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Flowering Seed Plants, also called Angiosperms, reproduce offspring that bloom into flowers. An Example of Flowering Seed Plants is a rose.

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Nonflowering seed Plants, also called Gymnosperms, produce seeds in cones. The seeds are then scattered to produce offspring. These plants can survive long periods of harsh environmental conditions. An example is a pine tree

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Seedless Vascular Plants are plants with roots, stems, and leaves. Also, their surfaces are coated with a waxy covering that reduces water loss. A Haploid and Diploid phase takes up it's life cycle. These plants reproduce through spores. They are also resistant to drying. An Example is a fern.

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Nonvascular plants are plants without a well-developed system of vascular tissues. They are relatively small and lack the tissue to transport water and dissolved nutrients. These plants do not have roots, stems, and leaves. An Example is moss.

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Colonial organisms are a group of cells that are permanently associated but that do not communicate with one another. An example is a Volvox.

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There are ten types of Animals in the kingdom Animalia.

1) Sponges- Do not have tissues, but they do have specialized cells

2) Cnidarians- Marine Animals (Example: Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, and Corals)

3) Flat Worms- have flat, ribbon-like bodies; they may live in animals, soil, or water

4) Round Worms (Nematodes)- have long slender bodies; live in soil water, animals, and plants

5) Segmented Worms- Annelids

6) Mollusks- have sac-like cavity called a coelom that encloses internal organs; very diverse aquatic and terrestrial animals (Example: Snails, Oysters, clams, Octopuses, and Squids)

7) Arthropods-Most diverse of all animals; have exoskeleton, jointed appendages; two thirds of all animals are arthropods; have a high rate of reproduction

8) Echinoderms- invertebrates (Example: Seas Stars, Sea Urchins, and Sand Dollars); regenerate a lost limb

9) Invertebrate Chordates- Aquatic animals; swimmers that resemble fish; some attch to a rock or other object

10) Vertebrates- have internal skeleton and verbal column (Example: Mammals, Fish, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians)

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There are three main types of Fungi.

1) Zygomycetes- form structures for sexual reproduction called zygosporangia (Example: Bread Mold)

2) Basidomycetes- Produce sexual reproductive structures called mushrooms

3) Ascamycetes- form sexual spores in special sac-like structures call asci

the sexual reproductive structure formed by ascomycetes often resembles a cup like structure call an ascocarp

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There are six major kinds of Protists.

1) Protists that use Pseudopodia (Pseudopodia is extended bits of cytoplasm)

2) Protists that use Flagella

3) Protists with Double Shells (Example: Diatoms)

4) Photosynthetic Algae

5) Fungus-like Protists (Example: Slime and water molds)

6) Spore-Forming Protists (Example: Sporozoans)

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A song about Protists! The music was made by iWouldwantSky, and the video by me. We did it for a grade 12 biology project. Thanks for watching, please drop a like if you enjoyed it.

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Differentiation is the process by which cells develop a specialized form and function

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Cell Differentiation & Stem Cell Research

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http://ibguides.com Video for IB biology for sl and hl covering topic 2.1.8 on cell differentiation

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True Multicellularity is different from it's complement, Complex Multicellularity. True Multicellularity occurs occurs in organisms composed of multiple, eukaryotic cells. True Multicellularity is when individual cells are in contact with each other and when their activities are coordinated. It enables cells to specialize in different functions.

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Complex Multicellularity occurs in plants and animals. Complex Multicellularity is when there is a level of cell organization. Cells with similar structure and function that are grouped together form tissues. Tissues with similar structure and function that are grouped together form organs. Organs with similar structure and function that are grouped together form organ systems. Organ systems make up each organism. For example, the human digestive system is comprised of many organs such as the stomach, small intestines, large intestings, espophagus, etc. Each of these organs is comprised of tissues, and each of those tissues are comprised of specialized cells with similar structure and function.

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Eukarya is one of the three domains. Unlike the other domains, Eukarya contains four vastly different kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista. All organisms in this domain are Eukaryotes, though the organisms many not all be multicellular. Most organisms that are Unicellular are grouped in the Protista kingdom, except yeast. There are a variety of differences between the organisms in this domain, but they all have similar characteristics. All organisms in this domain have a complex internal structure within each cell. There is a cell membrane that surrounds each cell, and in some cases, a cell wall will surround the cell. All cells have a membrane bound nucleus, and membrane bound organelles. Each cell has the ability to specialize, meaning they can perform a specific function while other cells perform other functions simultaneously. Organisms in this domain can reproduce asexually, but most produce sexually, meaning a two haploid cells come together to form a diploid cell.

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Methanogens are a type of Archaebacteria that lives in the mud of swamps because it cannot survive in an oxygen rich environment. Many times the exposure of even a trace amount of oxygen will be enough to poison the Archaebacteria. Methanogens obtain energy by combining hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide to form methane gas (CH4

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Extremophiles are the first kinds of Archaebacteria to be discovered by scientists. They were found in very extreme conditions, hence the name Extremophiles. There are ten types of Extremophiles.

1) Acidophiles- acidic environments

2) Alkaliphile- alkaline environments

3) Anaerobic extremophile- thrives in areas without oxygen

4) Cryophile- extremely cold temperatures

5) Piezophile- high pressures

6) Psychrophile- low temperatures

7) thermophile- high temperatures

8) hyperthermophile- extremely high temperatures

9) Xerophile- no water

10) Halophiles- extremely salty places

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Prof. Trevor Douglas and Prof. Mark Young of Montana State University, Bozeman talk about extremophiles living in Yellowstone National Park that provide delivery vehicles for drug molecules and help them design magnetic materials for memory storage devices.

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Archaea is one of the three taxonomic domains. This particular domain contains a single kingdom, Archaebacteria. All members of this domain are prokaryotes that seem to have diverged very early from bacteria. In fact, members of this domain are more closely related to Eukaryotes than to bacteria. Despite the variety of organisms in this domain, certain characteristics are shared. Inside the cell walls of all archeabacteria there is no peptidoglycan. Also, the organism's genes are interpreted by introns.

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Bacteria is one of the three taxonomic domains. This domain contains a single kingdom, Eubacteria, and all members are prokaryotes often called bacteria. Bacteria vary in size. They can be anywhere from .1-15 micrometers. Bacteria, found in every environment on Earth, affect humans in a variety of ways everyday. Despite the variety of differences from bacteria to bacteria, there are some similarities as well. Certain characteristics in physical structure a shared among all organisms in the Bacteria domain. Each organism in this domain have no internal compartments, no nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles. Also, the cell wall of a Bacteria contain peptidoglycan. There are many things a bacteria is capable of such as causing disease, process food, control agricultural pests, produce chemicals, preform genetic engineering, among other uses. All organisms in this domain are classified further according to their shape, nature of their cell walls, and types of metabolism.