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Indestructible Object 1923, remade 1933, editioned replica 1965

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Indestructible Object 1923, remade 1933, editioned replica 1965

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Partly inspired by the ideas of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, surrealism was a movement of writers and artists who experimented with ways of unleashing the unconscious. Many art critics viewed surrealism as absurd or nonsensical but the movement proved to be hugely influential, not just to art but also literature, film, music and philosophy.

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Jackson Pollock's 'drip' paintings may seem very familiar to us now – but his approach to painting, (he laid his canvases on the floor and literally dripped and splashed paint onto the surfaces), and the paintings that resulted caused a splash that went beyond the works themselves, sealing his reputation as one of the most recognised avant-garde artists of the twentieth century.

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Perhaps the ultimate avant-garde movement, Dada was born out of disgust for the social, political and cultural values of the time particularly the horrors and folly of the First World War. Satirical and nonsensical, Dada antics caused outrage, and one of their exhibitions was closed by the police. But paradoxically, although they claimed to be anti-art, the effect of the movement was to open the door to many future developments in art.

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Georges BraqueBottle and Fishes c.1910–12

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Georges BraqueBottle and Fishes c.1910–12

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n around 1907 Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque developed a revolutionary new style of painting that transformed everyday objects, landscapes, and people into geometric shapes. Cubism paved the way for many of the abstract art styles of the twentieth century but the name of the movement derives from the derogatory response of a critic who described one of Braque’s landscape paintings as looking like ‘cubist oddities’.

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Little Dancer Aged Fourteen 1880–1, cast c.1922

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Little Dancer Aged Fourteen 1880–1, cast c.1922

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Innocent though she may look to us today, Degas's Little Dancer Aged Fourteen caused an outcry when she was first exhibited at the 1881 impressionist exhibition in Paris. The figure was described variously as 'repulsive' and 'a threat to society'. Critics and the public were upset by the realism of the work but also because Degas had represented a provocative modern subject ... dancers were considered part of the seamier side of entertainment and little more than prostitutes.

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Because of its radical nature and the fact that it challenges existing ideas, processes and forms; avant-garde artists and artworks often go hand-in-hand with controversy. Read the captions of the artworks below to find out about the shock-waves they caused. An example is Marcel Duchamp, who made his famous piece "The Fountain"

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This movement first appeared in France in the first half of the 19th Century, its credited to Henri de Saint-Simon, a forerunner of socialism. He was said to believe in the social power of the arts and saw artists alongside scientists and industrialists, as the leaders of a new society.

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Gustave Courbet, artist who was heavily influenced by early socialist ideas, was one of the first representatives of this movement. His work was followed by the successive movements of modern art.

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The avant-garde movement consists of people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society. It is frequently characterized by aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability.