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The 13th Amendment declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

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The Fourteenth Amendment, which sought to extend national rights to citizens regardless of their race, has been the most litigated provision in the U.S. Constitution. It was proposed by the necessary congressional majorities in June 1866 and ratified in July 1868. The Fourteenth Amendment was wedged between two other amendments that were adopted contemporaneously soon after the Civil War, and an understanding of the dilemmas faced after the war does much to explain it.

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The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited deprivation of voting rights on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

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Jackie Robinson was the first African American to receive a contract to play Major League Baseball. This first break in organized baseball's segregation practices in 1945 paved the way for other talented black athletes to enter the sport.

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Emmett Till was an African American teenager who was murdered by two white men in Mississippi in 1955 because he allegedly made advances towards a white woman

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Desegregation of the Armed Forces - July 31, 1948

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Desegregation of the Armed Forces - July 31, 1948

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President Harry Truman ordered to desegregate the armed forces. Truman also required the military to provide equal opportunities for all citizens.

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Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist who has been called "the mother of the civil rights movement" because of her courage when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man.

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Attempts to desegregate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in the 1950s became national news when Gov. Orval Faubus deployed the state national guard to prevent nine African American students from entering the school. The crisis drew attention to the enforcement of the Brown v. Board of Education decision and fueled the growing civil rights movement.

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The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent demonstrations by African American college students at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina.

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A landmark event in the civil rights movement, the 1961 Freedom Rides were a series of organized interstate bus rides meant to directly confront discriminatory Jim Crow Laws found in the Southern states. Made up of students and veteran civil rights activists, the Freedom Riders were enacting a form of civil disobedience.

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The protests in Birmingham were part of a nonviolent direct action campaign organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) against racial segregation. The Birmingham campaign became a turning point in the struggle for civil rights as the SCLC led a series of boycotts and peaceful demonstrations in the city's downtown area.

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MLK Jailed Letter From Birmingham Jail - April 12, 1963

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MLK Jailed Letter From Birmingham Jail - April 12, 1963

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Martin Luther King Jr. wrote this public letter to his pastoral colleagues from his jail cell in Birmingham, Alabama. King had been imprisoned along with hundreds of other civil rights activists for their peaceful protests in the city against the notorious anti-black attitude of Birmingham's police force. When television cameras captured police officers turning fire hoses on peaceful African-American protestors, much of the American public became more sympathetic to the civil rights movement. King's letter was widely published, and his passionate yet reasonable arguments on behalf of the civil rights movement brought him national attention and respect.

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More than 250,000 demonstrators from all across the country descended on the nation's capital to participate in the March on Washington (officially called the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom). Not only was this march the largest demonstration for human rights in U.S. history, but it also showcased, for the first time, unity among the various civil rights organizations

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - 1964 

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - 1964 

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The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was created by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to eliminate discrimination in all aspects of employment.

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Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States that prohibited the federal and state governments from imposing poll taxes before a citizen can participate in a federal election

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided much of the legal basis for the modern civil rights movement. The law is lengthy and covers many areas of discrimination, most notably voting rights and segregation. Although it was originally passed to protect the rights of African Americans, sections of the law have since been used by a variety of groups in their fight against discrimination.

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It was the first national law to guarantee fully the voting rights of all Americans. An act To enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other purposes.

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MLK was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. His death sparked an enormous wave of rioting and looting in urban areas throughout the nation and brought the idealistic phase of civil rights agitation to a close.

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Civil Rights Act of 1968 - April 11, 1968

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Civil Rights Act of 1968 - April 11, 1968

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The 1968 Civil Rights Act barred discriminatory practices in the advertising, sale, rental, or financing of most dwellings. The act specifically prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin. Injuring, intimidating, or interfering with individuals attempting to exercise rights to fair housing was specifically prohibited by the act and punishable by fines and imprisonment.

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Wisconsin v. Yoder ruled that Wisconsin’s compulsory school attendance law was unconstitutional when applied to the Amish, because it violated their rights under the First Amendment, which guaranteed the free exercise of religion.

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Roe v. Wade is one of the most controversial and far-reaching decisions of the 20th century, striking down state laws that restricted abortion with a seven to two majority.. The case spawned a great deal of opposition and many calls for amendments that would eliminate legal abortions.