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Wang Yifen admits that her feet are sometimes in so much pain that she can't put them on the ground.

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Wang Yifen admits that her feet are sometimes in so much pain that she can't put them on the ground.

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Wang Lifen sometimes is in so much pain that she can't put her foot on the ground.

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Wang Lifen sometimes is in so much pain that she can't put her foot on the ground.

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The Lotus shoes that are worn by those who have bound feet.

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Zhao Hua Hong is one of the last survivors of foot-binding.

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Zhao Hua Hong is one of the last survivors of foot-binding.

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The size of a woman's foot had its own currency. Women with smaller feet are more desirable for marriage because it displays their dependence on men. Bound feet also show their status symbol. The smaller the foot means the more wealthy they are.

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At ages 3-6. the toes are soaked in hot water and toenails were clipped short. Afterwards, the feet are massaged, until all the toes were broken, except for the biggest one, and are folded under the sole. A cloth or silk is used to bound the toes together. This creates an artificial curve.

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Foot-binding most likely ended because the father of daughters witnessed the pain they were going through and were convinced that foot-binding was no longer necessary. Chinese citizens also led anti-foot binding campaigns, but they received negativity; therefore they had to work harder. As a result, foot-binding died out as a trend.

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http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-footbinding-persisted-china-millennium-180953971/
http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/permanent-body-arts/reshaping-and-piercing/161-foot-binding.html
http://ispub.com/IJBA/1/2/7565
https://openendedsocialstudies.org/2016/06/25/foot-binding-and-the-standard-of-beauty/

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Emperor Li Yu was entranced by a court dancer named Yao Niang in the tenth century. Bound feet were supposed to resemble the shape of a new moon. In China, a small foot represented female refinement.