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a field that studies how a person's genes affect how they respond to medications.

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controlled study, double blind study, single blind study, & open study

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controlled study, double blind study, single blind study, & open study

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- controlled - two groups in a clinical trial where one group is part of the experiment and the other is given a placebo to be the controlled group
- double blind - neither the subjects or experimenters know which group has the placebo and which has the drug on trial
- single blind - the experimenters know which group has the drug or the placebo, but the subjects are unaware of the groups
- open - both the researchers and the patients know who has the drug and who has the placebo

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how might nanomedicine change the future of medicine? 

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how might nanomedicine change the future of medicine? 

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nanomedicine can and already is changing the future of medicine by improving cancer detection and diagnosis and they are small enough to interact directly with cells and improve efficiency and speed.

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how are clinical trials set up to ensure all data collected is valid and that all human subjects are treated ethically? 

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how are clinical trials set up to ensure all data collected is valid and that all human subjects are treated ethically? 

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clinical trials aresplit up into differnet phases to tes \t out the dosages \, reactions, side effect, etc. of a drug. there is also rules and regulations they have to follow as well as be checked and verified by the IRB.

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how can information in our genes affect how our bodies interact with certain medications? 

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how can information in our genes affect how our bodies interact with certain medications? 

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our genes/nucleotide patterns can affect how we react to certain medications because the proteins those genes code for can interact with the drug in many different ways.

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why do some drugs affect individuals in different ways? 

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why do some drugs affect individuals in different ways? 

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some drugs affect individuals in different ways because everyone has different genes and SNPS. Pharmacogeneticists can look at peoples genes and the type or ingredients of a drug to predict how a patient will react.

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a cancer treatment that involves high does of radiation lasers to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.

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a term used to describe the electric properties in prosthetic limbs that mimic the functions of muscles and nerves.

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the word used to describe the movement of pathogens from one spot to another; cancer spreading from the lungs to the bloodstream.

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a drug treatment primarily prescribed to cancer patients to kill fast growing and cancerous cells in the body. chemotherapy has many side effects due to its main form of "working" being to break down certain parts of the body like the immune system and hair follicles.

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how do physical and occupational therapists help patients with disabilities or patients recovering from surgery or injury? 

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how do physical and occupational therapists help patients with disabilities or patients recovering from surgery or injury? 

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physical and occupational therapy helps patients to regain movement of their limbs and simple functions after an injury or surgery.

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how do advances in technology allow for the development of artificial limbs that look and move like actual human limbs? 

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how do advances in technology allow for the development of artificial limbs that look and move like actual human limbs? 

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artificial limbs can be dyed or made with different types of material like silicone to look more realistic, they can also be used with more technologically advanced hinges to make movements like the bending of an elbow smoother.

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in what ways do artificial limbs allow patients who have suffered from the loss of a limb regain lost function? 

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in what ways do artificial limbs allow patients who have suffered from the loss of a limb regain lost function? 

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patients with an artificial limb can regain functions they've lost by using feedback, prosthetic can offer simple movements with hooks and claws.

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how is biofeedback therapy used to help patients improve their health or manage pain? 

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how is biofeedback therapy used to help patients improve their health or manage pain? 

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biofeedback therapy involves you being connected to electrical sensors that measure the feedback your body gives (heart rate, blood pressure, sweat, etc.) and these results can help doctors discover ways to help you decrease pain by relaxing or activating certain muscles when stressors occur.

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what can a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy expect during treatment? 

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what can a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy expect during treatment? 

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science - conduct and drive research towards various viruses and specific aspects
doctor - oversee the management, diagnosis, and prevention of infection by viruses

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BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are tumor suppressor genes that prevent breast and ovarian tissue from growing uncontrollably when they are functioning properly.

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a DNA sequence with a known physical location on a chromosome. it can help to link diseases and certain traits to the accuracy or mutations found in the genes.

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A type of cancer classified by abnormal moles on the skin, most likely caused by excessive UV exposure.

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familial cancer - a specific cancer that frequently occurs in families more often than would be by chance
hereditary cancer - certain patterns of cancer seen within families, can be multiple cancers
sporadic cancer - cancer that occurs in people without a family history or a change in their DNA

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what is the importance of routine cancer screenings? 

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what is the importance of routine cancer screenings? 

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routine cancer screenings can help detect cancer in it's early stages to help give you a better chance at fighting it off because cancer is easier to treat and cure when it has just began to form.

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Viruses associate with proteins and weaken the body's immune system, and can attach to cells and insert their own DNA causing mutations.

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how can molecular tests be used to detect inherited genetic mutations associated with certain cancers? 

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how can molecular tests be used to detect inherited genetic mutations associated with certain cancers? 

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genetic marker analysis can sequence DNA easier and cheaper, STR's can be compared and found through gel electrophoresis.

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how can lifestyle changes reduce the risk for developing cancer? 

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how can lifestyle changes reduce the risk for developing cancer? 

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staying active and maintaining a balanced diet can reduce one's risk of cancer by keeping them in good health.

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in what ways do different risk factors increase the chance that a person will develop cancer? 

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in what ways do different risk factors increase the chance that a person will develop cancer? 

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age, weight, genetics and UV exposure can increase the chance that a person will develop cancer. UV exposure can alter the genetic information in our skin cells causing melanoma, and radiation exposure can cause any of our cells to mutate and grow out of control causing cancer.

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half of all men and one third of women will develop cancer in their lifetime. Millions of American's currently have or have had cancer in their lifetime.

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a cancer formation or tumor in bone that develops through the osteoblasts.

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an oncogene increases ones risk of developing cancer, under certain circumstances it can transform into a tumor or a cancer cell. a proto-oncogene is a gene involved in normal cell growth, mutations can cause it to form into an oncogene.

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the technique and process of imaging the interior body to look for and treat diseases, it can also provide a visual representation of organs and bones in the body.

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how are the similarities of gene expression patterns between different individuals calculated? 

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how are the similarities of gene expression patterns between different individuals calculated? 

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greater than one: induced by tumor formations
less than one: suppressed by tumor formations
equal to one: not affected
equal to zero: not expressed

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how is DNA microarray technology used to determine the differences in gene expression between different tissue samples? 

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how is DNA microarray technology used to determine the differences in gene expression between different tissue samples? 

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DNA microarrays measure whether the DNA from a person contains a mutation in genes. They look at the gene expression in normal cells.

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in what ways are diagnostic imaging technologies used to diagnose and treat disorders? 

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in what ways are diagnostic imaging technologies used to diagnose and treat disorders? 

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MRI's, bone scans, ct scans, and x-rays are used to diagnose and treat disorders.

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what fundamental characteristics do all cancers have in common?

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what fundamental characteristics do all cancers have in common?

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all cancers cells are characterized by uncontrolled growth, abnormal shape, a large nucleus, sporadic growth, and mutated genes.