# data[].attributes.body
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B8dTkrBE70lbcWtoTi15UWo2RHM

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad Zharfan Bin Ahmad Shukri
1112700569
Attached is the link to my video shared from my google drive.
Thanks

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B86KQETllrM0WVlYblFzR0lMbzg

# data[].attributes.body
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B0Ebvwc7Gr_dbFpxRUNnN1l5YVk/view?usp=drivesdk

# data[].attributes.headline
Asssignment Final Report with Cover Page

# data[].attributes.subject
Asssignment Final Report with Cover Page

# data[].attributes.body
Mohd hafiz bin mohd rafi,
1112702877
Miss padlet only allow 25mb max video upload.
so i will share my google drive link the video is there. Thanks

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BxWyc54tcbf5QVRKN0p6MlVycmM

# data[].attributes.body
http://opticalfiberalsa.over-blog.com/2016/07/decoding-the-wavelength-in-fiber-optics.html
http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/single-mode-vs-multimode-fiber.html
http://www.fs.com/blog/difference-between-laser-light-source-and-led-light-source.html
http://www.vialite.com/resources/guides/choice-of-wavelength-for-rf-over-fiber-1310nm-vs-1550nm/
https://www.rp-photonics.com/erbium_doped_fiber_amplifiers.html

# data[].attributes.body
This includes question 3.

# data[].attributes.body
http://it.prysmiangroup.com/it/business_markets/markets/fibre/downloads/datasheets/SMF---Single-Mode-Optical-Fiber-SSMF.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Hafiz pls refer this

# data[].attributes.body
I miss you guys.

# data[].attributes.body
Here's an updated version for question no 4.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7stcJ65_X4

# data[].attributes.headline
Animation on how undersea fibre cables are repaired

# data[].attributes.subject
Animation on how undersea fibre cables are repaired

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6qTk5WNq9E

# data[].attributes.body
Hi guys this is Question 4 of the assignment. Please leave a like and don't forget to subscribe to my channel. LOL JK please read and comment if you want me to add anything. Peace out y'all!

# data[].attributes.body
Thanks

# data[].attributes.body
we will use this type of connectors

# data[].attributes.headline
Doped Optical Amplifiers Datasheet from CISCO

# data[].attributes.subject
Doped Optical Amplifiers Datasheet from CISCO

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cisco ONS15501 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier Data Sheet [Cisco ONS 15500 Series]

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enterprises using the Cisco ONS 15501 EDFA to extend their metropolitan-area (metro) DWDM network to remote data centers and branch offices can lower the total cost of ownership and deliver e-business solutions faster and more efficiently to all areas of their metro DWDM network.

# data[].attributes.body
see attachment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Optical amplifiers speed data flow undersea

Erbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers will boost data transmission rate of installed submarine cable networks to 5 Gbits per second.

Ying Wa Wong

Long-haul telecommunications technology has undergone a tremendous revolution since the introduction of optical fiber. Satellite technology used to dominate intercontinental communication because of its versatility and flexibility. Optical fiber, however, offers enormous theoretical capacity, improved transmission quality in terms of virtually noise-free transmission and less transmission delay, and, more important, relatively low circuit cost. Consequently optical fiber has superseded satellite technology and become the medium of choice for international communication. Already at least 300,000 km of optical-fiber submarine cable has been installed worldwide connecting more than 60 countries.

In the 1980s, the eighth trans-Atlantic telephone (TAT) cable installed to link the United Kingdom, France, and the United States--TAT-8--was also the first-ever all-optical-fiber submarine cable. This first generation of a fiberoptic undersea cable system operated at a wavelength of 1310 nm with a transmission rate of 280 Mbit/s on each of its two pairs of optical fiber.

By comparison, undersea networks now under construction will operate at 5 Gbit/s. These systems include TAT-12/13, APCN (Asian Pacific Cable Network), Africa-ONE, and FLAG (Fiberoptic Link Around the Globe; see photo). The key to this remarkable achievement in transmission rate is the use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs).

A typical network configuration

The geographical route of a submarine cable system, depth of the cable, and its connection topology vary for different systems, but the purpose remains the same. An undersea system provides transmission paths between stations in different countries through optical fibers protected by a cable. The first cable section out from the station, the shore-end cable, is usually buried to a depth of at least 1 m. The type of cable used in subsequent cable sections and the depth of the lay depend on the terrain of the sea floor. Typical depth of the deep-sea sections is at least 1000 m.

Frequency of repair over the design life span of 25 years is expected to be less than two ship repair operations due to a component failure in the submerged plant. To achieve this target life span, each component of the system must be individually tested to ensure that it will meet the tough requirement of 25 years of operation. The electronic circuitry used in a repeater/regenerator is packed in a robust casing sealed and insulated from seawater to protect against corrosion.

A submarine cable system typically consists of shore equipment and submerged equipment (see Fig. 1). Shore equipment includes transmission terminal equipment (TTE), power-feed equipment (PFE), and a computer-based surveillance system (CSS). The TTE forms the interface between the shoreside digital signal and the undersea optical signal, which is compatible with the submerged equipment. The PFE provides electrical power and protection to the submerged equipment. The CSS operates in conjunction with the TTE to offer the system operator the possibility of automation and remote control of the operations required to supervise and maintain the link. Submerged equipment consists of cables containing optical fibers, associated cable interconnection hardware, and regenerative repeaters.

The cable must withstand the rigors of the ocean environment and protect the optical fiber inside it from hazards such as physical damage from ship anchors and cable erosion over the entire 25-year service life of the cable. The cable also is the electrical conduit for feeding dc current to all repeaters along the link.

Depending on the system configuration, there are four to six fibers embedded in jelly-filled grooves in a centrally located polyvinylchloride (PVC) slotted core protected by an elastomer sheath within the center of the cable structure (see Fig. 2). The elastomer sheath is surrounded by steel wires and a copper tube that provides a barrier to ingress of water and carries the electrical current. This in turn is covered with polyethylene insulation. The basic cable structure is suitable for deployment more than 1000 m deep where the risk of damage to the cable is low. Cable to be used in shallow waters is usually armored and buried for protection against fishing activity, ships` anchors, and even nibbling from sharks in some areas.

Optical fiber for submarine cable systems must be carefully designed and manufactured to achieve high-capacity transmission. The type of fiber chosen for cabling depends on the transmission technology used. Different wavelengths of light travel along fiber at different rates. Optical signals thus spread as they propagate down the fiber. At 1330 nm--the second lightwave-transmission window--the optical signal experiences minimum chromatic dispersion, or spreading of the signal, but optical loss is higher than it would be at 1550 nm. To minimize the optical loss, the length of cable sections for TAT-8 was kept to approximately 70 km. Regenerative repeaters between sections refresh the signal.

In second-generation systems, the optical wavelength used is 1550 nm, which minimizes transmission loss but not chromatic dispersion. These systems, operated at 560 Mbit/s, have repeaters spaced nearly twice as far apart as those of first-generation systems. The longest cable section length for a 560-Mbit/s system is 150 km, used in the CKC system connecting Taean in Korea and Qingdao in China.

Regenerative repeaters

First- and second-generation systems are based on electronic regenerative-repeater technology (see Fig. 3). The optical signal from the shore equipment is produced by a distributed-feedback diode laser with a typical output greater than -4 dBm, which is current-modulated at a line rate of 591.2 Mbit/s. The amplitude of the optical signal is attenuated by the optical fiber at a rate of ~0.18 dB/km at 1550 nm. The optical signal is then detected by an avalanche photodiode (APD), which performs an electro-optical signal conversion. The signal is then electrically amplified, retimed, and regenerated to remove the noise accumulated in each cable section and then retransmitted via a diode laser.

Each cable section is designed for error-free detection, and the regeneration process is to be repeated indefinitely without degradation. This dramatic performance requires extremely complex and high-speed electronic circuitry and highly reliable electro-optic devices in each repeater. Current high-speed circuitry for regenerative submarine technology is limited to data transmission at 560 Mbit/s. New technology is required to increase system capacity and performance at reduced circuit cost.

Optical amplifiers

Optical amplifiers boost transmission speed by eliminating the need for high-speed electronics in repeaters. With optical amplification technology, no electronic processing of the signal at line rate takes place in the repeater.

Regeneration occurs only at the terminal stations. The optical signal transmitted from each terminal station remains in optical form throughout its journey to the remote station. Undersea repeaters provide only optical gain, which compensates for the attenuation of the transmitted signal as it propagates through the fiber cable. The repeater also contains some relatively simple circuitry for pump power regulation, receipt of supervisory commands and responses, and measurement of key amplifier parameters such as gain, output power, and pump laser current. To qualify for undersea use, all these components of the repeater must meet standards of high reliability.

To produce an optical amplifier within an optical fiber, the fiber must be doped with a rare-earth element such as erbium (Er). Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are pumped at 980 or 1480 nm to emit at 1550 nm, with a gain of approximately 12 to 16 dB, depending on the system configuration. A few meters of Er-doped fiber serve as an optical amplifier in the new generation of submarine cable systems (see Fig. 4).

An optical isolator with a high isolation factor is also used to avoid any reflections in the amplifier that would compromise performance. Optical couplers sample the input and output powers for control purposes. A multiplexer couples pump radiation and signal radiation into the Er-doped fiber. The pump energy comes from a high-power CW indium gallium arsenide phosphide/ indium phosphide (InGaAsP/InP) semiconductor diode laser with a typical output power of about 10 dBm.1 The pump laser is optimized for operation at around 1480 nm. For increased reliability, very often two pump lasers are fitted to one optical amplifier. In those cases, normal amplifier operation is a bi-pumping mode, with each of the pumps providing half the total required power to the amplifier.

In principle the transmission capacity of an EDFA can be up to many tens of gigabits per second. However various propagation-related factors, such as chromatic dispersion, affect transmission over a long distance. At transmission rates up to 560 Mbit/s, it is possible to tolerate the dispersion by ensuring that the spectral width of the transmitting laser is very small. In the gigabit-per-second range, the pulses are so closely spaced that the mean fiber dispersion must be very low or zero to achieve uncorrupted transmission.

To achieve this performance, dispersion-shifted fiber is used with EDFAs. Owing to a high core refractive index and a small core size, dispersion-shifted fiber has higher loss and a higher level of polarization-mode dispersion than conventional single-mode fiber. However, advances in the design and manufacture of dispersion-shifted fiber have improved signal attenuation to approximately 0.2 dB/km. In dispersion-shifted fiber, the refractive index profile in the fiber core has been artificially shaped to produce zero dispersion in the 1550-nm region, instead of the usual 1330 nm. Dispersion-shifted fiber is not used in the entire link, however. Nonlinear effects of the fiber would still cause signal distortion and consequently degradation in system performance, even if zero dispersion were achieved. The system is operated to maintain a negative dispersion, which is periodically equalized to reduce the accumulation of nonlinear distortion.2 Dispersion compensation is in fact achieved by systematically inserting sections of standard (non-dispersion-shifted) fiber along the link.

A further design problem is optical noise caused by spontaneous emission from the EDFAs. The noise level accumulates along the link and is a major source of system impairment. To achieve the required error performance, optical power input to the amplifiers must be sufficient to obtain a high signal-to-noise ratio for each amplifier and account for the accumulated noise at the end of the link.

Polarization-mode dispersion and other nonlinear effects also affect the performance of a system. Both fiber and repeater components must be designed to reduce their sensitivities to polarization. Also the accumulation of noise and nonlinear effects limits the cable section length to between 75 and 90 km to maximize performance of the system.

Performance issues to resolve

As a submarine cable system is expected to have a life time of 25 years, the components used in the system must have very high reliability and a life span of 25 years. However most system failures are caused by physical damage to the system, not component failure. To ensure long life for an undersea system, a fault-detection system is incorporated during cable installation that will immediately detect a system failure and automatically locate the fault position enabling rapid repair.

Next-generation systems will use wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) to send multiple data streams simultaneously by transmitting data at multiple closely spaced wavelengths (see Laser Focus World, July 1997, p. 119). Amplifier response complicates this technique, however. An EDFA provides suitable gain over a wide range of wavelength, but EDFAs amplify different wavelengths by different amounts, causing signal distortion. The effect is magnified with several EDFAs in a row. Various schemes are under development to flatten the gain for EDFAs (see Laser Focus World, June 1996, p. 177).

Fiber dispersion and the nonlinear effects of optical fiber are also performance issues. One potential solution to the above problems is soliton transmission in which a stream of very short and intense pulses causes chromatic dispersion to exactly cancel the fiber nonlinearity. Therefore the shape of the pulses can be maintained indefinitely throughout the transmission path.

With soliton transmission and technologies such as WDM, the newest generation of submarine technology will greatly expand the transmission capacity and the capability of global telecommunications network. As telecommunications administrators move toward providing a universal network interface for services that require huge bandwidth, such as voice, data, video, and multimedia, it is believed that transmission rates will reach tens of gigabits per second in the not too distant future. o

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to express his gratitude to Dr. F. Donaghy and former colleagues at Alcatel TCC in Australia for giving him the opportunity to work in the exciting field of optical fiber communication.

REFERENCES

1. S. Uehara, "Semiconductor Lasers for EDFA Pumping," in Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications, S. Shimada and H. Ishio, eds. (John Wiley & Sons, 1994), p. 151.

2. R. L. Mortenson et al., AT&T Technical Journal, 33 (January/February 1995).

Undersea fiberoptic cable, part of the 27,300-km FLAG (Fiberoptic Link Around the Globe) network linking Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, is floated ashore from the cable-laying ship Nexus and buried on the beach at Palermo, Sicily. The network consists of eight sections of cable laid on the floor of the Mediterranean and Red seas and the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Cable will be buried 3 to 5 m deep in Hong Kong harbor because of the shipping traffic, and double-armored cable will be used in the South China Sea to protect the link from underwater turbulence.

FIGURE 1. Transmission equipment on shore sends optical signals over submarine telecommunication system. Repeaters spaced every 70 km regenerate signal to counter dispersion.

FIGURE 2. Multilayered fiberoptic cable for deep-sea installation has optical fiber at the core, steel support wires, and an outer sheath of polyethylene. Cable for shallow installation is double-armored to protect it from hazards such as ship anchors.

FIGURE 3. Repeaters in second-generation systems require complex electronic circuitry and reliable electro-optic devices to amplify, retime, and regenerate optical signals to propagate along the rest of the undersea system.

FIGURE 4. Erbium-doped fiber amplifier enables smooth transmission of data without electronic regeneration. Either 980 or 1480-nm lasers pum¥erbium-doped fiber, which emits at 1550 nm, the wavelength of third-generation systems.

YING WA WONG is a lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Hong Kong Technical College, 20 Tsing Yi Road, Tsing Yi Island, New Territories, Hong Kong; e-mail: ywwong@vtc.gifdu.hk.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Optical amplifiers speed data flow undersea

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Optical amplifiers speed data flow undersea Erbium-doped optical fiber amplifiers will boost data transmission rate of installed submarine cable networks to 5 Gbits per second. Ying Wa Wong Long-haul telecommunications technology has undergone a tremendous revolution since the introduction of optical fiber. Satellite technology used to dominate intercontinental communication because of its versatility and flexibility.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Cisco SFP Modules for Gigabit Ethernet Applications Data Sheet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This data sheet describes the benefits, specifications, and ordering information for the Cisco SFP Modules for Gigabit Ethernet Applications.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.advaoptical.com/en/products/scalable-optical-transport.aspx

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
With the continued requirement for expansion and scalability in the data center, cabling infrastructures must provide reliability, manageability and flexibility. Deployment of an optical connectivity solution allows for an infrastructure that meets these requirements for current and future data rates. A key factor when choosing the type of optical connectivity is scalability. Scalability refers to not only the physical expansion of the data center with respect to additional servers, switches or storage devices, but also to the scalability of the infrastructure to support a migration path for increasing data rates. As technology evolves and standards are completed to define data rates such as 40- and 100-Gbit Ethernet, 32-Gbit and higher-speed Fibre Channel, and 40-Gbit and higher-speed InfiniBand, the cabling infrastructures installed today must provide scalability to accommodate the need for more bandwidth in support of future applications.

One- and 10-Gbit/sec data rates are not adequate to meet the future needs of high-bandwidth applications. The requirement for higher data rates is being driven by many factors. Switching and routing, virtualization, convergence and high-performance computing environments are examples of where these higher network speeds will be required within the data center environment. Additionally, Internet exchanges and service provider peering points and high-bandwidth applications, such as video-on-demand, will drive the need for a migration from 10- to 40- and 100-Gbit interfaces.
IEEE 802.3ba ratified
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE; www.ieee.org) 802.3ba 40G/100G Ethernet standard was ratified in June 2010. The standard provides detailed guidance for 40/100G transmission with multimode and singlemode fibers. The standard does not have guidance for Category-based unshielded twisted-pair or shielded twisted-pair copper cable.

OM3 and OM4 are the only multimode fibers included in the standard. Multimode fiber uses parallel-optics transmission instead of serial transmission due to the 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) modulation limits at the time the guidance was developed. Singlemode fiber guidance uses duplex fiber wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) serial transmission. 40/100G multimode fiber physical media dependent (PMD) variants continue to offer a significant value proposition compared to singlemode fiber PMDs for short-length interconnects in the data center.

Parallel-optics transmission, compared to traditional serial transmission, uses a parallel optical interface where data is simultaneously transmitted and received over multiple fibers. The 40G and 100G Ethernet interfaces are 4x10G channels on four fibers per direction, and 10x10G channels on 10 fibers per direction, respectively.

The table on page 19 provides the OM3- and OM4-specified distances for Ethernet. Each distance assumes 1.5 dB total connector loss with the exception of OM4 40G/100G, which assumes 1.0 dB total connector loss. OM3 and OM4 are fully capable to support legacy and emerging data rates, as a 15- to 20-year service life is expected for the physical layer.

When evaluating the performance needed for the OM3 and OM4 cabling infrastructure to meet the requirements for 40G and 100G Ethernet channel insertion loss transmission, three criteria should be considered: 1) bandwidth, 2) total connector insertion loss, and 3) skew. Each of these factors can impact the cabling infrastructure's ability to meet the standard's specified transmission distances.

Bandwidth. OM3 and OM4 fibers were selected as the only multimode fiber for 40G/100G consideration. The fibers are optimized for 850-nm transmission and have a minimum 2000 MHz.km and 4700 MHz.km effective modal bandwidth (EMB), respectively. Two EMB measurement techniques are used today for the bandwidth measurement. The minimum effective modal bandwidth calculated (EMBc) method, in our opinion, offers a more reliable and precise measurement compared to the differential mode delay (DMD) mask technique. With minEMBc, a true scalable bandwidth value is calculated that can reliably predict performance for different data rates and link lengths. With a connectivity solution using OM3 and OM4 fibers that have been measured using the minEMBc technique, the optical infrastructure deployed in the data center will meet the performance criteria set forth by IEEE for bandwidth.

40-Gbit/sec parallel-optics transmission calls for 4x10G channels on four fibers per direction, which can be accommodated in a single 12-fiber connector. 100-Gbit/sec parallel-optics transmission calls for 10x10G channels on 10 fibers per direction.

Insertion loss. Insertion loss is a critical performance parameter in current data center cabling deployments. Total connector loss within a system channel impacts the ability of a system to operate over the maximum supportable distance for a given data rate. The 40G and 100G Ethernet standard specifies the OM3 fiber 100-meter distance maximum channel loss to be 1.9 dB, which includes a 1.5-dB total connector loss. The OM4 fiber 150-meter distance maximum channel loss is 1.5 dB, which includes a 1.0-dB total connector loss budget. The insertion loss specifications of the MPO connectivity components should be evaluated when designing data center cabling infrastructures. With low-loss MPO connectivity components, maximum flexibility can be achieved with the ability to introduce multiple connector matings into the connectivity link such that structured cabling architectures can be supported.

Skew. The IEEE 802.3ba standard includes an optical media skew of 79 ns. Optical skew-the difference in time of flight between light signals traveling on different fibers-is an essential consideration for parallel-optics transmission. With excessive skew, or delay, across the various channels, transmission errors can occur. Skew testing on MPO connectivity solutions has demonstrated compliance to a strict 0.75-ns skew requirement as defined in the InfiniBand standard. Deployment of a connectivity solution with strict skew performance ensures compatibility of the cabling infrastructure across a variety of applications. When evaluating optical cabling infrastructure solutions for 40G/100G applications, selecting one that meets the 0.75-ns skew requirement ensures performance not only for 40G/100G, but also for InfiniBand and future Fibre Channel data rates. Additionally, low-skew connectivity solutions validate the quality and consistency of cable designs and terminations to provide long-term reliable operation.
Optical cabling for 40G and 100G
Recommended cabling infrastructure deployments in the data center are based on guidance found in TIA-942 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers. Using a distributed star topology in a structured cabling implementation provides the most flexible and manageable infrastructure. Many data center deployments today use the reduced topology described in TIA-942 where the horizontal distribution areas (HDAs) are collapsed into the main distribution area (MDA). In this collapsed architecture, the cabling is installed between the MDA and the equipment distribution areas (EDAs).

The TIA-942 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers specifies a topology in which horizontal distribution areas are collapsed into the main distribution area. Within this architecture, the cabling is installed between the main distribution area and the equipment distribution areas.

For optimized performance in meeting data center requirements, the topology of the cabling infrastructure should not be selected alone; infrastructure topology and product solutions must be considered in unison.

Cabling deployed in the data center today must be selected to support data rate applications of the future, such as 100G Ethernet, Fibre Channel ≥32G and InfiniBand ≥40G. To do this, OM3 or OM4 fiber is a must. In addition to being the only multimode fibers included in the 40G and 100G Ethernet standard, OM3 and OM4 fibers provide the highest performance as well as the extended reach often required for structured cabling installations in the data center.

In addition to the performance requirements discussed, the choice in physical connectivity is also important. Because parallel-optics technology requires data transmission across multiple fibers simultaneously, a multifiber (or array) connector is required. Using MPO-based connectivity in today's installations provides the means to migrate to this multifiber parallel-optic interface when needed.

A plug-and-play system incorporating factory-terminated MPO connectivity, as shown here, may include preterminated modules, panels and harnesses to meet the needs of serial Ethernet applications.

Factory-terminated MPO solutions allow connectivity to be achieved through a simple plug-and-play system. To meet the needs of today's serial Ethernet applications, MPO-terminated backbone/horizontal cabling is simply installed into preterminated modules, panels or harnesses.

Cabling migration from 10G to 40G to 100G in an MPO-based system is a simple and easy deployment. Starting with 10G, a 12-fiber MPO cable is deployed between the two 10G switches. Modules are used at the end to transition from the 12-fiber MPO to LC duplex. This enables connectivity into the switch.

When the switches migrate to 40G, the module is removed and is replaced by a 12-fiber MPO adapter panel. The use of a 12-fiber MPO jumper is needed to establish connectivity between the switches.

Future 100G networks will require a 24-fiber MPO jumper to establish a link. Systems that use 12-fiber MPO backbone cabling will need a 24-fiber or two 12-fiber MPO jumpers.

Multiple loss-performance tiers are available for MPO connectivity solutions. Just as connector loss must be considered with current, deployed applications such as 10G Ethernet, insertion loss is also a critical factor for 40G and 100G Ethernet applications. For example, IEEE 802.3ae defines a maximum distance of 300 meters on OM3 multimode fiber for 10G Ethernet (10GBase-SR). To achieve this distance, a total link loss of 2.6 dB is needed with a maximum total connector loss of 1.5 dB. As the total connector loss in the channel increases above 1.5 dB, the supportable distance decreases the channel loss increases. When extended distances or multiple connector matings are required, low-loss performance modules and connectivity may be necessary. OM3 is bandwidth-limited beyond 300 meters.

Cabling migration from 10- to 40- and 100-Gbit/sec transmission can be achieved with an MPO-based optical connectivity system, as shown here.

Likewise, with the total connector loss for 40G and 100G Ethernet, similar considerations must be evaluated. MPO connector matings with maximum connector loss specifications of 0.5 dB and 0.35 dB provide alternatives for variations in the infrastructure design as the physical connectivity and channel distance are taken into account to make a final selection in product performance.

Link-loss migration from 10G to 40G and 100G in an MPO-based system is a simple and easy deployment.

In the illustrated example, two 50-meter links are connected from the MDA to the HDA. 10G switches are deployed, and the link loss is calculated from the HDA to the MDA and from one HDA to another. In this case, both links are below the 2.6-dB maximum for 10G.

As the network migrates to 40G, the link-loss requirements get tighter. In this example, two 50-meter links are connected from the MDA to the HDA. 40G switches are deployed, and the link loss is calculated from the HDA to the MDA and from one HDA to another. In this case, the losses of both links are below the 1.9-dB maximum for 40G on OM3 fiber.

These schematics show 10-, 40- and 100-Gbit transmission links set up between a data center's main distribution area and horizontal distribution area. In each case, the MPO-connector-based fiber-optic systems met the required loss budgets for their respective transmission speeds.

As the network migrates to 100G, the link-loss requirements are the same as 40G. In this scenario, two 50-meter links are connected from the MDA to the HDA. 100G switches are deployed, and the link loss is calculated from the HDA to the MDA and from one HDA to another. In this case, both links are below the 1.9-dB maximum for 100G on OM3 fiber.

To best meet the needs of the future, MPO-based connectivity using OM3 and OM4 fiber is the ideal solution in the data center. With inherent modularity and optimization for a flexible, TIA-942-compliant structured cabling installation, MPO-based optical fiber systems can be installed for use in today's applications, while providing an easy migration path to future high-speed technologies such as 40G and 100G Ethernet.
DAVID KOZISCHEK is market manager, data centers and Doug Coleman is manager, technology and standards with Corning Cable Systems (www.corning.com/cablesystems).
More CIM Articles
Past CIM Articles

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Migrating to 40 and 100G with OM3 and OM4 connectivity

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
With the continued requirement for expansion and scalability in the data center, cabling infrastructures must provide reliability, manageability and flexibility. Deployment of an optical connectivity solution allows for an infrastructure that meets these requirements for current and future data rates. A key factor when choosing the type of optical connectivity is scalability.

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.arcelect.com/Calculating_fiber_loss_and_distance.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.submarinecablemap.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gsoo_BOwrrM
http://marine.orange.com/en/Main-services/Cable-installation/Submarine-cables-installation-stages

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.corning.com/in/en/products/communication-networks/resources/system-design-calculators/link-loss-budget-calculator.html

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/lossbudg.htm

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/release-independent/junos/topics/task/installation/fiber-optic-cable-budget-margin-calculating.html

# data[].attributes.headline
Repeater for long distance fiver connection

# data[].attributes.subject
Repeater for long distance fiver connection

# data[].attributes.body
Pls refer the data sheet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
CityFibre is now building Gigabit Cities across the UK - using the power of pure fibre infrastructure to future-proof our cities. An ultra-fast, pure fibre network is designed and built to support the current and future digital requirements of the entire city - from schools and hospitals to business and homes.

# data[].attributes.body
http://services.eng.uts.edu.au/~akadi/ite/major_assignments/barber/fibtypes.htm

# data[].attributes.headline
Some info on the type of connectors for fiber

# data[].attributes.subject
Some info on the type of connectors for fiber

# data[].attributes.body
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/connID.htm

# data[].attributes.body
https://optiwave.com/resources/applications-resources/optical-system-system-design-power-budget/

https://www.juniper.net/techpubs/en_US/release-independent/junos/topics/task/installation/fiber-optic-cable-budget-margin-calculating.html

example on power budget
http://www.navodayaengg.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/U6-L5_link-power-budget-resistive-budget.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Question 1&3 afan n hafiz
Question 2&4 iqbal n nazmi
Feel free to share the information regarding assignment here..if got any prob post it here and we can discuss together..
Have a good day all.

# data[].attributes.headline
Okay lets divide our assignment equally. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Okay lets divide our assignment equally. 

# data[].attributes.body
Dear leader, pls divide the task accordingly.
Thank you

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammad Iqbal bin Mohammad Ikhwan
1121117343
Iqbal Ikhwan

# data[].attributes.body
Nazmi Azim Azmi
1111113462
username: Nazmi Azim

# data[].attributes.body
Mohd Hafiz Bin Mohd Rafi
1112702877
Username:Mohd Hafiz

# data[].attributes.body
afan zharfan
Muhammad Zharfan Bin Ahmad Shukri
1112700569

# data[].attributes.body
Please include a post with all your group members' real names, ID number and usernames.

Thanks