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In 1963, President John F. Kennedy voiced the idea of guaranteeing coloured people fair and equal treatment in America. But, in November that year, tragedy happened, President Kennedy was assassinated. But, even though he passed away, his idea for civil rights for all, stayed in the minds of everyone. At first, the House kept the future act in the House Rules Committee, and there was an attempted filibuster in the Senate. Thankfully, supporters of the Act threatened to pass the bill without the Committee's approval, which led to the House approving the bill on July 2, 1964. With the help of President Lyndon Johnson, Everett Dirksen, and Senator Hubert Humphrey, the filibuster in the Senate was defeated, and the Republicans were pushed to support the bill. So, President Johnson finally signed the Civil Rights Act into law. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, outlawed discrimination in public places, including school, and outlawed discrimination when it came to employment. This Act shows Constitutional dynamism because it made a huge change to equality in America. This change demonstrates a change in federalism, because the Civil Rights Act officially ended discrimination, which many southerners did not want. When the government passed the Act, many states that were originally for slavery did not want the Act to pass so they were upset when it did pass, just like when the 13th amendment passed. Basically, by illegalizing discrimination, the Federal government made a huge change to equality in the Constitution, by expanding the equality to people of colour, without the support of past slave owners and slave states!

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In the past, Congress passed many laws to protect the rights of African American citizens, and other non-white people in America. However, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was struck down by the Supreme Court because it would have prevented racial discrimination for private individuals, which the Court deemed was not allowed by the 14th amendment. When the Act did not pass, states continued to pass segregation laws that created separate schools and public facilities. In 1887, segregation expanded to the railroads, where a law required separate accommodations for each race; these separate carts on the train became known as "Jim Crow" cars. If people of colour refused to sit in their separate areas, they had to pay a 25$ fine or spend 20 days in jail. So, in 1891, a Citizens Committee, formed by a group of coloured men from New Orleans, decided to test the constitutionality of the separate car law for trains. The Citizens Committee decided to cooperate with the East Louisiana Railroad to press a test case, and the railroad was willing to help push against the law because they did not like having to pay more for segregated cars. On June 7, 1892, the test was put into action, by having Homer Plessy, who had dark skin but was 7/8 white, sit in a white compartment. Plessy was arrested by a conductor and charged for breaking the state law. In court, Judge John H. Ferguson ruled against Plessy, which caused Plessy to apply for a writ of prohibition and certiorari. The court ended up granting him a writ of error that allowed him to bring the case to the Supreme Court. Finally, in 1896, the Supreme Court ruled, for the Plessy vs. Ferguson case, that the law was constitutional, as long as one race was not treated inferior over the other civilly or politically. In the end, the court ruled against Plessy's claim, and the segregation laws remained intact. This ruling shows how our government remained stable and prevented fast change, because the Supreme Court kept interstate laws from changing majorly by declaring that mixed cars on a train was constitutional. This helped to slow down the process of obtaining full equality for coloured Americans, which helped people to be able to adjust to having coloured people not acting as slaves. All in all, by the Court ruling against Plessy, the Constitution did not have any great change, and remained stable!

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In 1824, Chief Justice John Marshall and his Court, decided that Congress can regulate commerce and that the Federal law overrides state laws. This ruling was during the case Gibbons v. Ogden, where Aaron Ogden was sued by Thomas Gibbons because Gibbons was denied access to the Hudson Bay. Aaron had a New York license to navigate his steamboat from New York City to the New Jersey shore. He eventually started competing against Gibbons, who gained permission from the Federal Government to use the waterways with his steamboat. The case was brought to the Supreme Court, where Marshall made his decision. The result of the Gibbons vs. Ogden case led to the Federal Government exercising its new authority over the nation's economic life! This case shows how the government remained stable in federalism, because it prevented the State government from interfering with the regulation of commerce among separate states, performed by Congress. Marshall's decision blocked the New York's law from overriding the Federal Government's, which means that the Federal government blocked an action performed by the state government.

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Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances: Obama Veto override

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Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances: Obama Veto override

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In 2016, a bill appeared, that would allow 9/11 victim's families to sue Saudi Arabia for supposedly helping the attacks of terrorism. In fact, the bill is not as specific, it actually allows any American citizen to sue any country that supposedly gave aid to any terrorist who attacked the United States. However, President Obama vetoed the bill because he believed that the bill would result in a retaliatory litigation, where other countries would create a similar bill, that would allow them to attempt to sue America. Many lawmakers supported Obama's concern about the bill, but, almost the entire Senate voted to override Obama's veto. Though, many senators asked to modify the bill, with one suggestion being to only allow families of 9/11 victims to be able sue. But, one of the lead sponsors for the bill, Chuck Schumer, turned down all the suggestions, and kept the 9/11 victims bill the same. This kept our government stable in terms of checks and balances, because it showed how the legislative branch prevented the executive branch's, specifically the President's, actions. This was done, by Congress overriding Obama's veto, stopping him from attaining the result he wanted. All in all, the legislative branch prevented and action performed by the President.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt served as president for four terms, ranging from 1933 to 1945. He is the only president to serve more than two terms, because George Washington set a precedent by only serving two terms which caused others to do the same. However, President Roosevelt felt that it was necessary to stay due to America being in a crisis, because of World War 2 and the Great Depression. When, in 1945, President Roosevelt passed away, people began to see that a president serving for more than two terms affected the country in a negative way. This eventually led to a limit of two terms being proposed as an amendment. In 1947, Congress passed the 22 amendment to place the limit of two years, an it was ratified by the states on February 27, 1951. The 22nd amendment helped to keep our government stable, by limiting the executive branch's power, due to the President no longer being able to stay in office for more than 8 years. This relates to limited government, because the executive branch received more restrictions when it comes to a presidential term, and these restrictions are used to keep the government stable and fair.

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In 1914, the concept of having a national referendum for declaring war, first appeared. Around the 1930's that idea was highly supported, and around 1935 Representative Louis Ludlow introduced an amendment which would give citizens a direct vote on whether or not America declared war, and that the people who voted 'yes' were immediately drafted. However, a survey was taken in 1935, which showed that only 75% of Americans still supported the idea. By the time the amendment was voted on in Congress, only 68% of Americans supported it, and when the German invasion of Poland occurred, the amount of supporters dropped even more. Finally, in 1938, the amendment was defeated by a vote of 209 to 188, in Congress. The result may have been due to President Roosevelt, who opposed  the amendment, asking Postmaster General James Farley to attempt to persuade the isolationist Irish Congressmen to vote against the amendment. Congress' decision kept the Constitution stable because it prevented an amendment that would have had given citizens more say in the affairs of America. Their decision prevented the expansion of popular sovereignty, which kept the Constitution from changing.

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For this side of the board, I will show how the Constitution has established a government that remains stable by preventing changes from happening too quickly.

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In 1863 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, saying that anyone who is a slave, is now free. However, Lincoln realized that his speech would not guarantee the abolishment of slavery. At the end of the war, an amendment was proposed, that would completely outlaw slavery in the United States. On April 8 of 1864, Congress passed the amendment, and many thought it would be passed by the House because the Southern States had not yet been restored to the Union. However, the House did not pass it. So, Lincoln took action, and pushed for the 13th amendment to be a part of the Republican Party platform that would be used in the next presidential election. Lincoln's efforts were successful, and on January 31, 1865, the House passed the bill. The next step was for Lincoln to approve the Joint Resolution of Congress for submitting the amendments to the state legislatures, which he did. Finally, by December 6, 1865, the needed number of states had ratified the thirteenth amendment, making the solution to solving slavery official. The thirteenth amendment demonstrates the dynamism of the Constitution regarding Federalism, because many southern states were for slavery, so when the government made it illegal, many were unhappy and did not support the 13th amendment. In generally, the Federal government made a huge change to the Constitution, by freeing all slaves, without the approval of all the states.

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Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances: Tonkin Gulf Resolution

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Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances: Tonkin Gulf Resolution

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In the August of 1964, during the presidency of Lyndon Johnson, the North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships located in the Gulf of Tonkin. This led to President Johnson sending out U.S. planes in order to combat the North Vietnamese attackers. He first asked Congress for permission to do so, which led to a joint resolution that was passed on the seventh of August that year. The resolution purpose was to promote the maintenance of international peace and security within the southeast area of Asia. The Tonkin Gulf resolution showed that Congress supported the actions President Johnson was undertaking to combat the forces attacking the U.S. forces, and to prevent more aggression. The Tonkin Gulf resolution then became a legal basis for all future military policies in Vietnam. This represents Constitutional Dynamism because Congress watched what President Johnson was doing and gave him the power to increase the United States involvement in North and South Vietnam's war, and this changed the balance of power between the executive branch and the other branches.

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Originally, Congress placed the first income tax in 1861 because of the financial crisis following the Civil War. By 1872, the income tax was repealed, however, many still thought about the idea. Around the 1860s, 70s, and 80s, political organizations, mostly ones formed by farmers, pushed for a graduated income tax. This was because farmers who were suffering from low profit, were still forced to pay high income taxes. At first, a 2 percent tax on income over 4,000$ was suggested in 1894, but it was struck down by the Supreme Court. Then, in 1909, conservatives proposed an amendment that would create a certain income tax. However, the conservatives actually did not want the amendment to pass, they were actually attempting to kill the idea. But, state legislatures started ratifying the amendment, and on February 25, 1913, the 16th amendment was passed. In general, the 16th amendment gave the Federal government the ability to establish a Federal income tax! This demonstrates a dynamic government, because it shows a changed in limited government, specifically, the 16th amendment shows a change of power between the Federal and State governments. This is because, originally, only states could place taxes, so when the 16th amendment passed, the Federal government gained some of the powers that belonged to the states, which caused the government's powers to expand and its limits to be reduced.

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The 19th amendment was passed by Congress on June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920. Before the 19th was passed, only men were able to vote, including men of colour. However, women were not allowed to vote under any circumstances.; so, starting in the 1800's, women began petitioning for their right to vote. This led to the 19th amendment first being proposed to Congress in 1878. However, by 1912, only nine states had created a woman suffrage legislation. But, the suffragists' luck changed, when New York also adopted a woman suffrage legislation in 1917, and when, in 1918, President Wilson started to support the amendment. Finally, after hard work of lobbying, marching, writing, and parading, women suffragists accomplished there goal, when the House of Representatives finally passed the amendment on May 21, 1919. Then the secretary of Sate Bainbridge Colby certified the 19th amendment's ratification, and woman were finally granted the right to vote. The 19th amendment kept our government dynamic by enlarging the popular sovereignty in America, by allowing, not only people of all races, but people of all genders to vote.

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Under this category, there will be examples on how the Constitution has formed a dynamic government that is able to change with the times.