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Rapid changes happen over a short amount of time. Earthquakes cause landslides to happen and change the Earth. Volcanos erupts and the lava goes down the sides going on the surface melting and burning everything. Tsunami's hit the coast of beaches and flood the surface. Hurricanes and Tornados are basically  the same thing but they do the same amount of damage. They both start from the sea then make their way to land sweeping everything off the ground and even picking up dirt. They will smash and break anything making changes to the land.

Citations: Stemscopedia, Science notebook

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Weather, the force that never ends. Weather is what is predicted. It air pressure, humidity, and other things that happen over a small area, in a short amount of time. Meteorologist predict the weather from outer space. They have satellites that record Eaerth from space. They follow Patterns they see and make hypothesizes.

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The Beauty they bring. Natural Patterns are Patterns created by Mother Nature. They are a beauty but scientist use them for studies. The sun and moon are a natural pattern. The moon follows a pattern that it repeats over a certain distance. Other Patterns would be the water cycle. The sun makes this happen, and the water cycle also follows a pattern. The difference between these and manmade  Patterns is that they are natural. Some manmade  Patterns are the market. The supplier, a farmer, makes goods for the consumers, the people, so the supplier gives the goods to the people so the demand is steady. When the demand is high and supply is low, the good is sold at high, so the demand starts to drop and supply goes up, then it forms a pattern.

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Soil, there are many different types of soil that can each do different things. Some of them can retain water easily and are good for planting and others can sub stain a type of plant depending on the area. There are lots of different soils that are each very unique.

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The sun, the shining star, the center of our  universe. Since it is so big, it has a huge gravitational pull that keeps all the planets in orbit. The Earth is big so it has a pull on the moon keeping it in orbit. Earth is the only planet that supports life because it has food, water, and air for living beings to live. The moon is can not support life due to having no atmosphere so no oxygen to breath, and there is said to be water beneath the surface of the moon.

Citations: Stemscopedia, Science Notebook

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Fossils, what scientist use to discover the past. Fossils are truly a one of a kind. They tell us what happened before. Fossils are formed when dead orginisams get fossilized. You can know what was here before from where you find the fossil. You have to first analyze the fossil to understand it. You make an observation. If you figured out what the fossil is, then you can hypothesis what was here. If you follow nod seashell fossils on the top of a mountain, you can tell the mount used to be submerged.

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Renewable resources are resources that don't pollute the Earth and they wont go to an end. They are energy efficient but they have their downsides. Some of them take a lot of money to build. They will replace all the non-renewable resources like coal, oil, etc. Solar power is when we use solar panels to harvest the suns light energy and turn it into energy. The leftover energy is stored  in batteries. Wind turbines use the wind to turn turbines that make electricity. Water plants use hydroelectric power, or power made from water turning turbines constantly to make electricity.

Citations: Stemscopedia, Science notebook

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Sedimentary rocks, the wonders. Sedimentary rcks are formed when lots of sediments are deposited at a specific location and more and more come. They build up and time, heat ,and pressure keep pushing at the bottom sediments so they come closer to from rocks. Fossil fuels are Resources we use today like gas, oil, and coal. They are formed when dead organic matter from long ago died. There remains are left there when sediments are layered over them. The sediments keep building up and so layers appear. Time, heat, and pressure act on them pressuring them. Over millions of years, they are formed.

Citation: Stemscopedia

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Gravity, a force discovered by Isaac Newton. He discovered how gravity works. Other forces are a magnetic and electrostatic force. A motion is something is something in motion, like Newtons First Law. Take a meteor, it slows down when it enters Earth's atmosphere. A force like friction acts upon it causing it to slow down. Also take your socks. You slide on easily the n a smooth surface since there is little friction acting on the sock. Rub it on a carpet and you will find it hard since lots of friction is acting on it. So a motion can be changed by a force. Take to skaters, one of them pushes on the other but only one skater used a force. That is Newtons 3rd law.

Citations: Stemscopedia, Science notebook