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Nowadays, migration is a major problem in Ankara because in the last thirty years, a lot of migration events were happening in Ankara. These events lead to many results. We can examine some...

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Erasmus+ Programı:Genel Yapı
Erasmus+ Programı, Avrupa Birliği tarafından eğitim ve gençlik alanında 2007-2013 yılları arasında uygulanmış olan Hayatboyu Öğrenme ve Gençlik Programlarının yerine uygulanacak olan yeni programdır. Ağırlıklı olarak proje faaliyetlerine dayanmakla birlikte bireysel faaliyetleri de içermektedir. Erasmus+ Programı'nın Amaçları Nedir, Programa Niye Erasmus Adı Verilmiştir?
2014-2020 yılları arasında uygulanacak olan Erasmus+ Programı ile kişilere, yaş ve eğitim geçmişlerine bakılmaksızın yeni beceriler kazandırılması, onların kişisel gelişimlerinin güçlendirilmesi ve istihdam olanaklarının arttırılması amaçlanıyor. Erasmus+ Programı; eğitim, öğretim, gençlik ve spor alanlarını kapsıyor. Erasmus+ Programı'na bu adın verilmesindeki ana sebep, kamuoyunda daha fazla tanınan, yurtdışında eğitim ve Avrupa işbirliği ile güçlü bir şekilde özdeşleştirilen önceki Erasmus programının bilinirliğinden faydalanmaktır.
Erasmus+ Programı ile Neler Değişiyor?
Erasmus+ Programı, temel amaçlar ve faaliyetler açısından bakıldığında mevcut programdan çok büyük farklılıklar içermiyor. Ancak, mevcut programın etkinliğinin arttırılması, daha kolay uygulanabilir ve sade bir yapıya kavuşabilmesi amacıyla bazı değişiklikler öngörülüyor. Erasmus+ Programı ile gelen yenilikleri şöyle sıralayabiliriz:

Hayatboyu Öğrenme Programları bünyesinde yürütülmüş olan Comenius, Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, Grundtvig programları ile Gençlik Programı ve 5 uluslararası işbirliği programı (Erasmus Mundus, Tempus, Alfa, Edulink ve Sanayileşmiş Ülkelerle İşbirliği Programı) da dahil edilerek Erasmus+ Programı başlığı altında toplanıyor. Tek program ile daha basit başvuru kuralları ve prosedürler getirilerek parçalı yapı ve mükerrerlikler sona eriyor,

Yüksek lisansını yapmış öğrencilerin eğitimlerine yurt dışında devam edebilmeleri ve bilgi-yoğun bir işte çalışabilmeleri için gereken becerileri kazanmalarını desteklemek amacıyla hibe garanti programı uygulanmaya başlıyor,

Daha önceki dönemde uygulanmış olan Yükseköğretim Alanında Sanayileşmiş Ülkelerle İşbirliği (Bilateral Cooperation), gençlik alanını da içerecek şekilde Erasmus+ Programı'nın merkezi projeleri arasında varlığını koruyor. Ancak işbirliği yapılabilecek ülkelerin kapsamı genişliyor, (İşbirliği yapılabilecek ülkeler hakkında detaylı bilgi için lütfen Erasmus+ Program Rehberi'ni inceleyiniz)

Yeni öğretim metotları sunarak yükseköğretim kurumları ve işyerleri arasında yaratıcılık, yenilik ve girişimciliği arttırmaya yönelik büyük ölçekli ortaklıklar (Bilgi Ortaklıkları) ve sektörlere yönelik yenilikçi mesleki eğitim-öğretim metotları yoluyla istihdam edilebilirliği arttırabilmek için eğitim ve öğretim kurum/kuruluşları arasında ortaklıklar (Sektörel Beceri Ortaklıkları) oluşturulmasına imkan sağlanıyor,

Hareketlilik ve ortaklık fırsatları yeni dönemde önemli ölçüde güçlendiriliyor ve özellikle yükseköğretim /mesleki eğitim öğrencileri, öğretmenler, eğiticiler ve gençlik çalışanları için hibe imkanları arttırılıyor.

Erasmus+ Programı Hangi Alanları Destekleyecek?
Erasmus+ Programı kapsamında desteklenen faaliyetler temel olarak 3 Ana Eylem (AE, Key Action, KA) ve 2 Özel Eylem altında toplanıyor:

Ana Eylem 1: Bireylerin Öğrenme Hareketliliği

Ana Eylem 2: Yenilik ve İyi Uygulamaların Değişimi için İşbirliği

Ana Eylem 3: Politika Reformuna Destek

Özel Eylem1: Spor Destekleri

Özel Eylem2: Jean Monnet Programı
Erasmus+ Programından Kimler Yararlanabilir?
Erasmus+ Programının hedef kitlesi şöyle özetlenebilir:

Yükseköğretim alanında; üniversite öğrencileri, akademisyenler ve yükseköğretim çalışanları,

Mesleki eğitim alanında; meslek okulları öğrencileri, çıraklar, profesyoneller, eğitimciler, mesleki eğitim alanında çalışanlar,

Okul eğitimi alanında; ilk ve ortaöğretim öğrencileri, okul liderleri, öğretmenler ve okul çalışanları,

Yetişkin eğitimi alanında; öğreniciler, eğitimciler, yetişkin eğitimi veren kurumların üyeleri ve çalışanları,

Gençlik alanında; 13-30 yaş arası gençler, gençlik çalışanları, gençlik kuruluşlarının üyeleri ve çalışanları,

Kısaca ifade etmek gerekirse, her yaş ve her kesimden bireyler ile her düzeyden kurum ve kuruluşlar programdan faydalanabilir.
Erasmus+ Programında Hangi Ülkeler Yer Alıyor?
Erasmus+ Programı ile birlikte, işbirliği kurulacak ülkelerin sayısı ve coğrafyası genişliyor. Buna göre, her faaliyet türü için değişik olmakla birlikte, aşağıdaki ülkelerle işbirliği yapılması mümkün olabilecek:

28 AB üyesi ülke (Almanya, Avusturya, Belçika, Bulgaristan, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Danimarka, Estonya, Finlandiya, Fransa, Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi, Hırvatistan, Hollanda, İngiltere, İrlanda, İspanya, İsveç, İtalya, Letonya, Litvanya, Lüksemburg, Macaristan, Malta, Polonya, Portekiz, Romanya, Slovakya, Slovenya, Yunanistan)

AB üyesi olmayan program ülkeleri (Norveç, İzlanda, Lihtenştayn, İsviçre, Makedonya ve Türkiye)

Üçüncü ülkeler (Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Kosova, Karadağ Cumhuriyeti, Sırbistan, Ermenistan, Azerbaycan, Belarus, Gürcistan, Moldova, Ukrayna, Rusya Federasyonu, Cezayir, Mısır, İsrail, Ürdün, Lübnan, Libya, Fas, Filistin, Suriye ve Tunus)

Kimi merkezi projeler için diğer dünya ülkeleri ile ortaklıklar kurulabilir. Detaylı bilgi için Erasmus+ Program Rehberi'ni inceleyiniz.

TÜRKİYE ULUSAL AJANSI ile herkes için ERASMUS+
Şimdi lütfen aşağıda yer alan dokümanları inceleyiniz:
FAYDALI DOKÜMANLAR Erasmus+ Program Rehberi Erasmus+ Tanıtım Broşürü (TR) Erasmus+ Tanıtım Broşürü (EN) Erasmus+ Programına Genel Bir Bakış(TR) Erasmus+ Programına Genel Bir Bakış(EN) Detaylarıyla Erasmus+ (TR) Detaylarıyla Erasmus+ (EN) Erasmus+ Genel Tanitim Sunusu

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Erasmus+ Programı:Genel Yapı Erasmus+ Programı, Avrupa Birliği tarafından eğitim ve gençlik alanında 2007-2013 yılları arasında uygulanmış olan Hayatboyu Öğrenme ve Gençlik Programlarının yerine uygulanacak olan yeni programdır. Ağırlıklı olarak proje faaliyetlerine dayanmakla birlikte bireysel faaliyetleri de içermektedir. Erasmus+ Programı'nın Amaçları Nedir, Programa Niye Erasmus Adı Verilmiştir?

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Urban poverty - result of Migration and Urbanization

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A feature story about the conflict between the domestic maids and the Working Women. By Anisha Nair

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Equality, Equity and Policy: Migration and the Health Effects of
International Trade
Migration
Migration is the permanent relocation of an individual from one country to another. As of the year 2005, 191 million people (3% of the world's population) were living outside their country of birth (United Nations Population Division, 009). There are a variety of different reasons for migration, and migration is often split into two categories - voluntary migration and forced migration. However, some reasons for migration apply to both voluntary and forced migrants, therefore it is more useful to think of reasons for migration in two categories: 'push' and 'pull' (see Table 1). Push factors drive a migrant out of their country of origin while pull factors attract migrants towards a particular destination country.
Table 1: Push and pull factors
Migrants are a diverse group (e.g. economic migrants, students, refugees, asylum seekers) and therefore the relationship between health and migration is complex. On the one hand, there is a social selection involved in migration (known as the 'healthy migrant' effect), since migrants are often younger and healthier compared to both their population of origin and people from the host country of a similar ethnicity. Most evidence of the healthy migrant
effect comes from North America, where researchers have found that migrants have a health advantage, which diminishes as individuals become more assimilated into the host society. On the other hand, the migration process may involve a number of stressors and strains that may increase migrants' morbidity in several ways (figure 1).
Figure 1: The influence of the migration process on migrant's morbidity.

Source: Kristiansen et al, 2007

Conditions affecting health in the country of origin and during the journey may include war, torture, loss of relatives, long stays in refugee camps (which may have poor sanitation and overcrowding), imprisonment, and socioeconomic hardship. After arriving in the host country migrants may experience imprisonment, long-lasting asylum seeking processes, language barriers, lack of knowledge about health services, loss of social status, discrimination and marginalisation.

Kristiansen and colleagues (2007) note that coping with a new language, as well as a new political and social context can be extremely stressful. The effect of migration on the mental health of individuals depends on the magnitude of strains in the recipient country and can be mediated by the migrant's social resources (i.e. social networks, language skills, education level, etc.).

Migration may also affect risk perception and risk behaviour. Feelings of loss and psycho-social issues related to lower social positions, unemployment and being in a minority may lead to a feeling of lack of connection between
current risk behaviour and future health effects (i.e. migrants may be forced to focus on their current feelings rather than the future health effects of their current health behaviour). For example, a new migrant, separated from friends
and family in an urban environment (feeling more anonymous and less constrained by social norms) may turn to prostitution or drugs as a way to escape loneliness, frustration and social isolation.

Migration also has health implications for the country migrants have left. Individuals who emigrate for economic opportunities may cause a 'brain drain' in their country of origin, when a large number of individuals with technical
skills or knowledge leave, potentially depleting the local infrastructure.This particularly affects healthcare because there are often economic incentives for healthcare professionals to migrate. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has
long recognised that migration of health personnel from developing to developed countries increases the existing imbalances in the global health workforce and can cause deficiencies in local provision of services in developing countries (Mejia et al, 1979). This migration is often demand-led when developed countries experience shortages in medical professionals. Hagopian et al (2004) estimate that 23% of American physicians received their medical training outside the USA. The majority of foreign trained physicians (64%) in the USA came from middle or low-income countries. In the UK, 31% of doctors and 13% of nurses were born overseas (Glover et al, 2001). While countries of origin may benefit from some remittances (e.g. migrant's wages sent back), the adverse implications for developing countries greatly outweigh these relatively small benefits. To address the problem of brain drain, Pang and collegues (2002) recommend "a global perspective, agreed ethicalprinciples between
countries, and a systematic approach usingthe convening power of international organisations."

Finally, there are health implications of migration in the host (destination) country. Some host countries are worried about the presence of infectious diseases in migrants, and screening of migrants (though a contentious human
rights issue) has been adopted, to varying degrees, by several countries throughout the world (Patterson, 2003). While some migrants may be generally healthier than the population (i.e. the 'healthy migrant' effect),
other migrants may have pre-existing health conditions that can strain local health care systems. For example, increasing retirement migration (where older adults, who often require more health care, migrate to warmer destinations - e.g. Spain, Florida), can present a challenge for recipient health care systems.
The health effects of international trade
The effects of increased international trade are both direct and indirect, as well as positive and negative (see Table 2).
Table 2: Some of the direct and indirect effects of increased international trade.

· Increased availability of goods hazardous to health (e.g. firearms, alcohol (see Box 1) and tobacco)

Migration of health professionals

Potential spread of infectious disease

Poverty reduction

Stimulation of development

Better living conditions

Greater knowledge dissemination

Increasing "interconnectedness" encourages countries to respond to what happens outside their borders when developing health policy and interventions.

Increased transportation

Greater use of fossil fuels

Climate change, potentially including droughts, floods and rising sea levels.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) has recognised that trade policies can have a substantial impact on health (WTO and WHO, 2002). Trade policies such as tariffs, patent protection, and free trade have both direct and indirect effects on health.

Fox and Meier (2007) outline four main trade agreements that have had direct effects on health and also outline the indirect effects of trade policy on health. These are described in table 3.
Table 3: The link between trade policies and health

Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Forbids breaking pharmaceutical patents except via Article XX(b) when "necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health". TRIPS restricts access to generic medicines, which makes drugs particularity costly for those without insurance and in the developing world.

Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). While recognizing the right of countries to take measures to protect health and life, SPS minimizes the chances of these measures being used as trade barriers.

Regulatory standards governing human, animal and plant health shall by default be based on recognised international bodies. More restrictive regulation must be based on scientific risk assessment .(For example, the EU ban of hormone-treated beef was judged to be unsupported by science and not addressing defined risks)

Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT). Creates universal standards to protect human life and health provided these standards are not surreptitious protective shields. Encourages use of internationally agreed standards in product regulation. Regulations must be least trade-restrictive necessary. (TBT has implications for water supply, food production, and labelling of foods and drugs).

General Agreements on Trade in Services (GATS). Establishes rules for trade in services including the movement of consumers and providers across borders to receive and supply health care with a view
towards progressive liberalization. (May lead to privatization of health care)

Unjust trade laws hamper the economic development of poor countries and perpetuates the advantage of rich countries via:

Non-tariff barriers to trade against exports from developing countries;

Volatility of commodity prices.

Trade liberalization has deprived countries of tariff revenue (a much needed revenue stream in the developing world).

Source: adapted from Fox and Meier, 2007

Trade policies have the potential to conflict with public health interests. The WTO aims to remove restrictions on free trade and trade liberalisation increases the sale and consumption of some goods that are detrimental to health
(See Table 2 and Box 1).
Box 1: Trade policy and alcohol.

The excess consumption of alcohol is related to a wide variety of negative health outcomes including morbidity, mortality, and disability. Therefore, the objective of alcohol control policies is to limit alcohol consumption, often through taxation, restriction on hours of sale, advertising restrictions, etc. The level of domestic consumption of alcohol depends upon the interaction of international demand and supply and the development of international trade policy. This presents a fundamental conflict of interest between public health alcohol policies and free trade agreements, which seek to remove restrictions on the buying and selling of goods. Article XIV of the GATS states: "nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Member of measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health". However, it is unknown how robust the exemption paragraphs will be in the long run and so far the exemption has been interpreted by the WTO restrictively (i.e. when tested, trade arguments have prevailed over other considerations). Therefore, the GATS seems unlikely to protect health-based alcohol measures.

Source: Endel, 2006
References

Endel D (2006). WTO/GATS negotiations and alcohol policy. The Globe,
3, Global Alcohol Policy Alliance.

Fox A, Meier BM (2007). Fair Trade, Human Rights and Health: Utilizing the human right to development to affect international trade law for public health.

Glover S, Gott C, Loizillon A. Portes J, Price R, Spencer S, Srinivasan V, Willis C (2001). Migration: an economic and social analysis. RDS
Occasional Paper No 67, London: Home Office.

Hagopian A, Thompson M, Fordyce M, Johnson K, Hart LG (2004). "The migration of physicians from sub-Saharan Africa to the United States of America: measures of the African brain drain". Human Resources for
Health, 2:17-26.

Kristiansen M, Mygind A, Krasnik, A (2007). "Health effects of migration".Danish Medical Bulletin 2007;54:46-7.

Mejia A, Pizurki H, Royston E: Physician and nurse migration: analysis and policy implications. France, World Health Organization; 1979:xiii-476.

Pang T (2002). "Brain drain and health professionals: a global problem needs global solutions". BMJ, 324:499-500.

Patterson R (2003). "Screening immigrants for infectious diseases." The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 3(11):681

United Nations Population Division (2009). World Migrant Stock: The 2005 Revision Population Database. http://esa.un.org/migration/.

WTO, WHO (2002)WTO agreements and public health. WTO secretariat.

© Rebecca Steinbach 2009

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Migration and the Health Effects of International Trade

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Migration Migration is the permanent relocation of an individual from one country to another. As of the year 2005, 191 million people (3% of the world's population) were living outside their country of birth (United Nations Population Division, 009).

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Migration is a global phenomenon that influences the health of individuals and populations.

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Open Access

Policy Forum

Policy Forum Policy Forum articles provide a platform for health policy makers from around the world to discuss the challenges and opportunities in improving health care to their constituencies.
See all article types "

Cathy Zimmerman,

Ligia Kiss,

Mazeda Hossain

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Citation: Zimmerman C, Kiss L, Hossain M (2011) Migration and Health: A Framework for 21st Century Policy-Making. PLoS Med 8(5): e1001034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001034

Published: May 24, 2011

Copyright: © 2011 Zimmerman et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: No specific funding was received for writing this paper.

Competing interests: The authors served as the guest editors of the PLoS Medicine series on Migration & Health.

Provenance: Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Summary Points

Migration is a global phenomenon that influences the health of individuals and populations.

Policy-making on migration and health is conducted within sector silos that frequently have different goals. Population mobility is wholly compatible with health-promoting strategies for migrants if decision-makers coordinate across borders and policy sectors.

Policies to protect migrant and public health will be most effective if they address the multiple phases of the migratory process, including pre-departure, travel, destination, interception, and return. Health intervention opportunities exist at each stage.

This article forms the introduction to a PLoS Medicine series on Migration & Health, laying out a new framework for understanding the migratory process and the five phases of migration, which are discussed in depth in five subsequent articles.

This is one article in a six-part PLoS Medicine series on Migration & Health.

Introduction

With an estimated 214 million people on the move internationally and approximately three-quarters of a billion people migrating within their own country, there can be little doubt that population mobility is among the leading policy issues of the 21st century [1]-[3]. Human migration is not a new phenomenon, but it has changed significantly in number and nature with the growth of globalization, including the ease of international transport and communication, the push and pull factors of shifting capital, effects of climate change, and periodic political upheaval, including armed conflict. As a result, migrant networks that facilitate mobility and circular migration, in particular, have expanded in unprecedented ways [4],[5]. Yet, there has not been commensurate development of coordinated policy approaches to address the health implications associated with modern migration. Internationally, policy-making on migration has generally been conducted from policy sector "silos" (e.g., international aid, security, immigration enforcement, trade, and labor) that rarely include the health sector and which often have different, if not incompatible, goals [6],[7]. As discussions on "global migration governance" and "global health governance" expand, it will be increasingly important for policy-makers to engage in cross-sector coordination and move beyond narrow protectionist policy approaches, such as migrant-screening, and the simplistic view of migration as a one-way trajectory [8].

Health policy-making in the context of migration has generally been viewed either in terms of its "threats" to public health or from a rights-based approach that focuses on health hazards faced by individual migrants and the associated service challenges [9]. The former lens dates back to medieval quarantine measures and prioritizes public health security and communicable disease control, relying heavily on monitoring and screening (e.g., tuberculosis, pandemic flu). The rights-based perspective is more recent and grounded in medical ethics. It recognizes migrants' special vulnerability to, for example, interpersonal and occupational hazards, social exclusion, and discrimination, and the importance of universal access and culturally competent health care services [10].

Although often framed as a "threat", human mobility is not inherently risk-laden. However, poor policy coordination and contradictory policy goals, such as increasing foreign labor requirements while maintaining restrictive rights for migrants, can exacerbate risk conditions related to migration and pose health challenges [11],[12].

This paper presents an introduction to the PLoS Medicine series on migration and health ( http://www.ploscollections.org/migrationhealth). It lays out a migratory process framework ( Figure 1) that highlights the multistaged and cumulative nature of the health risks and intervention opportunities that can occur throughout the migration process, and points to the potential benefits of policy-making that spans the full range of migratory movement. Five subsequent articles in the series discuss in-depth the health impacts and policy needs associated with the five phases of this migratory process: pre-departure, travel, destination, interception, and return.

Global Estimates, Migrant Categories, and Gender

Theories and definitions of migration are diverse and include temporary and more permanent forms of human mobility that can occur for different purposes over long and short distances [13],[14]. Statistics on global migration are imprecise because of the diversity in definitions and due to the difficulty of counting irregular or undocumented migrants [15]. Table 1 presents some commonly used definitions and recent estimates for different mobile populations. Notably, internal migrants account for nearly four times as many individuals as international migrants. Among international migrants, it is estimated that nearly 50% of international movement is inter-regional [1].

For the past 50 years, there have been an approximately equal proportion of migrant women and men [2]. The motives and conditions of women's migration have changed markedly, with a growing number of women migrating independently for low-skill labor opportunities, rather than as spousal or family dependents. This has raised discussions about the "feminization of migration" [16]. At the same time as numerous women may gain greater independence and empowerment through migration, particular risks may arise such as, physical and sexual violence, including trafficking for forced sex work [17].

In migration statistics, it is not uncommon for different mobile groups and males and females to be classified together as "immigrants" or categorized solely by nationality [18],[19]. But people frequently fit into multiple categories or change their migration status over time and circumstances. From a public health policy perspective, an important dichotomy is between "documented" versus "irregular" and "forced" migrants. Individuals who travel via legal channels with required documentation, e.g., high-skilled laborers, are likely to encounter fewer health risks and have better service access than undocumented or "irregular" migrants [20].

Phases of the Migratory Process and Health Considerations

Traditionally, policy-making has viewed migration as individual movement from point A to point B, generally focusing on permanent transnational resettlement. Yet, contemporary mobility is a much more complex process, more accurately viewed as a multistage cycle that can be entered into multiple times, in various ways, and may occur within or across national borders. Figure 1 depicts a migratory process model with five phases: pre-departure, travel, destination, interception (affecting a minority of migrants), and return [13],[21],[22]. This framework lends itself to more comprehensive and multinational policy-making. The five subsequent articles in the PLoS Medicine series will discuss in-depth these five phases, but here we provide a summary.

Pre-Departure Phase

The pre-departure phase comprises the time before individuals leave from their place of origin. Factors that may influence health at this stage include biological characteristics, local chronic disease patterns and pathogens, environmental factors, and political and personal circumstances (e.g., human rights violations, interpersonal violence). Forced migrants are particularly likely to have experienced traumatic events at this stage, which may affect their psychological and physical health status throughout their journey. An individual's health status also frequently reflects health policies and the strength of the health sector, including health promotion, service quality, and access. Policy dialogues related to pre-departure locations have focused primarily on screening for communicable diseases [23],[24] and the depletion of health care professionals from resource-poor areas [25], with less attention to, for example, the health of the elderly and children who are left behind [26],[27]. Although this is a beneficial time to conduct health promotion and offer information to potential migrants about health in the destination location, there has been little collaboration between countries of origin and destination. However, several countries with large numbers of labor migrants have begun to develop programs to inform individuals about health risks and service rights [28],[29] and have implemented multilateral employment and social insurance schemes with recruitment agencies and with destination countries [30],[31] (examples in Table 2).

Travel Phase

The travel phase encompasses the period when individuals are between their place of origin and a destination or an interception location. This phase might include multiple "transit" locations where individuals stop for short or long periods. From a global public health perspective, this is the stage during which pathogens may be carried across different zones of disease prevalence and initiate changes in international and local transmissible disease epidemiology. Travel restrictions have been a focus of attention after the recent outbreaks of pandemic influenza, even if there is limited evidence about their effectiveness [32],[33]. Especially for irregular migrants, health influences during this time are closely related to the mode of transport and circumstances of travel, such as journeys via flimsy boats or closed containers [34]. There are regular reports of Mexican migrants who die from heat exposure on treks across the desert towards the United States, or Burmese refugees fleeing through malaria-endemic areas [35],[36]. In cases of human trafficking, this phase is generally the time when criminal acts begin, such as illegal border crossings, kidnapping, and, for women and children, sexual violence. Evidence on health promotion programs at border or transit locations for migrants is scant. However, several health education and support initiatives have been established, for example, in US-Mexico border towns [37].

Destination Phase

The destination phase is when individuals settle either temporarily or long-term in their intended location. A majority of migration health research and policy attention has focused on this phase, usually describing issues in high-income and migrant-receiving countries and frequently investigating specific diseases, certain ethnic groups, or "the healthy migrant effect" [38]. However, greater attention is required for non-communicable diseases, mental health, and socioeconomic influences on health. Risk behaviors among migrants appear to change when they are in new settings such as when Japanese migrants to the US showed that as cultural adaptation became more pronounced, the risk of coronary heart disease began to match that of the host population [39]. Mental health outcomes often appear worse for migrants, displaced populations, and refugees than for native-born populations [40]. Migrant women may be at greater risk of reproductive health problems and poor pregnancy outcomes, such as pregnancy complications, neonatal morbidity, and infant mortality [41]. Asylum-seekers with temporary protection tend to have poorer mental health than refugees who have permanent residency [42] and similarly, low-skilled migrant laborers, especially those with irregular status, are at high risk of injury and illness [43].

Interception Phase

The interception phase applies to a small but particularly at-risk portion of the migrating population. This phase is characterized by situations of temporary detention or interim residence and is primarily relevant for forced migrants (e.g., asylum-seekers, refugees, displaced populations, trafficked persons) or irregular migrants, such as undocumented workers. Interception strategies for international migrants or displaced persons are frequently linked to immigration control policies and often have negative or punitive implications. Immigration detention centers or refugee camps often have deleterious effects on mental or physical health and are commonly sites of human rights abuses. There are clear associations between the length of detention and severity of mental disorders, especially for individuals with prior exposure to traumatic events, which is common among forced migrants. To date, few policy-level mandates have incorporated explicit measures to detect or prevent psychological morbidity in detention situations [44],[45]. In addition, detention conditions may be unhygienic or unsafe (particularly for women) [46],[47]. In high-resource settings, medical care for migrants in detention may be more advanced than in an individual's home country, but poorer compared to services available to the host population due to policies that, either by design or neglect, permit unequal treatment of migrants. Complex humanitarian emergency responses may be associated with the emergence of public health hazards by linking populations with disparate disease prevalence, but may also give rise to health-promoting measures, such as access to modern medical interventions and social services [48] and targeted prevention or treatment programs [49].

Return Phase

The return phase is when individuals go back to their place of origin, either temporarily or to resettle indefinitely or permanently. In this phase, vulnerable migrants may experience the cumulative toll that migration exposures have taken on their physical and psychological well-being. In some settings, returning migrants, especially those who move from rural to urban areas, may be responsible for introducing new pathogens or increasing the prevalence of infections among the local population [50]. Individuals returning to low-resource settings with life-threatening, disabling, or chronic health concerns that require ongoing or high-tech treatment, such as cancer, diabetes, or HIV, may have difficulty identifying or paying for adequate care. People who return after suffering serious abuse, such as trafficked persons or war-affected refugees, may sustain high levels of distress or psychiatric morbidity [51],[52]. Practices related to the repatriation of individuals with life-threatening conditions do not always fully adhere to human rights principles and can put returnees at risk of long-term morbidity or mortality [53],[54]. Particularly in post-conflict situations when refugees are resettled to locations that have been ravaged by war, highly vulnerable individuals are likely to encounter a dearth of necessary services [55]. Many labor migrants, however, may return with reasonable remuneration and remittances that help them afford a healthier lifestyle and better health care for themselves and their family. There is a need for bilateral or regional agreements to support the portability of health care benefits, especially when healthy migrants contribute to wealthy countries and return unwell or to retire and require significant care from their home country's health system [56].

Migration Health Policy Standards and Instruments

Table 2 presents examples of international instruments and regional and national legislation or policies related to health and migration. At the international level, the 61st World Health Assembly adopted a resolution that encouraged states to develop migrant-sensitive health policies and practices. The selected regional and national examples indicate the somewhat disjointed, sometimes conflicting, nature of migration health policy-making, as well as important gaps [57]. For instance, migrant health insurance schemes may be encumbered by restrictive immigration legislation or exclude undocumented migrants and migrants' family members from coverage. Similarly, regional agreements or national plans may promote economic cooperation through labor migration, but may not include portable health benefits. In practice, responsibility for fair health policies for migrants still lies within each nation state. And, even where multilateral agreements exist, their implementation does not automatically translate into universal, equal health opportunities for migrants.

Conclusions

If internal and international migrants compris`ed a nation, it would be the third most populous country in the world, just after China and India. Yet, attention to the health of migrants is still limited. Where migration health policies exist, they operate primarily in isolation at national levels and cover only fragmented snapshots of people's movement, with few binding regional or global health protection agreements to respond to the true scope of contemporary migration [7],[8].

Moreover, the chasm between practice and policy-those providing health services to migrants versus those making policies about migrants' entitlements-is increasingly evident. At the same time that clinicians are treating more diverse migrant groups, policy-makers are attempting to implement restrictive or exclusive immigration-related health policies that contradict public health needs and undermine medical ethics that operate on the ground.

Policies that respond to the diversity of migrant groups and their differential health risks and service access must be developed and implemented. Moreover, to make real advances in the protection of both individual and public health, interventions must target each stage of the migration process and reach across borders. Services should be based on human rights principles that foster available and accessible care for individual migrants.

Migration policy-making is wholly compatible with health-promoting strategies for migrants. As globalization appears to be irreversibly linked to population mobility and individuals have proven that they will continue to migrate and re-migrate, it is time for decision-makers from the migration and health sectors to sit at the same table with policy-makers from other sectors, such as development, humanitarian aid, human rights, and labor, to make migration safe and healthy for all.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Cally Taylor for her design skills for Figure 1.

Author Contributions

Analyzed the data: CZ LK MH. Wrote the first draft: CZ. Contributed to the writing of the paper: CZ LK MH. ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met: CZ LK MH. Agree with the manuscript's results and conclusions: CZ LK MH.

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Migration and Health: A Framework for 21st Century Policy-Making

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Open Access Policy Forum Policy Forum Policy Forum articles provide a platform for health policy makers from around the world to discuss the challenges and opportunities in improving health care to their constituencies. See all article types " Cathy Zimmerman, Ligia Kiss, Mazeda Hossain Included in the Following Collection Subject Areas For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click here.

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Afişimiz hazır.

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Jobs in Ankara - Turkey - for English Speaking Professionals

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Jobs in Ankara and Turkey for professionals and expats seeking employment opportunities with English as the main working language.

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İrem Uyumaz

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İrem Uyumaz

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Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) göç istatistiklerine göre, toplam nüfusu 4 milyon 650 bin 802 olan Ankara'da, 1 milyon 548 bin 626 'Ankaralı' yaşıyor. Coğrafi konumu itibariyle Türkiye'nin ortasında yer alan Başkent, en çok çevre illerden göç alırken, Ankara'da yaşayanlar arasında 336 bin 694'le Çorumlular birinci sırada yer alıyor. Başkent'te yaşayan Çorumluları sırasıyla Yozgatlılar 293 bin 748, Çankırılılar 222 bin 524, Kırşehirliler 179 bin 94, Kırıkkaleliler 163 bin 105 ve Sivaslılar 143 bin 153 kişi ile izliyor.
Mamak'ta Çorumlular
Başkentin nüfusu ilçelere göre incelendiğinde, Çorumluların en çok Mamak'ı tercih ettikleri görülüyor. 83 bin 897 Çorumlu'nun yaşadığı Mamak'ta, 64 bin 73 Yozgatlı, 44 bin 250 Kırıkkaleli, 31 bin 324 Kırşehirli, 31 bin 96 Sivaslı, 21 Bin 735 Çankırılı oturuyor. Mamak nüfusuna kayıtlı olan Ankaralıların sayısı ise 111 bin 648. Çankaya'da 45 bin 678 Sivaslı, 32 bin 430 Yozgatlı, 38 bin Çorumlu, 25 Bin Çankırılı ve 15 bin 590 Kırıkkaleli otururken, bu ilçede 175 bin 978 Ankaralı yaşıyor.
Keçiören'de Çankırılılar
Keçiören'de Çankırılılar 65 bin 912 ile birinci sırada yer alırken, 60 bin 912 ile Çorumlular, 53 bin 806 ile Kırşehirliler, 52 bin 452 ile Yozgatlılar, 25 bin 760 ile Kırıkkaleliler izliyor. Sincan'da da 45 bin 794'le birinci sırada Çorumlular yer alırken, 42 bin 216'yla Yozgatlılar ikinci, 20 bin 943 ile Kırıkkaleliler üçüncü, 20 bin 405'le de Kırşehirliler dördüncü sırada yer alıyor. Yenimahalle'de 36 bin 710'la Yozgatlılar birinci, 24 bin 335'le Kırşehirliler ikinci, 22 bin 793'le Kayserililer üçüncü, 20 bin 681'le de Çankırılılar dördüncü oldu.
Etimesgut'ta Yozgatlılar
Etimesgut'da yaşayanlar arasında da 24 bin 231 kişiyle Yozgatlılar ilk sırada yer alıyor. Yozgatlıları 18 bin 758'le Çorumlular, 16 bin 117 ile Erzurumlular, 14 bin 956'yla da Kırıkkaleliler izliyor. Altındağ ilçesinde ise 38 bin 398'lik nüfuslarıyla Çorumlular birinciliği kimseye bırakmıyor. Çorumluların ardından ise 27 bin 398'ye Yozgatlılar, 21 bin 441'le Bolulular ve 15 bin 629 ile Kırıkkaleliler geliyor.

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Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) göç istatistiklerine göre, toplam nüfusu 4 milyon 650 bin 802 olan Ankara'da, 1 milyon 548 bin 626 'Ankaralı' yaşıyor. Coğrafi konumu itibariyle Türkiye'nin ortasında yer alan Başkent, en çok çevre illerden göç alırken, Ankara'da yaşayanlar arasında 336 bin 694'le Çorumlular birinci sırada yer alıyor.

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İrem Uyumaz

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Ülkemizde, büyük şehirlerin nüfusu her geçen gün düzensiz bir şekilde artmaktadır. Kırsal bölgelerde ve ülkenin Doğu kesimlerinde yaşayan insanlar, çeşitli ekonomik, sosyal nedenlerden dolayı büyük şehirlere doğru göç hareketi oluşturmaktadırlar. Ülke içerisinde yaşanan bu göç hareketi, yüksek rakamlarda olduğundan dolayı nüfus yığılması oluşmaktadır. Nüfus yığılması, bir bölgede yaşayan insanların eğitim, sağlık, ulaşım gibi hizmetlerini almada zorluk çekmelerinin yanı sıra çeşitli sosyal sorunları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Sizler için hazırlamış olduğumuz bu yazıda büyük şehirlerdeki nüfus yığılmasını önlemek için neler yapılmalı kısaca sizlere bu konu hakkında bilgi vereceğiz.

Nüfus yığılması, hem göç veren hem de göç alan bölge için son derece olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu durumun önüne geçmenin en iyi yolu, kırsal kesimdeki devlet hizmetlerini arttırmaktır. Kırsalda yaşayan pek çok insan, burada eğitim, sağlık gibi hizmetlerin çok kısıtlı olması veya olmaması nedeniyle büyük şehirlere göç etmeyi tercih etmektedir. Özellikle kış aylarında ulaşımın da sekteye uğraması, bu bölgedeki insanlar için yaşadıkları yeri yaşanamaz hale getiren etkenlerden olmaktadır.

Bir diğer ve en önemli etken ise ekonomik sebepler olmaktadır. Günümüzde, kırsal kesimdeki ekonomik imkanlar her gün daralmakta, insanlar bu yüzden göç etmek durumunda kalmaktadır. Bu durumun önüne geçmek için devletin çiftçiyi, hayvancıyı desteklemesi, onların işlerini büyütmesi ve daha fazla para kazanması için destek olmaları gerekmektedir. Çiftçi, daha iyi para kazanırsa toprağını ekmeye devam eder ve ekilen topraktan da bu bölgede bulunan pek çok insan kazanç sağlayabilir. Kazancı yerinde olan ve mutlu olan insanlar ise göç etmeyi düşünmezler.
Büyük Şehirlerdeki Nüfus Yığılmasını Önlemek İçin Neler Yapılmalı Adlı Yazımızla İlgili Düşüncelerinizi Yorum Kısmından Yazabilirsiniz.

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Büyük Şehirlerdeki Nüfus Yığılmasını Önlemek İçin Neler Yapılmalı

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Ülkemizde, büyük şehirlerin nüfusu her geçen gün düzensiz bir şekilde artmaktadır. Kırsal bölgelerde ve ülkenin Doğu kesimlerinde yaşayan insanlar, çeşitli ekonomik, sosyal nedenlerden dolayı büyük şehirlere doğru göç hareketi oluşturmaktadırlar. Ülke içerisinde yaşanan bu göç hareketi, yüksek rakamlarda olduğundan dolayı nüfus yığılması oluşmaktadır.

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MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ

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DAP göçü önlemek için proje geliştiriyor

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Doğu Anadolu Projesi Kalkınma İdaresi Başkanlığı’nca 2014-2018 yılı eylem planı bilgilendirme toplantısı yapıldı. Müceldili Konağı

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The ongoing influx of Syrians could tilt future elections in Erdogan and the AKP's favor, though the long-term demographic and social repercussions will be felt regardless of political outcomes.

In the sixth year of the Syrian civil war, the number of people displaced by the fighting has surpassed 13.5 million, and Turkey remains a crucial haven for many of them. Now harboring at least 2.5 million Syrians, Turkey has become the number-one destination for refugees fleeing the conflict, followed by Lebanon at over one million. This influx is transforming Turkey's ethnic and sectarian makeup, particularly in the southern provinces bordering Syria. On July 2, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan promised to "open pathways to citizenship for Syrian refugees." What impact would such naturalization efforts have on Turkey's demographic structure and sociopolitical landscape?

SYRIAN REFUGEES IN TURKEY SINCE 2011

As of late 2015, Turkey had a population of 78.7 million, with Syrian refugees accounting for 3.1% of that figure based on conservative estimates. Demographic trends indicate that the country already had as many as 1.5 million Arab-origin citizens before the war, so Turkey's Arab constituency now numbers anywhere from 4.5 to 5.1% of the population. Put another way, with nearly 4 million Arab inhabitants, Turkey has more Arabs than some Arab-majority countries, including Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.

Gauging ethnic composition in Turkey is difficult because the government has not collected comprehensive data on ethnicity since 1960. At that time, individuals who declared their mother tongue to be Arabic accounted for 1.25% of the population. This figure appeared to remain more or less constant prior to the Syria war -- in a 2007 national poll by KONDA, 1.38% of Turkish respondents declared their mother tongue to be Arabic.

Beyond Turkey's overall increase in Arabs since 2011, the concentration of Syrian refugees in the south has altered demographic balances in multiple provinces. According to the Interior Ministry's Directorate General of Migration Management (AFAD), the five border provinces of Kilis, Hatay, Mardin, Sanliurfa, and Gaziantep have received over half of the refugees. The prewar population of Kilis (130,000) has doubled over the past few years, and its Arab population has exploded: in the 1960 census, Kilis was less than 1% Arab, but that number is now 49.2%. In Hatay, the refugee influx has increased the Arab population from 34% to 47%. Hatay's transformation also highlights the war's sectarian impact, since the refugees are almost exclusively Sunni Arab. Previously, most Arabs in Hatay belonged to the Alawite branch of Islam (the same sect as the Assad regime in Syria), but they are now almost equally split between Sunnis and Alawites.

Sectarian and ethnic shifts have occurred in Mardin and Sanliurfa as well. These provinces previously had Kurdish majorities or pluralities, but they have witnessed a rise in their Arab populations during the war -- Mardin's from 21 to 29%, and Sanliurfa's from 13 to 28%. In Gaziantep, the region's economic hub, Arabs originally accounted for less than 1% of the population, but that number jumped to 18% following the arrival of over 325,000 refugees.

Beyond the border, four surrounding provinces -- Adana, Mersin, Kahramanmaras, and Osmaniye -- have received almost 15% of Turkey's Syrian refugees, who now constitute at least 5% of the population in all four provinces. Continued migration and disparate reproduction levels will further shift the balance between Turks, Kurds, and Arabs in these areas, and between Alawites and Sunnis.

Outside the southern provinces, a quarter of the refugees have settled in Turkey's metropolitan areas. Many have migrated to Istanbul, which now hosts almost 360,000 Syrians, or 2.4% of the city's population. Izmir, Turkey's third-largest city, has a little over 83,000 refugees, or nearly 2% of the population. Midsize cities such as Bursa, Konya, and Kayseri have tens of thousands of Syrian inhabitants, indicating that refugees are also dispersed across western and central Anatolia.

POLITICAL IMPACT

These demographic changes could soon translate to political shifts. Turkish naturalization law allows foreign nationals who have lived in the country for five years to apply for citizenship. The first wave of refugees arrived in April 2011, so some migrants have already fulfilled the time requirement for beginning the naturalization process. As many as 2.5 million Syrians could therefore obtain citizenship in the next five years if the government demonstrates the political will to naturalize them. And given their likely gratitude for President Erdogan's role in providing them with refuge, social aid, and a pathway to citizenship, most of these potential new citizens can be expected to vote for his Justice and Development Party (AKP) in future elections.

Currently, the Turkish political landscape is polarized between the AKP and the opposition parties, which have nearly equal support. In the past two elections, the AKP has maxed out at 49.5% of the vote, so Erdogan has sought to hold a popular referendum on changing the constitution to make himself an executive-style, partisan president (although he has continued to guide the AKP since his days as prime minister, he is technically prohibited from serving as the party's official leader as president). In addition to favorable views of Erdogan himself, many of the refugees come from Syria's northern countryside and already have a conservative tilt, making them potential AKP voters once they obtain citizenship.

Such a development could gift Erdogan with a referendum victory and a potential supermajority in the next parliamentary elections, to be held in 2019. While it is unlikely that all of the refugees will be granted citizenship right away, even opening the path to naturalization could seriously alter the AKP's leverage over the three opposition parties: the leftist-secularist Republican People's Party (CHP), the right-wing Nationalist Action Party (MHP), and the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP).

The political impact could be even greater if the Syrian refugee influx increases, which may well happen if the ongoing Assad regime offensive in Aleppo succeeds. At the same time, the recent Turkish incursion into the Syrian border town of Jarabulus apparently serves Ankara's plans to prevent another refugee influx, among other goals. Should this operation to establish a bridgehead in northern Syria succeed, it would give Turkey a sliver of territory on the other side of the border in which to house future refugees, potentially curbing further flows into Turkey. Nevertheless, Erdogan has hinted at his willingness to take in more refugees should circumstances dictate; in an August 8 interview with Le Monde, he stated, "Turkey, which has already taken in 3 million Syrian refugees, is ready to take another million."

CONCLUSION

Regardless of when and how many Syrians acquire Turkish citizenship, the refugee crisis will have a lasting effect on the country's demographic, political, and social landscape. The citizenship process will no doubt become a polarizing political issue, with the AKP supporting it, the CHP and MHP opposing it, and the HDP taking sides depending on how many Kurds are among the refugees. At the same time, Turkey's ability to integrate the Syrians, and the government's willingness to listen to the growing Arab community's political and cultural demands, will determine whether this lasting effect can be positive.

Soner Cagaptay is the Beyer Family Fellow and director of the Turkish Research Program at The Washington Institute, where Oya Aktas is a research assistant. Cagatay Ozdemir is an M.A. candidate in Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service.

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The ongoing influx of Syrians could tilt future elections in Erdogan and the AKP's favor, though the long-term demographic and social repercussions will be felt regardless of political outcomes. In the sixth year of the Syrian civil war, the number of people displaced by the fighting has surpassed 13.5 million, and Turkey remains a crucial haven for many of them.

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Migration is the movement of people from one country or locality to another. Some migration is voluntary and sometimes people are forced to move. The primary reason for voluntary migration is increased economic opportunities. The International Organization for Migration estimates there are currently 214 million migrants worldwide. Migrations can occur on any level, from intercontinental to intracontinental to interregional, meaning migration within the same country.

Economic Opportunities

If a person cannot find a job in his local area, the best option may be to look for a job in another place. A migrant may have a job, but he may want to move to an area with better living conditions and more economic activity. Some places offer more educational opportunities for career advancement and have a more malleable class structure than other societies.

Cultural Freedoms

One of the major pulls for migrations of people is the prospect of freedom in various areas of life. For example, religious freedom may be important to a migrant who cannot openly practice his religion in his home country. A scholar may flee to another country in pursuit of academic freedom. Cultural deviants may find that their behavior is better tolerated in a different place, and they may trade some of the benefits of their home society to explore these behaviors.

Culture Shock

Migration brings people into contact with entirely new ways of life. Culture shock is the difficultly people have with adjusting to a new culture that is very different from their own. The most difficult part of culture shock for migrants is that they have no plan to go back home, so they are forced into accepting a new culture and learning how to behave in new ways. Language is an obvious difference for migrants, making it difficult to conduct basic daily communications if the language is different from their home country. Other differences include diet, clothing and music.

Environmental Differences

Migration brings people to new geographies and new climates. A change of scenery can be very interesting for new migrants, but many have trouble acclimating their bodies to major changes in climate. For example, some countries, such as Korea, have higher elevations than many other countries, and this can be a shock on the bodies of migrants who have difficulty breathing.

Leaving People Behind

Migrants must leave behind family members and friends when they make their journey to a new place. Moving away from home removes the migrant's social support system and also any kind of social standing enjoyed in the home locality. While migrants usually bring their immediate families with them, they must leave their extended families behind. Sometimes migrants must leave their immediate families at home and send money back for financial support. The International Organization for Migration estimates that migrants sent home $414 billion in remittances in 2009.

About the Author

Brian Gabriel has been a writer and blogger since 2009, contributing to various online publications. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in history from Whitworth University.

Photo Credits

Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images

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Migration: Advantages & Disadvantages | Synonym

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Migration is the movement of people from one country or locality to another. Some migration is voluntary and sometimes people are forced to move. The primary reason for voluntary migration is increased economic opportunities. The International Organization for Migration estimates there are currently 214 million migrants worldwide.

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There are many arguments about the advantages and disadvantages of migration and how it has affected us locally.
Positive Impacts on host countries
* Job vacancies and skills gaps can be filled.

* Economic growth can be sustained.

* Services to an ageing population can be maintained when there are insufficient young people locally.

* The pension gap can be filled by the contributions of new young workers and they also pay taxes.

* Immigrants bring energy and innovation.

* Host countries are enriched by cultural diversity.

* Failing schools (and those with falling numbers) can be transformed.
Negative Impacts on host countries
* Depression of wages may occur, especially in lower paid jobs.

* Having workers willing to work for relatively low pay may allow employers to ignore productivity, training and innovation.

* Migrants may be exploited.

* Increases in population can put pressure on public services.

* Unemployment may rise if there are unrestricted numbers of incomers.

* There may be integration difficulties and friction with local people.

* Large movements of people lead to more security monitoring.

* Ease of movement may facilitate organised crime and people trafficking.
Positive Impacts on countries of origin
* Developing countries benefit from remittances (payments sent home by migrants). These now often outstrip foreign aid.

* Unemployment is reduced and young migrants enhance their life prospects

* Returning migrants bring savings, skills and international contacts.
Negative Impacts on countries of origin
* Economic disadvantage through the loss of young workers

* Loss of highly trained people, especially health workers

* Social problems for children left behind or growing up without a wider family circle
The Effects of Increased Migration in Northern Ireland
An Oxford Economics study published by the Department of Employment and Learning (DEL) in 2009 concluded that migrant workers had helped maintain a sufficient labour supply to fuel the 2004-2008 economic boom. The availability of migrant labour appeared to have made the difference between some businesses surviving, or not needing to relocate production abroad (especially in the case of food processing). The authors quote a survey of 600 businesses where 31% said that migrants were important in the survival of their organisation; this rose to 50% in health and social care and agriculture.

In addition the study indicated that migrants have:

* facilitated growth in the economy;

* brought benefits to the tourism industry through the development of new air routes;

* had a positive influence on the productivity or efficiency of local workers;

* contributed new ideas and a fresh approach to firms;

* increased cultural links with developing nations that will prove useful in growing our international trade.

In addition to these economic benefits, incomers have helped the health and care services to continue functioning; contributed to cultural diversity; and increased the vitality of schools, particularly in rural areas.

Summary

It is clear that immigration can be beneficial for migrants, but only if their rights are protected properly. It can also be economically beneficial for both countries of origin and host countries; however, with present economic and trading structures it is the rich and powerful countries that benefit most. Migration brings social and cultural pressures that need to be taken into account in planning for future services. Migration also has the potential for bringing peoples together culturally but friction occurs if efforts are not made to dispel negative myths held by local people. It is also essential to provide good information about the local way of life to newcomers and ensure opportunities for people to mix and integrate. Where the economic preconditions exist, migration is inevitable. When people try to prevent immigration it just goes underground.

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There are many arguments about the advantages and disadvantages of migration and how it has affected us locally. Positive Impacts on host countries * Job vacancies and skills gaps can be filled. * Economic growth can be sustained. * Services to an ageing population can be maintained when there are insufficient young people locally.

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Migration is becoming a very important subject for the big cities' life. The countryside daily life facilities seem unattractive to people when cities include luxury. Educational, social, cultural and financial opportunities of big cities pull very big masses of people to big cities. When there is a big change, there will be related results. Migration affects cities on any levels such as demography, cultural structure, economic structure, social structure and people's psychology. Unfortunately, these effects are negative and turn to problems for urban. Migration is an unplanned movement to cities so migration causes economic, social and environmental problems for the cities and citizens.

The first negative effect of migration is that it causes economic problems for the cities. To start with, migration brings about economic problems for the government. Most importantly, it leads to a decrease on the quality of workers. The portion of the migrations in U.S. is %12 in the population and %15 in the total labourer population. This worker class forms a layer which is unqualified and the lowest ("Immigrants" section). The example given above shows that immigrant workers are not of a high quality and this changes the total quality ratio of the country where they have migrated. In addition, the government suffers from unpaid taxes of immigrants, the illegal households. Fitzgerald cite Camarota who is the author of an immigration study in the U.S., as explaining, "Households headed by illegal aliens imposed more than $26.3 billion in costs on the federal government in 2002 and paid only $16 billion in taxes, creating a net fiscal deficit of $10.4 billion, or $2,700 per illegal household". Objectively speaking, one cannot deny the fact that the attitude of the immigrants on the subject 'taxes' causes social injustice economically. It is obvious from the above examples that migration causes economical problems for the government by both decreasing the quality of workers and leaving unpaid taxes behind.

Apart from creating economical problems for the government, it also causes economical problems for the citizens. One of these problems is 'increasing cost of living'. In U.S. a family can reach average life standards with an eight or nine dollar per hour. Immigrants and other workers gain four or five. When immigrants prefer to have more than one worker for each family, citizens tend to have one worker. Because of immigrant's double income, householders increase the rents because they already can pay this money and this damages other citizen's economy.Taking all these fact into account, immigrants produce more labor and gains more so the highly colored rents are unavoidable in their capitalist system. Additionally, immigrants displace the native workers. Not qualified immigrant workers and poor educated native workers are battling for the same jobs. The crowded immigrant masses fulfill the request of lower-skilled workers, also replace some of the least educated native workers. For this reason the job facility that the government creates for the citizens are being used by immigrants. In conclusion, the negative economic impacts of immigrants on the citizens' lives are undeniable.

Another remarkable negative impact of migration to urban is the social problems in citizens' lives. First of all, the poor conditions of immigrants' lives encourage them to commit crime. Primarily, it feeds the phenomenon 'mafia' which has been created because of social and economic poverty of distress communities. As Kapur and McHale state, "The most well-known example in the 20 th century is the Italian mafia, which built its structure on a large migratory population, especially to the New World". On account of these facts, one can say that "mafias", the most strong illegal organizations of the world, are based on immigrant nations. Furthermore, it causes teenagers to be criminals. Imprisonment ratio was 1.4 % and then it was 1.3 % in 1980, 14.3 % in 1990 and an astonishing rate of 25. 1 % in 2000. These rates include the black male high school dropouts with the 1 to 30 years of trial. Considering the information above, one can conclude that the young population under the impact of migration is becoming criminals and the number of them is increasing day by day. It can be concluded that migration is a society movement which lead to face the immigrants with the citizens of the country where they have migrated. Of course, the citizens have socially better specialities than immigrants and the social levels create crime.

In addition to the criminal problems, cultural erosion is also a big problem. To begin with, the immigrants vary because of the new culture which they try to adapt, and this is called natural assimilation. A Mexican family realized that their children take the negative properties of American culture. "As Jacinto, who speaks only Spanish, stresses a need to maintain the family's Mexican heritage, her eldest son, a bilingual 11-year-old who wears San francisco 49ers jacket and has a paper route, comes in and joins his brothers and sisters in the living room to watch 'The Simpsons' " . The world has lost many languages whose creation took centuries. This situation brings the civilizations to the same end, losing their cultural varieties as well. Additionally, the obligatory assimilation unfortunately is another cultural erosion. Globalization explains that in Holland, a program named 'inburgering' was started by the government. This program includes some musts for immigrants. The rule says that an immigrant can never be a citizen until he passes the exam of a study which gives information on how to be a Dutch. Considering the information above, it can be concluded that the rules created for immigrants are defense factors of countries but these rules damage the habits of immigrants and this means their cultures are dying. Shortly, it can clearly be understood that crime and cultural erosion are the rodents of civilizations and damage both citizens and immigrants negatively.

The final consequence of migration is the environmental problems which destroy the physical appearance of the city. First and foremost, the human-made part of the cities, structural environment is becoming damaged by the migration. Most importantly, immigrants create unhealthy, illegal houses, 'the slums' in and around the city, because they have to shelter with their limited economies. The 23th law of constitution allows migration by saying 'Every body has the independence of emplacement and traveling'. However, the 35th law which emphasizes that 'using the benefit of ownership must not be crosswise to the society's benefits' is not enough to prevent the migration. Unplanned and unhealthy constructions, slums, negatively affect the whole citizens' lives. Taking all these facts into account, it is clear that slums are the dark sides of the cities which are created by immigrants. Besides, when immigrants destroy the appearance of the city, at the same time, they damage the infrastructure. As stating that the highly increasing population which is caused by migration, extremely increases the value of the lands in the city and this causes illegal settlements without infrastructure around the city. For this reason, the illegal settlements should not be allowed by the government and must be checked. All these facts prove that structural environment is broken down by the immigrants either in the case of unconsciousness or in the case of pennilessness.

Aside from the problems in the structural environment, natural environment is also harmed by illegal population 'immigrants'. One of these harms can be seen as pollution in the city. As a result of industrialization and urbanization, increase on the population and migration arised and they have been considered as the reasons for environmental problems. The immigrants became a big mass and started to consume natural resources. Since 20 th century, the migration has caused increase on the population in the cities and some of the examples for this situation are the pollution in the Ren river, Haliç and Marmara sea and air pollution in London in 1952. As indicated above, it can be argued that pollution in the cities arises when the population increases and the migratory movement is one of the most important effect of the high population. Another important example of pollution is along the borders of the cities which are created by the immigrants who try to pass the borders. While trying to prevent the danger created by immigrants along the borderland, in Southwest, the security activities harm the wild life. This shows the practicality that the borderlands of the cities are threatened by immigrants. Shortly, the natural life and environment are in danger in the whole world now but this is a fact that the harming excuses go up everyday and one of these excuses is the migratory movement.

In conclusion, the cities and citizens are damaged by the illegal movement 'migration' economically, socially and environmentally. The immigrants have different habits and come from different geographies so they can hardly adapt to the new country, sometimes never can adapt. They cause economic problems both for the government and for the citizens. Additionally, the cultural erosion and the crime are the results of the migratory movement to the cities, which is certainly a serious social problem. Furthermore, the immigrants change the physical appearance of the city and cause structural and natural environment problems. For all these reasons, people must live where they learn the life. Every country has different socio-economic structures. But since 1990, the globalization has been spotlight and now is dominant

all over the world. Globalization will make the world monotone so the authorities who want globalization on the earth need much more researches about migration.

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Migration is becoming a very important subject for the big cities' life. The countryside daily life facilities seem unattractive to people when cities include luxury. Educational, social, cultural and financial opportunities of big cities pull very big masses of people to big cities. When there is a big change, there will be related results.

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The economic results of migration impact the economies of both the sending and receiving countries.

According to David Card, Christian Dustmann, and Ian Preston, "most existing studies of the economic impacts of immigration suggest these impacts are small, and on average benefit the native population". In a survey of the existing literature, Örn B Bodvarsson and Hendrik Van den Berg write, "a comparison of the evidence from all the studies... makes it clear that, with very few exceptions, there is no strong statistical support for the view held by many members of the public, namely that immigration has an adverse effect on native-born workers in the destination country."

Research also suggests that cultural diversity has a net positive effect on the productivity of natives. A literature review of the economic impacts of immigration finds that the net fiscal impact of migrants varies across studies but that the most credible analyses typically find small and positive fiscal effects on average. According to the authors, "the net social impact of an immigrant over his or her lifetime depends substantially and in predictable ways on the immigrant's age at arrival, education, reason for migration, and similar". Studies of refugees' impact on native welfare are scant but the existing literature shows mixed results (negative, positive and no significant effects on native welfare).

Research on the economic effects of undocumented immigrants is even more scant but existing studies suggests that the effects are positive for the native population. A 2015 study shows that "increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low-skilled labor markets, increasing unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization, instead, decreases the unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native."

United States

A survey of economists shows a consensus behind the view that high-skilled immigration makes the average American better off. A survey of the same economists also shows strong support behind the notion that low-skilled immigration makes the average American better off.

Overall immigration has not had much effect on native wage inequality but low-skill immigration has been linked to greater income inequality in the native population. According to labor economist Giovanni Peri, the existing literature suggests that there are no economic reasons why the American labor market could not easily absorb 100,000 Syrian refugees in a year.

Research suggests that migration is beneficial both to the receiving and sending countries. According to one study, welfare increases in both types of countries: "welfare impact of observed levels of migration is substantial, at about 5% to 10% for the main receiving countries and about 10% in countries with large incoming remittances". Studies show that the elimination of barriers to migration would have profound effects on world GDP, with estimates of gains ranging between 67-147%. According to Branko Milanovic, country of residency is by far the most important determinant of global income inequality, which suggests that the reduction in labor barriers would significantly reduce global income inequality. A study of equivalent workers in the United States and 42 developing countries found that "median wage gap for a male, unskilled (9 years of schooling), 35 year-old, urban formal sector worker born and educated in a developing country is P$15,400 per year at purchasing power parity". A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that a 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2-5.5%. According to economists Michael Clemens and Lant Pratchett, "permitting people to move from low-productivity places to high-productivity places appears to be by far the most efficient generalized policy tool, at the margin, for poverty reduction". A successful two-year in situ anti-poverty program, for instance, helps poor people make in a year what is the equivalent of working one day in the developed world. Research on a migration lottery that allowed Tongans to move to New Zealand found that the lottery winners saw a 263% increase in income from migrating (after only one year in New Zealand) relative to the unsuccessful lottery entrants. A longer-term study on the Tongan lottery winners finds that they "continue to earn almost 300 percent more than non-migrants, have better mental health, live in households with more than 250 percent higher expenditure, own more vehicles, and have more durable assets". A conservative estimate of their lifetime gain to migration is NZ$315,000 in net present value terms (approximately US$237,000). A slight reduction in the barriers to labor mobility between the developing and developed world would do more to reduce poverty in the developing world than any remaining trade liberalization.

Research also finds that migration leads to greater trade in goods and services. Using 130 years of data on historical migrations to the United States, one study finds "that a doubling of the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases by 4.2 percentage points the probability that at least one local firm invests in that country, and increases by 31% the number of employees at domestic recipients of FDI from that country. The size of these effects increases with the ethnic diversity of the local population, the geographic distance to the origin country, and the ethno-linguistic fractionalization of the origin country." Mass migration can also boost innovation and growth, as shown by the Huguenot diaspora in Prussia, German Jewish emigration to the United States. Immigrants have been linked to greater invention and innovation in the U.S. Research also shows that labor migration increases human capital. Foreign doctoral students are a major source of innovation in the American economy.

Remittances increase living standards in the country of origin. Remittances are a large share of the GDP of many developing countries. A study on remittances to Mexico found that remittances lead to a substantial increase in the availability of public services in Mexico, surpassing government spending in some localities.

Research finds that emigration and low migration barriers has net positive effects on human capital formation in the sending countries. There was found to be a "brain gain", instead of a " brain drain", because of emigration.

One study finds that sending countries benefit indirectly in the long run on the emigration of skilled workers because those skilled workers are able to innovate more in developed countries, which the sending countries are able to benefit on as a positive externality. Greater emigration of skilled workers consequently leads to greater economic growth and welfare improvements in the long-run. The negative effects of high-skill emigration remain largely unfounded. According to economist Michael Clemens, it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin.

Research also suggests that emigration, remittances and return migration can have a positive impact on political institutions and democratization in the country of origin. Research also shows that remittances can lower the risk of civil war in the country of origin. Return migration from countries with liberal gender norms has been associated with the transfer of liberal gender norms to the home country.

Research suggests that emigration causes an increase in the wages of those who remain in the country of origin. A 2014 survey of the existing literature on emigration finds that a 10 percent emigrant supply shock would increase wages in the sending country by 2-5.5%. A study of emigration from Poland shows that it led to a slight increase in wages for high- and medium-skilled workers for remaining Poles. A 2013 study finds that emigration from Eastern Europe after the 2004 EU enlargement increased the wages of remaining young workers in the country of origin by 6%, while it had no effect on the wages of old workers. The wages of Lithuanian men increased as a result of emigration after the Lithuanian accession to the European Union in 2004. Return migration is associated with greater household firm revenues.

Some research shows that the remittance effect is not strong enough to make the remaining natives in countries with high emigration flows better off.

It has been argued that high-skill emigration causes labour shortages in the country of origin. This remains unsupported in the academic literature though.[citation needed ]

Push factors

Push factors are reasons that push people away from their countries. Examples of push factors are:

political fears

not enough jobs

few opportunities

natural disasters

wars

unhappy life

shortage of food

Insecurity

scarcity of land etc

Pull factors

Pull factors are reasons that pull people to other countries. Examples of pull factors are:

Improved living conditions

Religious freedom

Fertile land

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The economic results of migration impact the economies of both the sending and receiving countries. According to David Card, Christian Dustmann, and Ian Preston, "most existing studies of the economic impacts of immigration suggest these impacts are small, and on average benefit the native population".

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Foreign patients can find a lot of private hospitals in Turkey with great amenities, as well as each major city have a public hospital.

Having your travel or health care for many foreigners all over the world, Turkey is the ideal destination who offers high quality of healthcare services.

In the last ten years private medical care has grown in Turkey. The hospitals in Turkey are on a level of international standards in terms of experience and technology besides agreements with a variety of insurance agencies. Therefore, it's crucial to offer beneficial medical care insurance.

On the other hand, hospitals in Turkey might not sometimes have the exact conditions as in your country. However, the hospitals in Turkey, have the most reputed and qualified doctors, specifically at the private hospitals. Several years ago, the policies are prepared and applied to enhance the standards at the hospitals in Turkey that makes a significant difference in the medical service they provide to foreign patients.

Accredited Hospitals in Turkey

Turkey is gradually appearing to be an alternative health tourism destination. Hospitals in Turkey provides affordable but the world class health care services. High quality of healthcare and medical standards are assessed by Turkish ministry of health besides other private medical care organizations. The most well-known association is Turkish Accredited Hospitals Association (TAHA) that manages the high quality standards between its JCI (Joint International Commission) accredited members.

The majority of the hospitals in Turkey are accredited by domestic and international institutions such as ISO, TAHA, TMA (Turkish Medical Association) JCI, also some of them are associated with global medical service providers such as Harvard Medical School and John Hopkins.

Features of Hospitals for Medical Tourism Turkey

Some of the special medical care services in Turkey

There are 43 top JCI accredited hospitals in Turkey

Many hospitals and clinics provide state of the art medical care services

Communicating in English speaking board certified health professionals and medical staff in many of the hospitals in Turkey

Some hospitals in Turkey are associated with top global medical providers such as John Hopkins US and Harvard Medical School

Clinics and hospitals have modern healthcare and medical technology.

According to Consulate of America in Istanbul, greater than 35% medical staffs in Turkey are educated and trained in The United States as well as other developed western countries.

Roughly 40-50% significant difference in expenses of medical care services when compared with US or UK.

Health Tourism to Turkey provides medical tourism and treatments at major hospitals in Turkey. Please fill out our Free Quote in this article for additional information and medical care quotes from the hospitals who we have worked together.

Find the best Turkish hospital to a free price quote.

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Hospitals in Turkey | Find the Best Turkish Hospitals

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Foreign patients can find a lot of private hospitals in Turkey with great amenities, as well as each major city have a public hospital. Having your travel or health care for many foreigners all over the world, Turkey is the ideal destination who offers high quality of healthcare services.

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ODTÜ Ankara Kampusu Aday Öğrenci Sayfası

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Almanya Bauhaus University Weimar Bielefeld University Braunschweig University of Art Braunschweig University of Technology Bremen University of Applied Sciences Chemnitz University of Technology Clausthal University of Technology Freie Universitaet Berlin Goethe University Frankfurt am Main HafenCity University Hamburg Heidelberg University Humboldt University Berlin Johannes

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Here in the US, there's been a lot of talk recently on immigration. The debate is raging over President Obama's new series of executive actions that will grant up to 5 million undocumented immigrants protection from deportation. Naturally, this kind of boldness has created quite the ruckus, as his opponents insist he has gone too far. And outside of Washington DC, discussions over immigration are just as heated.

Freedom of speech is one of the most important aspects of our constitution, and lively discourse is the only way to arrive at a thoughtful conclusion. But, how can we talk about these types of issues if we don't have the facts? For this reason, let's take a look at some of the reasons why different groups of people choose to immigrate.
1. To escape past or future persecution based on race, religion, nationality, and/or membership in a particular social group or political opinion
Za'atari refugee camp, Jordan | UNHCR/ Brian Sokol
2. To escape conflict or violence 3. To find refuge after being displaced due to environmental factors
In most countries, and in the United States, families and individuals who meet this criteria may obtain refugee status or asylum. Now, here's the difference: refugees must secure their status prior to entering the country of choice, where as asylum seekers seek status upon arrival. A complex differentiation that causes a lot of confusion in the process to get people to safety.
4. To seek superior healthcare
In many countries, but not the United States, families and individuals who immigrate to escape conflicts like war and violence can be considered for refugee status or asylum.

Natural disasters, erosion, and other environmental factors caused by climate change are real threats that disproportionately affect people living in poverty. In fact, Christian Aid reports that 1 billion people could be displaced in the next 50 years as the effects of climate change worsen.

People who fit this description are dubbed climate "refugees," but the name does not necessarily imply they have, or can receive, refugee status. As this is a newer phenomenon, many countries are still trying to determine how to respond to this growing issue.
6. To offer more opportunities to children 7. Family reunification 8. For educational purposes
Imagine living in a country with limited access to healthcare when you're suffering from serious health problems. Not fun.
9. For jobs and business opportunities
Agriculture worker in Argentina picking strawberries | Nahuel Berger/ World Bank

Perhaps the most commonly assumed reason for immigration.

Parents sometimes make the difficult decision to migrate so their children can benefit from things like superior education, and plentiful job opportunities.

Self explanatory, I think? Mom and Dad, I miss you!!

Students from Merrimack College studying abroad in China | Merrimack College

Shout out to all of the adventurous students. Some study abroad to seek out better educational opportunities than are available in their own countries, while others simply want the thrill of living in an exciting, new place.

In some cases, people migrate with the knowledge or hope that more opportunities will be available to them in their particular field than at home. Others migrate after employment has already been offered to them.

In today's globalized world, long-distance dating is all the rage. But, for couples ready to take the next step down the aisle, migrating to be together is the obvious choice (and a lot easier on the wallet.)

At Global Citizen, our office is full of Aussies and people from far more interesting places than the US (it's just my opinion.) Why they would abandon gorgeous beaches and cute little kangaroos is beyond me, but I'm sure they have their reasons.

As we think about immigration, and how best to approach it, let's try and remember that we're talking about real people. People who made a major decision to uproot their lives and start from scratch in a scary, new place. After all, isn't making that human connection what being a Global Citizen is all about?

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Why people migrate: 11 surprising reasons

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Here in the US, there's been a lot of talk recently on immigration. The debate is raging over President Obama's new series of executive actions that will grant up to 5 million undocumented immigrants protection from deportation. Naturally, this kind of boldness has created quite the ruckus, as his opponents insist he has gone too far.

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Why do people migrate?

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People have moved from their home countries for centuries, for all sorts of reasons. Some are drawn to new places by ʻpull ʻ factors, others find it difficult to remain where they are and migrate because of ʻpushʼ factors. These have contributed to the recent inward movement of people to here but are also the reason why people from here have emigrated to other countries.

Over 80 million people in the world have Irish blood; 36.5 million US residents claimed Irish ancestry in 2007. Historically some were transported or sold into slavery or left because of poverty, hunger, persecution, discrimination, civil war, unemployment and, more recently, simply for education and better jobs. Worldwide numbers of migrants have risen rapidly in the last decade. The International Organization for Migration estimates that there were around 244 million international migrants in 2015.
Pull Factors
Migrants are drawn to countries such as the UK and Ireland for the following factors:

* Developed countries, or industrialised city areas within countries, draw labour from countries or regions where incomes are lower.

* International transport has never been easier and is cheaper than ever, relative to incomes.

* The telephone and internet make it easier to access information.

* Falling birth rates in developed countries contribute to labour shortages and skills gaps.

* Extra people are required when there is rapid economic expansion.

* People are drawn to stable democracies where human rights and religious freedoms are more likely to be respected.

* Many people in other parts of the world speak English or want to learn English.

* Young people move in order to get better jobs or improve their qualifications, including their language skills.
Push Factors
Negative factors at home add to the reasons why people feel compelled to move.

* Lack of prospects for career advancement

* Poverty and low incomes

* High unemployment rates

* Persecution and poor human rights

* Internal conflict and war

* Climate change, natural disasters and famine

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People have moved from their home countries for centuries, for all sorts of reasons. Some are drawn to new places by ʻpull ʻ factors, others find it difficult to remain where they are and migrate because of ʻpushʼ factors.

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Migration in Ankara SurveyMonkey anketinin sonuçlarını görüntüleyin ve analiz edin. Gerçek yanıt verilerini, metin özetlerini ve sözcük bulutlarını görün.

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Ankara Kalkınma Ajansının Kasım 2014'de yaptığı Ankara Göç Analizi durum raporunu inceledim ve gerekli notları aldım.

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The EU and Turkey reached an agreement to stem the flow of migrants to Europe. Turkey is to get a big injection of cash and a range of other incentives, including possible membership in the EU.

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Web sitemizin taslağı hazır.

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Weebly is the easiest way to create a website, store or blog

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Weebly makes it surprisingly easy to create a high-quality website, blog or online store. Over 40 million people use Weebly to bring their unique ideas to life.

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Afişimizin taslağı hazır.

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PBL anketimiz hazır, anket linkimizi paylaştık ve sonuçları bekliyoruz. 

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PBL anketimiz hazır, anket linkimizi paylaştık ve sonuçları bekliyoruz. 

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Web survey powered by SurveyMonkey.com. Create your own online survey now with SurveyMonkey's expert certified FREE templates.

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Ankara'nın göç sorunu (1) | Ankara Kalkınma Ajansı

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Migrants deported from Greece arrive in Turkey - BBC News

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The first boats carrying migrants deported from Greece have arrived in Turkey. Its part of a controversial new deal between the EU and Turkey aimed at easing mass migration to Europe and discouraging migrants from making dangerous journeys. Two boats left the Greek island of Lesbos at first light and docked at the Turkish port of Dikili.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Can Turkey stop the migration flow? BBC News

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Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is in Brussels to discuss the migration crisis with EU leaders. Turkey has become the key to stopping the hundreds of thousands of migrants and refugees trying to cross into Europe. But with two million Syrians now in Turkey and most living in the big cities, not refugee camps, it will be extremely tough to halt the flow.