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The Cape Floristic Region is located South Africa near the bay, having over 78,000km^2. It is high in diversity and endemism, and is home to over 9,000 vascular plant species, of which 69 percent are endemic. it is a Fynbos biome local to Fynbos plants like King Protea and Rooibos

The Cape a Floristic Region is home to hot and dry summers, but wet and rainy winters, as the amounts of rainfall vary from 15mm of rainwater in February to 215mm of rainwater in June.

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The Cape Floristic Region is a biodiversity hotspot and is also a home to thousands of different endemic species. All of which contribute to global diversity

The wet winters and fynbos plants allow for a full and maintained water quality which is spread amongst all of the Floristic Region

Large forest area is able to produce a lot of oxygen purifying the air quality.

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Cape Floristic

Features:

Very hot summers also very humid due to rain from the Atlantic and Indian Ocean

Location: South Africa (Southern most of all of Africa)

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1. Soil Fertility and Nutrient Cycling

2. Pollination services

3. Water regulation

4. Biodiversity support

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1. Habitat loss

2. Invasive species (like the pine tree)

3. Air pollution

4. Wildlife management

5. Climate change

6. Water scarcity

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Many things contribute to the environmental issue in The Cape Floristic Region, all of which contribute negatively to their biodiversity. Some examples are:

Growing population: The 2% annual increase of population (4.7M - 2021) and the hundreds of thousands of tourists annually contribute in their own individual ways to the environmental issues. Some ways may be the carbon emissions they produce, littering, waste, careless activities, harming endemic species.

The weather patterns: The weather patterns in South Africa are regularly the same every year, but they experience very hot and dry seasons and then very wet seasons. During the hot and dry seasons it causes fires and droughts which inevitably harm the Floristic Region, while the wet season tends to rejuvenate the damage.

Invasive species: Invasive species such as pine and acacia trees have been polluting the soil and taking up a lot of valuable space which fynbos plants need in order to populate and live. While the government is actively trying to remove these invasive species, it’ll continue to harm the biodiversity.

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1. Urbanization and Infrastructure Development (With urbanization and infrastructure development the ecosystem can be damaged severely with more human interaction with the ecosystem and due to the expansion of development of urbanization and infrastructure trees will most likely get removed/cut down and the terrain would change affecting the local species in the area)

2. Fossil Fuel Consumption (Fossil fuels is helping the climate warm up faster by which can affect the migration patterns of certain species and also can cause pollution in the surrounding local areas)

3. Deforestation (It can cause the animals to be left without a home and also there will be almost no protection for some animals when coming against their predator)

4. Over exploitation of resources (Causes it can have on the environment would be the damaging of the ecosystem of which the local animals live in)

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Like I said in the other section:

Growing population: The 2% annual increase of population (4.7M - 2021) and the hundreds of thousands of tourists annually contribute in their own individual ways to the environmental issues. Some ways may be the carbon emissions they produce, littering, waste, careless activities, harming endemic species.

These are the main contributors as they affect the climate and biodiversity the most

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Consequences have evidently led to specie extinction, with species such as the Table Mountain Frog and African Penguin becoming endangered (IUCN Red List) and have been required to need special care and monitoring for their existence.

Not only will this affect specie habitats and environment, but it will cause water scarcity to be more prone than it already is, and even with the efforts to make water usage more eco-friendly and sustainable, gathering the water needed to begin with will be a challenge to take on.

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1. Loss of ecological services could lead to the ecosystem being more exposed to human interaction without any protection also meaning the ecological service can’t provide with clean water and fresh air

2. Biodiversity decline would be caused to habitat destruction, fragmentation, and pollution

3. Climate change is also a major factor as it can cause animals change their migration patterns/home due to weather and interactions from humans and another reason would be the continued increased levels of heat helping some season affect the yield of certain areas in the country

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effective pollution management strategies are essential to safeguard the unique biodiversity and ecological integrity of this diverse ecosystem. This includes comprehensive approaches to address air pollution from industrial activities, transportation, and agricultural practices. Strengthening regulations and enforcement mechanisms, coupled with promoting cleaner technologies and sustainable practices, can help mitigate air pollution impacts on both the environment and public health.

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According to the Planned Changes in energy supply and water usage, Cape Town is aiming for a more eco-friendly and renewable sources to be taken place. Currently the environment is being polluted by harmful gasses and high emission standards which is harming its environment.

Regarding other things like the Floristic Region, the South African government is implementing strategies to remove invasive and harmful species from its Floristic Region, as well as having secured areas protected by restricted zones.

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Land Transformation and Urban Expansion:

• Agricultural and urban expansion pose significant threats to biodiversity in the region. Agricultural land use has already consumed 26% of the hotspot, with 9% of renosterveld and 49% of fynbos habitats converted. Economic incentives for agriculture often overlook biodiversity protection.

Urbanization is expected to encompass more than 9% of the Cape Floristic Region, with Cape Town's population growth contributing to habitat loss.

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Alien Species Invasion:

﻿﻿The proliferation of alien plants is alarming. Nearly 2% of the region is covered by dense stands of alien species, constituting land conversion. Another 1% has medium-density stands, and 70% of remaining natural habitat contains low-density or scattered patches of alien plants.

﻿﻿Alien fauna (such as trout and smallmouth black bass) negatively impact indigenous fish and aquatic ecosystems. Marine invasives, like the European mussel, also pose problems.

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Ecosystem Degradation:

﻿﻿Pollution, overgrazing, and overharvesting affect ecosystem processes. However, the invasion of alien species is the second-greatest threat after land conversion.

﻿﻿Uncontrolled development threatens the hotspot's coastline, encroaching on dune and coastal shrubland habitats.

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1. Cape mountain zebra: Due to habitat loss and the expansion of infrastructure and Urbanization +more human interactions with the species

2. Table mountain Ghost frog: The cause of their population decline would be because of the invasive species and and the pollutants that enter the water which eventually kills them off easily due to human interaction and habitat loss

3. Geometric tortoise: their reason of their decline of population would be because of the habitat destruction and degradation due to urbanization and development of infrastructure.

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Table Mountain Frog: After it’s endangered status was changed to critically endangered in 2004, people question about why and what measures are being taken in order to save this species. The main causes of its endangerment is because of their small distribution ware (4km^2), the dry and hot weather killing tadpoles, invasive vegetation species, fires, and construction. These have all been slowly killing this species of frogs. Measures taken to save them have been implemented though, such as a program to monitor conditions of the streams that these frogs live in, and also to remove alien vegetation.

African Penguin: African Penguins are labeled endangered by the IUCN Red List, and have gone from 87000 pairs to 25000 in about 40 years. Only about 1000 pairs live in Cape Town and are popular for tourists. Their endangerment comes primarily from habitat destruction, which both in Cape Town and their origins are both experiencing (due to climate change and construction).

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Agricultural and Urban Expansion: The biggest hit to biodiversity comes from the spread of agriculture and cities. Farms are taking over, with 26% of the region already used for agriculture, which has flipped 9% of renosterveld and 49% of fynbos habitats into farmland. Even the mountains aren’t safe, with teas and flowers like proteas being grown more and more.

Alien Species Invasion: Alien plants spread unsustainably, covering nearly 2% of the region in dense stands that are basically like land conversion. Another 1% has medium-density stands, and 70% of the remaining natural habitat has at least some alien plants. These outsiders, including fish like trout and smallmouth black bass, are missing with the local fish and ecosystems.

Ecosystem Degradation: Pollution, overgrazing, and overharvesting are all doing a number on the ecosystem. But the second-biggest threat after land conversion is the invasion of alien species.

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Location: South Africa

Weather: Warm

Features: Warm, has a lot of biodiversity

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Oxygen by photosynthesis

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Invasibe species damaging

Loss of indigenous species

Habitat loss

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Tourism and Agricultural pollution