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Photosynthesis: green plants make the carbohydrate glucose from carbon dioxide and water and the energy from the sunlight to make glucose.

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Ingestion: taking in of substances (like food and drinks) into the body through the mouth

Absorption: the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

Egestion: the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces through the anus

Assimilation: the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used becoming part of the cells

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Enzymes

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Vertical section of a human heart

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Breakdown of fats, proteins and carbohydrates :

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DEFICIENCIES

 Vitamin C: Scurvy; loss of teeth, pale skin and sunken eyes

 Vitamin D: Rickets; weak bones and teeth

 Calcium: Rickets; weak bones and teeth, also poor clotting of

blood, spasms

 Iron: Anaemia

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Components of Blood:

Red Blood Cells-Red Blood cells contain hemoglobin,which carries oxygen. When the blood contains oxygen is said to be oxygenated,and when it has no oxygen it is deoxygenated.

Platelet-Are microscopic cells that normally appear at the site of a cut, forming a platelet plug in small blood vessels, and forming a clot in larger wounds in order to stop bleeding.

White blood cells-Protects the body from disease and infections by attacking any foreign substances.

Plasma-Water,contains many substances in solution.
It transport CO2,nutrients,urea,hormones,heat,proteins and antibodies.

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Transport in plants-
Xylem transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants. The xylem is made up of dead cells, the water goes through this hollow tube by transpiration. Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants. The phloem transports it down the plant. The xylem and phloem together, are called a vascular bundle. Vascular plants are able to grow higher than other plants due to the rigidity of xylem cells, which support the plant.

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Active transport : the movement of molecules and ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane against a concentration gradient, using energy from respiration

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Berenice
Osmosis vs diffusion :
Osmosis : it is the diffusion of water from a region of higher water potential to a region with a lower water potential, through a partially permeable membrane
Diffusion : it is the net movement of molecules and ions from a region of their high concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as the result of their random movement.

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Valves of the heart:
1.Left atrium-Tricuspid valve
2.Right atrium-Mitral valve
3.Right ventricle-Aortic valve
4.Left ventricle-Pulmonary valve

▪️The muscle separating both sides of the heart is called the septum.

▪️The right ventricle of the heart contains the most amount of muscle around it, as it is required to pump blood with great pressure so that the blood can reach all organs, tissues and muscles.
▪️The blood vessels outside the heart, are called coronary arteries. These are the arteries that supply the heart muscles with oxygen and need nutrients. These vessels are extremely important for the heart as they are the fastest way of supplying oxygen, as the walls or muscles of the heart are too tick for quick diffusion to take place.

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Active Sites: Enzymes and Substrates (the substance at the beginning of the reaction(other than the Enzyme)) work like locks and keys. The enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key. The place where the chemical reactions take place is called the active site.

When the heart is relaxed it is called diastole, at this time the heart is being filled with blood. There are two contractions Atrial systole and Ventricular Systole.
Atrial Systole: When the atriums tighten up and blood is moved to the ventricles.
Ventricular Systole: The the ventricles tighten up to push blood to the rest of the body and lungs.

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Cells < tissue < organ < organ system < organism

Movement in and out of cells:

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Difference between plant vs animal cells:
animalvsplant
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Tris

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Characteristics of living things:
Growth, movement, sensitivity, excretion, reproduction, nutrition, respiration

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Difference between mechanical and chemical digestion: mechanical digestion is the breakdown of food without chemical change to the molecules while chemical digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

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Species: a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring.

Red blood cells
Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow of some bones, including the ribs, vertebrae and some limb bones. The are produced at a very fast rate about 9000 million per hour.
Red cells have to be made so quickly because they do not live for very long. Each red cell only lives for about four months. One reasons for this is that they do not have a nucleus.
Red cells are red because the contin the pigment haeomglobin. This Carries oxygen. Haeomglobin is a protein, and contains protein, and contains iron. It is this iron that readily combines with oxygen where the gas is in good supply.

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Transpiration

Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially evaporation of water from plant leaves.

Similar to the sweat glands on your skin, plants have openings on their leaves that allow water to escape, called stomata  Stomata are usually found on the underside of a leaf to reduce excess water loss, and they're surrounded by guard cells that open and close the pores.

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We have covered many large topics that you know will come up on the exam.  Start to generate areas that you know you will be asked about and come up with some pre-made answers.  For example, (Plant vs. Animal cell anatomy, flow of blood in the heart, passive vs active transport).  After you post your general question or area, everybody can chip in and add details to the post.  This  way as class, you can help cover all the bases and lift each other up.