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“A variety of techniques were developed but the most straightforward was to mark individual cells with a harmless chemical dye and then to see where that cell and all of its daughters wound up” (88)

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The complexity arises from the parallel and sequential action of tool kit genes––dozens of genes acting at the same time, and hundreds of tool kit genes acting in sequence as development progresses.

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"The beauty of the limb is also sculpted by death. The separation of digits in mince, chickens, and humans is due to the death of the tissue between the digits in the developing limb…cells in the zones [are instructed] to undergo programmed cell death” (chapter 4, page 105)

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“The frequent objection to reductionist thinking is that many important biological entities- cells, individuals, populations, ecological communities- are organized at levels above that of molecules, such that knowledge of molecules alone does not explain the properties of the levels above.” (chp 4, pg 82)

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“The spacing of many individual elements in a larger array is often accomplished by a process dubbed lateral inhibition… The general mechanism is for cells that are to become certain types of structures to create a local zone of inhibition around themselves” (Chapter 4, pg 105)

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“In the same way that knowing a computer is made up of silicon, superconducting metals, and plastics does not tell us how it is
constructed and functions, having an inventory of tool kit genes still leaves us well short of understanding how an animal is put together during development.”

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“This animal will grow rapidly,molt twice, form a pupa, and then emerge as a fly about nine days later”(chapter 4 pg 86).

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“Fate maps reveal that, by some point in development, cells “know” where they are in an embryo and to what tissues or structures they belong.” (Chapter 4, page 89-90)

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“The beauty of the limb is also sculpted by death. The separation of digits in mice, chicks, and humans is due to the death of the tissue between the digits in the developing limb.”

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“The beauty of the limb is also sculpted by death.” (ch 4, 105)

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“The beauty of the limb is also sculpted by death.” (ch 4, 105)

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“Understanding the ‘geography’ of the egg as a central quest of biology, and we shall make new kinds of maps to do so” (Chapter Four, Page 84).

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“The embryo gastrulates by forming a pocket through which most of the cells originally on the outside of the embryo move inside. In just half a day or so after fertilization of the egg, the embryo is already subdivided into the three main tissue layers”(86)

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Ch. 4, Pg. 106: “there is an order to building animals, from the making of the basic body plan to the fine detailing of individual body parts. And, from the logic of this order, we then understand how monstrosities result when the operation of a tool kit gene is damaged by mutation. When a step is omitted, all dependent steps are abnormal.”