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Kaimani Dryer: The Battle of Iwo Jima was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II

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Kaimani Dryer: The Battle of Iwo Jima was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II

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The Battle of Iwo Jima was an epic military campaign between U.S. Marines and the Imperial Army of Japan in early 1945. Located 750 miles off the coast of Japan, the island of Iwo Jima had three airfields that could serve as a staging facility for a potential invasion of mainland Japan. American forces invaded the island on February 19, 1945, and the ensuing Battle of Iwo Jima lasted for five weeks. In some of the bloodiest fighting of World War II, it's believed that all but 200 or so of the 21,000 Japanese forces on the island were killed, as were almost 7,000 Marines. But once the fighting was over, the strategic value of Iwo Jima was called into question.

Iwo Jima Before the Battle

According to postwar analyses, the Imperial Japanese Navy had been so crippled by earlier World War II clashes in the Pacific that it was already unable to defend the empire's island holdings, including the Marshall archipelago.

In addition, Japan's air force had lost many of its warplanes, and those it had were unable to protect an inner line of defenses set up by the empire's military leaders. This line of defenses included islands like Iwo Jima.

Given this information, American military leaders planned an attack on the island that they believed would last no more than a few days. However, the Japanese had secretly embarked on a new defensive tactic, taking advantage of Iwo Jima's mountainous landscape and jungles to set up camouflaged artillery positions.

Although Allied forces led by the Americans bombarded Iwo Jima with bombs dropped from the sky and heavy gunfire from ships positioned off the coast of the island, the strategy developed by Japanese General Tadamichi Kuribayashi meant that the forces controlling it suffered little damage and were thus ready to repel the initial attack by the U.S. Marines, under the command of Holland M. "Howlin' Mad" Smith.

Marines Invade Iwo Jima

On February 19, 1945, U.S. Marines made an amphibious landing on Iwo Jima, and were met immediately with unforeseen challenges. First and foremost, the beaches of the island were made up steep dunes of soft, gray volcanic ash, which made getting sturdy footing and passage for vehicles difficult.

As the Marines struggled forward, the Japanese lied in wait. The Americans assumed the pre-attack bombardment had been effective, and had crippled the enemy's defenses on the island.

However, the lack of immediate response was simply part of Kuribayashi's plan.

With the Americans struggling to get a foothold on the beaches of Iwo Jima - literally and figuratively - Kuribayashi's artillery positions in the mountains above opened fire, stalling the advancing Marines and inflicting significant casualties.

Despite a banzai charge by dozens of Japanese soldiers as dusk fell, however, the Marines were eventually able to move in past the beach and seize part of one Iwo Jima's airfields - the stated mission of the invasion.

Battle of Iwo Jima Rages On

Within days, some 70,000 U.S. Marines landed on Iwo Jima. Although they significantly outnumbered their Japanese enemies on the island (by a more than three-to-one margin), many Americans were wounded or killed over the five weeks of fighting, with some estimates suggesting more than 25,000 casualties, including nearly 7,000 deaths.

The Japanese, meanwhile, were also suffering major losses, and were running low on supplies - namely, weapons and food. Under Kuribayashi's leadership, they mounted most of their defenses via attacks under the cover of darkness.

While effective, the success of the Japanese forces seemed to merely forestall the inevitable.

Just four days into the fighting, U.S. Marines captured Mount Suribachi, on Iwo Jima's south side, famously raising an American flag at the summit. That image was captured by Associated Press photographer Joe Rosenthal, who won a Pulitzer Prize for the iconic photograph.

However, the fighting was far from over.

Iwo Jima Falls to American Forces

Battles raged on in the northern part of Iwo Jima for four weeks, with Kuribayashi essentially setting up a garrison in the mountains in that part of the island. On March 25, 1945, 300 of Kuribayashi's men mounted a final banzai attack.

The American forces sustained a number of casualties, but ultimately quelled the attack. Although the American military declared that Iwo Jima had been captured the next day, American forces spent weeks on end trudging through the island's jungles, finding and killing or capturing Japanese "holdouts" who refused to surrender and opted to continue fighting.

Dozens of Americans were killed during this process. Two Japanese holdouts continued to hide in the island's caves, scavenging food and supplies until they finally surrendered in 1949, almost four years after the end of World War II.

In the end, neither the U.S. Army nor the U.S. Navy was able to use Iwo Jima as a World War II staging area. Navy Seabees, or construction battalions, did rebuild the airfields for Air Force pilots to use in case of emergency landings.

Letters from Iwo Jima

Because of the brutality of the fighting, and the fact that the battle occurred fairly close to the end of World War II, Iwo Jima - and those who lost their lives trying to capture the island - retain a great deal of significance even today, decades after the fighting stopped.

In 1954, the U.S. Marine Corps dedicated the Marine Corps War Memorial, also known as the Iwo Jima Memorial, near Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia to honor all Marines. The statue is based on Rosenthal's now-famous photograph.

More recently, actor/director Clint Eastwood in 2006 made two movies about the events on Iwo Jima called, respectively, Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima. The first depicts the battle from the American perspective, while the latter shows it from the Japanese perspective.

Sources

Brimelow, B. (2018). "73 years ago a war photographer snapped the most iconic image of World War II - here's the story of the battle behind the photo." BusinessInsider.com.

Naval History and Heritage Command. "The Battle for Iwo Jima." History.Navy.mil.

National World War II Museum. "Fact Sheet: the Battle for Iwo Jima." NationalWW2Museum.org.

National World War II Museum. "Iwo Jima and Okinawa: Death at Japan's Doorstep." NationalWW2Museum.org.

Gerow, A. (2006). "From Flags of Our Fathers to Letters From Iwo Jima: Clint Eastwood's Balancing of Japanese and American Perspectives." The Asia-Pacific Journal.

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The Battle of Iwo Jima (February 19 - March 26, 1945) was an epic military campaign between U.S. Marines and the Imperial Army of Japan during World War II. American forces succeeded in securing the island, which was considered to have great tactical importance for its airfields.

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The attack on pearl harbor was on December 7th, 1941 at just about 8 am at Honolulu, Hawaii's naval base. The Attack was by the Japanese they bombed the base with their fighter planes destroying about 20 naval vessels, 8 big battle ships, more then 300 planes and killed 2,000 and wounded 1,000. The day after the U.S declared war on japan. 3 days after that japans allies Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S to

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The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands on December 7, 1941 marked the official entrance of the United States into World War II.

Background

During the 1930s, Japan, having already annexed Korea in 1910, sought to further expand its empire, particularly to gain natural resources. In 1931, the Japanese invaded Manchuria, a small, resource-rich province in northern China, and set up a puppet state called Manchukuo. In 1937, Japan invaded the rest of China and by some estimates killed as many as 300,000 people during the infamous Nanking Massacre. China would lose as many as 14 million people by the end of World War II.

Western powers were distressed by Japanese expansion, particularly because it violated the "Open Door" Policy supported by the League of Nations (a precursor to the United Nations), which had been put in place to ensure equal trading opportunities with China. The League of Nations reprimanded Japan, but this did nothing to stop its expansion.

As Japan had limited natural resources, 55.4% of its imports at the time came from the United States (Rhodes 39). Beginning in 1937, the U.S. began to embargo supplies of oil, steel, and scrap iron. In December of the same year, Japanese planes sunk the Panay, an American gunboat, in the Yangtze River, killing three Americans. Although Japan said it was a mistake and paid reparations, it further stirred sympathies for China and anger against Japan in the United States.

In 1940, Japan became part of the Axis Alliance with Germany and Italy and occupied parts of French Indochina (modern Vietnam) with the permission of the Vichy government, the puppet state created after the fall of France. In response, the United States put a complete embargo on all trade with Japan. President Roosevelt also moved the majority of the U.S. Pacific Fleet from the West Coast to Pearl Harbor.

The embargo created a dilemma for Japan. The Japanese were reliant on American resources to fuel their war effort, and ultimately concluded that they needed to conquer the resource-rich territories in Southeast Asia to continue. In July 1941, Japan moved into southern Indochina, on the doorstep of colonies controlled by Western powers such as India, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, and the American-controlled Philippines. Japan knew that this move risked war with the United States.

Surprise Attack

The attack at Pearl Harbor was the idea of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the Commander in Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, who argued that it would "give a fatal blow to the enemy fleet" (Rhodes 392). In October 1941, the attack was approved by the Japanese naval general staff. Commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, the Japanese fleet included six aircraft carriers, 24 supporting ships, and a group of submarines.

The United States was expecting an attack. Ongoing negotiations to end Japanese expansion were not producing results, particularly since the start of the American trade embargo. Only hours before the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Admiral Husband Kimmel, the Commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, received a message from the Navy: "This dispatch is to be considered a war warning. Negotiations with Japan looking toward stabilization of conditions in the Pacific have ceased and an aggressive move by Japan is expected within the next few days. Execute an appropriate defensive deployment preparatory to carrying out the tasks assigned" (390). The message did not, however, mention Pearl Harbor as a potential attack site, as the United States was instead expecting an attack on the Philippines.

The first sign of the Japanese fleet racing towards Pearl Harbor came at 7:00 AM the morning of December 7, when two U.S. Army privates on the Hawaiian island of Oahu were just about to turn off a mobile radar station they had manned since 4:00 AM. A slight disturbance on the screen gave pause to their actions - a large yet indistinct patch of light, which appeared to the men to come from 50 planes, seemed to be heading towards the island. Confused, one of the privates called the information center across the island, reaching an army lieutenant who assured them the light was simply a fleet of American B-17s. The lieutenant had heard Hawaiian music playing on the radio station earlier that morning, a signal that typically indicated an approaching American aircraft to Hawaii, and determined that the blotch on the radar's oscilloscope screen must be the incoming fleet.

Careful Japanese precautions and comprehensive planning allowed the attack on Pearl Harbor to remain completely shielded from US intelligence. For nearly two weeks prior to the attack, Japanese battleships and destroyers had escorted 43 fighters, 51 dive-bombers, 49 high-level bombers, and 40 torpedo planes from six carriers that floated 200 miles north of Pearl Harbor. The aircraft had traveled in complete radio silence in order to catch the Americans by surprise.

At 7:58 AM, the Ford Island command center finally sent a radio alert: "AIR RAID PEARL HARBOR. THIS IS NOT DRILL." Upon reaching Pearl Harbor, the Japanese torpedo bombers skillfully maneuvered themselves into the harbor in groups of twos and threes in a sudden and forceful attack lasting only minutes. In another hour, a second fleet of 167 additional Japanese aircraft bombarded the site.

American residents who watched the attack from afar observed in horror as the screams of men on the sunken battleships ripped through the air, smoke rose from the sea, and the injured and dead swam in bloody waters slick with burning oil. When the effects of the attack subsided, the grim casualties became known: 2,403 American civilians and military personnel had been killed, and 1,178 wounded. Two battleships and 188 aircraft were destroyed.

Aftermath

The attack caught American military personnel by surprise and was certainly costly, but it did not cripple the U.S. Navy as the Japanese had anticipated. By a stroke of luck, the three American aircraft carriers stationed at Pearl Harbor were not there on the morning of December 7th. The USS Lexington, the USS Enterprise, and the USS Saratoga had been sent on missions during the days before. Aircraft carriers are larger and more difficult to build than other ships, and their survival would prove vital during the Pacific War.

On December 8th, President Roosevelt gave a speech in which he famously called the attack on Pearl Harbor "a date which will live in infamy," while Congress quickly passed a declaration of war on Japan. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The War Department completely reorganized itself, as key positions shifted to various trusted officers in order to prepare for the new conflict.

Prior to Pearl Harbor, the United States had sent large amounts of financial aid and military equipment to the Allied cause. The Japanese attack launched the U.S. into a complete struggle against Axis powers and brought American soldiers into the war for the first time. It also united the country, as a Gallup poll conducted during the days after Pearl Harbor showed that 97% of Americans approved of the declaration of war.

Thousands of young men rushed to serve in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. A New York Times article from December 9th reported that the armed forces were "receiving applicants in numbers unprecedented in the history of the nation" and that "many of the men had been in line [at recruiting stations] the whole night." The Times added the next day that the Army had received 2,684 applications in the two days since declaring war on Japan.

Pearl Harbor also had a marked effect on the Manhattan Project. The S-1 Committee, which ran atomic research prior to the creation of the Manhattan Project, formally held its first meeting on December 18, 1941. This meeting initiated an official shift from the research to the development phase of the project. As S-1 official James Conant noted, "The atmosphere was charged with excitement - the country had been at war nine days, an expansion of the S-1 program was now an accomplished matter. Enthusiasm and optimism reigned" (Rhodes 398).

Legacy

Japan quickly expanded its Pacific empire, attacking American and British territorial holdings in the Philippines, Guam, Midway Island, Wake Island, Malaya, and Hong Kong. Their tactics were brutal and many more Americans lost their lives. The attack at Pearl Harbor as well as the Bataan Death March have often been cited as justification for the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. President Truman's statement notifying the American public of the bombing on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, included the following words: "The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor. They have been repaid many fold."

Today, a memorial exists at Pearl Harbor to honor those who lost their lives that day. It includes the USS Arizona Memorial, the USS Oklahoma Memorial, the USS Utah Memorial, parts of Ford Island, and Battleship Row. Built over the battleship whose name it carries, The USS Arizona Memorial receives over 1.8 million visitors each year. You can read AHF's Alexandra Levy's account of her visit to the memorials here.

In December 2016, Shinzo Abe became the first sitting Japanese Prime Minister to visit Pearl Harbor. Abe asserted, "We must never repeat the horrors of war again. This is the solemn vow we, the people of Japan, have taken." He also spoke of "the spirit of tolerance and the power of reconciliation" and offered his "sincere and everlasting condolences to the souls of those who lost their lives."

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The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands on December 7, 1941 marked the official entrance of the United States into World War II. During the 1930s, Japan, having already annexed Korea in 1910, sought to further expand its empire, particularly to gain natural resources.

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Battle of Guadalcanal: Beginning of Allied action in Solomon Islands.         The World War II Battle of Guadalcanal was the first major offensive and a decisive victory for the Allies in the Pacific theater. With Japanese troops stationed in this section of the Solomon Islands, U.S. marines launched a surprise attack in August 1942 and took control of an air base under construction.
During the campaign to take Guadalcanal, the Allied losses numbered around 7,100 men, 29 ships, and 615 aircraft. Japanese casualties were approximately 31,000 killed, 1,000 captured, 38 ships, and 683-880 aircraft.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The following other wikis use this file: Usage on bg.wikipedia.org Usage on ca.wikipedia.org Usage on es.wikipedia.org Usage on fa.wikipedia.org Usage on fi.wikipedia.org Usage on fr.wikipedia.org Usage on gl.wikipedia.org Usage on he.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file.

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battle of midwayBattle of Midway, (June 3–6, 1942), World War II naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the United States destroyed Japan’s first-line carrier strength and most of its best trained naval pilots. Together with the Battle of Guadalcanal, the Battle of Midway ended the threat of further Japanese invasion in the Pacific. At the Battle of Midway, Japan lost four carriers, a cruiser, and 292 aircraft, and suffered 2,500 casualties. The U.S. lost the Yorktown, the destroyer USS Hammann, 145 aircraft, and suffered 307 casualties.

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February to March 1945
Americans needed base near the Japanese Coast. American's had jets, boats, and many troops to defend but Iwo Jima was being defended by 23,000 Japanese army and navy troops. Who fought from caves, dugouts, and underground tunnels. Despite all the conflict Americans won the battle ace in American lore  with the publication of a photograph showing the U.S. flag being raised in victory.

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Songkrit Janphet :  Battle of the Philippine Sea

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Songkrit Janphet :  Battle of the Philippine Sea

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The

Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 19–20, 1944) was a major naval battle of World War II that eliminated the Imperial Japanese Navy's ability to conduct large-scale carrier actions. It took place during the United States' amphibious invasion of the Mariana Islands during the Pacific War. The Battle of the Philippine Sea was an important naval battle of the Second World War between by the navies of the United States and Japan.a lot of people died in this Battle of the Philippine Sea.

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the Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II by the United States military, was fought between the US and the Empire of Japan during the Mariana & Palau Campaign of World War II, from September to November 1944, on the island of Peleliu. In the summer of 1944 around 11,000 Japanese from the 14th Infantry Division with some Korean and Okinawan workers had occupied Peleliu Island. The American style of invasion remained unchanged. The American landed on the beaches which were located close to the airfield at the south of Peleliu. The other regiment led by Lewis B. Puller landed at the northern side of the beaches. The 5th regiment was going to push inland guarding the flanks and allow capture of the airfield.

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Battle of Okinawa Apr 1, 1945-jun 22, 1945
The battle of Okinawa codenamed operation iceberg, was a series of battles fought in the Japanese Ryukyu islands, centered on the island of Okinawa, and included the largest amphibious assault in the pacific war during world war II.

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Battle of Okinawa took place in Okinawa, Japan and was fought on April 1, 1945 . Code-named operation iceberg it was a series of battles fought in the Ryukyu islands of Okinawa, It was also one of the largest amphibious landings in WW2. The battle ended in June 22, 1945 with over 100,000 Japanese casualties and 50,000 for the allies.

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Allana Pinoliar: Battle of the Philippine Sea

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Allana Pinoliar: Battle of the Philippine Sea

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DATE: June 19-20, 1994
LOCATION: The Philippine Sea
RESULTS: American Victory

The Battle of the Philippine Sea  was a major naval battle of World War II that eliminated the Imperial Japanese Navy's ability to conduct large-scale carrier actions. It took place during the United States' amphibious invasion of the Mariana Islands during the Pacific War. The battle was the last of five major engagements between American and Japanese naval forces. Although at the time the battle appeared to be a missed opportunity to destroy the Japanese fleet, the Imperial Japanese Navy had lost the bulk of its carrier air strength and would never recover. During the course of the battle, American submarines torpedoed and sank two of the largest Japanese fleet carriers taking part in the battle. This was the largest carrier to carrier battle in history.

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Bryana Kawamura: Battle of the Coral Sea 

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Bryana Kawamura: Battle of the Coral Sea 

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In May 1942 it marked the first air- sea battle in history. The Japanese were seeking control of the Coral Sea with an invasion of Port Moresby in the southwest of New Guinea. Their plans failed because of the Allied Forces. Both sides suffered damages, the battle left the Japanese without enough planes to cover the ground attack on Port Moresby. This resulted in a strategic Allied victory

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Battle of Berlin
April 16, 1945 - May 2, 1945
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Where? Poland, Eastern Germany, and the Free City of Danzig.

Importance? The German invasion of Poland was the "last straw" that France and England could take from Hitler.

After the Battle?  After the invasion most death camps were located in Poland.

How many people participated and died in the Battle?  82,343 people died out of the unknown number of people who fought.

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Battle of Okinawa
Apr 1, 1945 – Jun 22, 1945
The Battle of Okinawa code-named Operation Iceberg, was a series of battles fought in the Japanese Ryukyu Islands, centered on the island of Okinawa, and included the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War during World war 2, the 1 April 1945 invasion of Okinawa itself. The 82-day-long battle lasted from 1 April until 22 June 1945. After a long campaign of Island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Okinawa, a large island only 340 mi (550 km) away from mainland Japan, as a base for air operations for the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands.

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Battle of Bataan
January 7, 1942 - April 9, 1942
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July 17, 1942- February 2, 1943

The Battle of Stanlingrad was a major war in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for the control of the city of Stanlingrad in Southern Russia. It is often marked as one of the single largest and bloodiest battles in the history of warfare where 1.7 to 2 million people were killed or captured during the war.

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Feb 19- Mar 26, 1945
The first American in Japan for a base near the Japanese coast. The battle of Iwo Jima took place in Tokyo, Ogasawara, and Iwo Jima. This battle was won by the Americans with 22,000 casualties. This battle was fought because the U.S. Marines needed a base in Japan.

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Keinan Kawaihalau-Alejo: Battle of the Atlantic

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September 3, 1939 - May 8, 1945

The battle of the Atlantic took place in the Atlantic Ocean. The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II. The total length of the battle was 5 years, 8 months, and 5 days. U-Boats and other warships of the German navy were pitted. This protected the convoys coming from North America which were predominantly heading to the United Kingdom and Soviet Union.
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