of the Anne Frank Foundation and president of the U.S. Center for Holocaust Education Foundation-announced in 1999 that he was in the possession of five pages that had been removed by Otto Frank from the diary prior to publication; Suijk claimed that Otto Frank gave these pages to him shortly before his death in 1980. The missing diary entries contain critical remarks by Anne Frank about her parents' strained marriage and discuss Frank's lack of affection for her mother. Some controversy ensued when Suijk claimed publishing rights over the five pages; he intended to sell them to raise money for his foundation. The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, the formal owner of the manuscript, demanded the pages be handed over. In 2000 the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science agreed to donate US$300,000 to Suijk's foundation, and the pages were returned in 2001. Since then, they have been included in new editions of the diary.

In May 2018, Frank van Vree, the director of the Niod Institute along with others, discovered some unseen excerpts from the diary that Anne had previously covered up with a piece of brown paper. The excerpts discuss sexuality, prostitution, and also include jokes Anne herself described as "dirty" that she heard from the other residents of the Secret Annex and elsewhere. Van Vree said "anyone who reads the passages that have now been discovered will be unable to suppress a smile", before adding, "the 'dirty' jokes are classics among growing children. They make it clear that Anne, with all her gifts, was above all an ordinary girl".

In the 1960s, Otto Frank recalled his feelings when reading the diary for the first time, "For me, it was a revelation. There, was revealed a completely different Anne to the child that I had lost. I had no idea of the depths of her thoughts and feelings." Michael Berenbaum, former director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, wrote, "Precocious in style and insight, it traces her emotional growth amid adversity. In it, she wrote, 'In spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart.'"

In 2009, the notebooks of the diary were submitted by the Netherlands and included in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.

In February 2014, authorities discovered that 265 copies of the Frank diary and other material related to the Holocaust were vandalized across 31 public libraries in Tokyo. The Simon Wiesenthal Center expressed "its shock and deep concern" and, in response, Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga called the vandalism "shameful." Israel donated 300 copies of Anne Frank's diary to replace the vandalized copies. An anonymous donor using the pseudonym " Chiune Sugihara" donated two boxes of books pertaining to the Holocaust to the Tokyo Metropolitan Library. Police arrested an unemployed man in March 2014. In June, prosecutors decided not to indict the suspect after he was found to be mentally incompetent. According to librarians in Tokyo, books relating to the Holocaust such as the diary and Man's Search for Meaning attract people with mental disorders and are subject to occasional vandalism.[better source needed ]

In 2009, the terror group Hezbollah called to ban the book in Lebanese schools, arguing that the text was an apology to Jews, Zionism and Israel.

In 2010, the Culpeper County, Virginia school system banned the 50th Anniversary "Definitive Edition" of Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, due to "complaints about its sexual content and homosexual themes." This version "includes passages previously excluded from the widely read original edition.... Some of the extra passages detail her emerging sexual desires; others include unflattering descriptions of her mother and other people living together." After consideration, it was decided a copy of the newer version would remain in the library and classes would revert to using the older version.

In 2013, a similar controversy arose in a 7th grade setting in Northville, Michigan, focusing on explicit passages about sexuality. The mother behind the formal complaint referred to portions of the book as "pretty pornographic."

The American Library Association stated that there have been six challenges to the book in the United States since it started keeping records on bans and challenges in 1990, and that "[m]ost of the concerns were about sexually explicit material".

Authenticity

As reported in The New York Times in 2015, "When Otto Frank first published his daughter's red-checked diary and notebooks, he wrote a prologue assuring readers that the book mostly contained her words". Although many Holocaust deniers, such as Robert Faurisson, have claimed that Anne Frank's diary was fabricated, critical and forensic studies of the text and the original manuscript have supported its authenticity.

The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation commissioned a forensic study of the manuscripts after the death of Otto Frank in 1980. The material composition of the original notebooks and ink, and the handwriting found within them and the loose version were extensively examined. In 1986, the results were published: the handwriting attributed to Anne Frank was positively matched with contemporary samples of Anne Frank's handwriting, and the paper, ink, and glue found in the diaries and loose papers were consistent with materials available in Amsterdam during the period in which the diary was written.

The survey of her manuscripts compared an unabridged transcription of Anne Frank's original notebooks with the entries she expanded and clarified on loose paper in a rewritten form and the final edit as it was prepared for the English translation. The investigation revealed that all of the entries in the published version were accurate transcriptions of manuscript entries in Anne Frank's handwriting, and that they represented approximately a third of the material collected for the initial publication. The magnitude of edits to the text is comparable to other historical diaries such as those of Katherine Mansfield, Anaïs Nin and Leo Tolstoy in that the authors revised their diaries after the initial draft, and the material was posthumously edited into a publishable manuscript by their respective executors, only to be superseded in later decades by unexpurgated editions prepared by scholars.

German retiree Ernst Römer accused Otto Frank of editing and fabricating parts of Anne's diary in 1980. Otto filed a lawsuit against him, and the court ruled that the diary was authentic. Römer ordered a second investigation, involving Hamburg's Federal Criminal Police Office (Germany) ( Bundeskriminalamt (BKA)). It was determined that parts of the diary were written with ballpoint pen ink, which did not exist prior to 1951. Reporters were unable to reach out to Otto Frank for questions as he died around the time of the discovery.

However, the ballpoint pen theory has mostly been discredited. There are only three instances where a ballpoint pen was used in the diary: on two scraps of paper that were added into the diary at a later date (the contents of which have never been considered Anne Frank's writing and are usually attributed to being Otto Frank's notes) and in the page numbers (also probably added by Otto Frank while organizing the writings and papers).

Copyright and ownership of the originals

Anne Frank Fonds

In his will, Otto Frank bequeathed the original manuscripts to the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. The copyright however belongs to the Anne Frank Fonds, a Switzerland-based foundation based in Basel which was the sole inheritor of Frank after his death in 1980. The organization is dedicated to the publication of the diary.

Expiration

According to the copyright laws in the European Union, as a general rule, rights of authors end seventy years after their death. Hence, the copyright of the diary expired on 1 January 2016. In the Netherlands, for the original publication of 1947 (containing parts of both versions of Anne Frank's writing), as well as a version published in 1986 (containing both versions completely), copyright initially would have expired not 50 years after the death of Anne Frank (1996), but 50 years after publication, as a result of a provision specific for posthumously published works (1997 and 2036, respectively).

When the copyright duration was extended to 70 years in 1995 - implementing the EU Copyright Term Directive - the special rule regarding posthumous works was abolished, but transitional provisions made sure that this could never lead to shortening of the copyright term, thus leading to expiration of the copyright term for the first version on 1 January 2016, but for the new material published in 1986 in 2036.

The original Dutch version was made available online by University of Nantes lecturer Olivier Ertzscheid and former member of French parliament Isabelle Attard.

Authorship

In 2015, the Anne Frank Fonds made an announcement, as reported in The New York Times, that the 1947 edition of the diary was co-authored by Otto Frank. According to Yves Kugelmann, a member of the board of the foundation, their expert advice was that Otto had created a new work by editing, merging, and trimming entries from the diary and notebooks and reshaping them into a "kind of collage", which had created a new copyright. Agnès Tricoire, a lawyer specializing in intellectual property rights, responded by warning the foundation to "think very carefully about the consequences". She added "If you follow their arguments, it means that they have lied for years about the fact that it was only written by Anne Frank."

The Anne Frank Fonds' claim, however, only referred to the heavily edited 1947 Dutch edition, not to the original diary.

The foundation also relies on the fact that another editor, Mirjam Pressler, had revised the text and added 25 percent more material drawn from the diary for a "definitive edition" in 1991, and Pressler was still alive in 2015, thus creating another long-lasting new copyright. The move was seen as an attempt to extend the copyright term. Attard had criticised this action only as a "question of money", and Ertzscheid concurred, stating, "It [the diary] belongs to everyone. And it is up to each to measure its importance."

References

Further reading

Copyright and ownership dispute

Editions of the diary

Frank, Anne (1995) [1947], Frank, Otto H.; Pressler, Mirjam (eds.), Het Achterhuis [The Diary of a Young Girl - The Definitive Edition] (in Dutch), Massotty, Susan (translation), Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-47378-8 ; This edition, a new translation, includes material excluded from the earlier edition.

Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl, Anne Frank, Eleanor Roosevelt (Introduction) and B.M. Mooyaart (translation). Bantam, 1993. ISBN 0-553-29698-1 (paperback). (Original 1952 translation)

The Diary of Anne Frank: The Critical Edition, Harry Paape, Gerrold Van der Stroom, and David Barnouw (Introduction); Arnold J. Pomerans, B. M. Mooyaart-Doubleday (translators); David Barnouw and Gerrold Van der Stroom (Editors). Prepared by the Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation. Doubleday, 1989.

The Diary of a Young Girl: The Definitive Edition, Otto H. Frank and Mirjam Pressler (Editors); Susan Massotty (Translator). Doubleday, 1991.

Frank, Anne and Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation (2003) [1989]. The Diary of Anne Frank: The Revised Critical Edition. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50847-6.

Anne Frank Fonds: Anne Frank: The Collected Works. All official versions together with further images and documents. With background essays by Gerhard Hirschfeld and Francine Prose. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019

Adaptations

Other writing by Anne Frank

Frank, Anne. Tales from the Secret Annex: Stories, Essay, Fables and Reminiscences Written in Hiding, Anne Frank (1956 and revised 2003)

Publication history

Lisa Kuitert: De uitgave van Het Achterhuis van Anne Frank, in: De Boekenwereld, Vol. 25 hdy dok

Anne Frank Remembered: The Story of the Woman Who Helped to Hide the Frank Family, Miep Gies and Alison Leslie Gold, 1988. ISBN 0-671-66234-1 (paperback).

The Last Seven Months of Anne Frank, Willy Lindwer. Anchor, 1992. ISBN 0-385-42360-8 (paperback).

Anne Frank: Beyond the Diary - A Photographic Remembrance, Rian Verhoeven, Ruud Van der Rol, Anna Quindlen (Introduction), Tony Langham (Translator) and Plym Peters (Translator). Puffin, 1995. ISBN 0-14-036926-0 (paperback).

Memories of Anne Frank: Reflections of a Childhood Friend, Hannah Goslar and Alison Gold. Scholastic Paperbacks, 1999. ISBN 0-590-90723-9 (paperback).

"Memories Mean More to Us than Anything Else: Remembering Anne Frank's Diary in the 21st century" by Pinaki Roy, The Atlantic Literary Review Quarterly (ISSN 0972-3269; ISBN 978-81-269-1057-1), New Delhi, 9(3), July-September 2008: 11-25.

An Obsession with Anne Frank: Meyer Levin and the Diary, Lawrence Graver, University of California Press, 1995.

Roses from the Earth: The Biography of Anne Frank, Carol Ann Lee, Penguin 1999.

Guia Risari, La porta di Anne, Mondadori 2016, ISBN 978-88-04-65888-7.

The Hidden Life of Otto Frank, 2002.

Anne Frank: The Biography, Melissa Muller, Bloomsbury 1999.

My Name Is Anne, She Said, Anne Frank, Jacqueline van Maarsen, Arcadia Books 2007.

External links

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The Diary of a Young Girl , also known as The Diary of Anne Frank , is a book of the writings from the Dutch-language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.