# data[].attributes.body
The Tigris Euphrates river system is a continuous natural resource.

# data[].attributes.body
- irrigation

- urban consumption

- on-stream hydroelectricity production in the three riparian countries (Turkey, Syria, and Iraq)

- travel and trade

# data[].attributes.body
The regions have very little rainfall and hot, dry summers which means that irrigation is necessary for growing crops, making the water very valuable. The river system is also used for hydropower, which resulted in the construction of dams. This enhances the governments economy.

# data[].attributes.body
The Tigris–Euphrates Basin is shared between Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait. Turkey, Syria and Iran have all constructed dams which heightened political tension and resulted in disputes.

# data[].attributes.body
This compound bar graph above shows the location of fresh, drinkable water on earth. There is approximately 2.5% of freshwater out of the total amount of global water on earth. Out of the 2.5% of fresh water, the majority of that water (68.7% of water) is found in the glaciers and ice caps. The 1.2% of freshwater found on the surfaces of the earth are mainly located in ground ice and permafrost. Although 69% of the water is found in ice and permafrost, humans mainly rely on lakes and rivers for freshwater resources. Lakes and rivers only carries 21.39% of surface water and other freshwater. Water is a renewable resource that is essential for all living things for survival.

# data[].attributes.headline
The spatial patterns of the distribution of water Globally: 

# data[].attributes.subject
The spatial patterns of the distribution of water Globally: 

# data[].attributes.body
The choropleth maps shown above shows the average amount of renewable freshwater resources per capita. In 2014, countries with the most freshwater resources are places like Iceland (519,264.72 m³ of water), Guyana (315,695.85 m³ of water) and Suriname (180,680.67 m³). These countries experience the most amount of rainfall, internal river flows and groundwater. Countries such as Egypt, United Arab Emirates and Qatar have the least amount of freshwater resources due to major droughts which can decrease their water supplies in river flows and groundwater. This tells us that the spatial patterns of freshwater resources in the world are uneven.

# data[].attributes.headline
The spatial patterns of the distribution of water locally: 

# data[].attributes.subject
The spatial patterns of the distribution of water locally: 

# data[].attributes.body
This isoline map shows the annual precipitation in the Tigris Euphrates. There have been severe droughts occurring in the western Asian regions of Iran, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia since 1975. This has caused a major reduction in freshwater supplies. In Iraq, the annual rainfall is between 100-200mm which has caused at least 40% of the water in the Tigris Euphrates river system to fall. These countries all rely on the water from the Tigris Euphrates river for urban consumption and agricultural purposes. This shows that the spatial patterns of the distribution of water between the countries surrounding the Tigris Euphrates river are uneven.

# data[].attributes.headline
Discuss the impacts of the management and consumption of the resource on different scales (local, national, global)

# data[].attributes.subject
Discuss the impacts of the management and consumption of the resource on different scales (local, national, global)

# data[].attributes.body
The three tiers of management and consumption of the Tigris Euphrates (being locally, nationally and globally) have serious effects not just environmentally but economically, socially and politically.

# data[].attributes.body
There have been disputes globally between people in different regions of Iraq as well as with bordering countries

Nations have worked together to try and put restictions in place to safeguard some of the ecosystems being affected

Oil exploration in the Iraq has caused political conflicts particularly between Iran and Iraq

In the 1960’s Turkey built 22 dams that added significantly to changes in other countries. Acts by one country without consideration of others initiates more tension.

During drought water is more sought after and in greater demand

# data[].attributes.body
The environmental changes may mean people can no longer work and live in traditional areas. This may mean they lose their livelihood and way of life.

A lack of potable water may mean relocating and moving.

Disputes between nations has meant unrest for many people and even resulted in fighting.

Dams may have provided work for people during construction however it may also have meant that the waterway have changed and transport methods need to be adapted.

Dams may also have improved life socially for some communities and meant a more reliable source of freshwater. This may provide better opportunities.

# data[].attributes.body
Economic trade between countries may increase or decrease depending on agriculture or resources from these areas

The costs of building dams may mean financial benefits for people during construction

Restrictions and limits on water may increase the value of water as a commodity

The governments rely on the ongoing income from power through hydroelectricity production

# data[].attributes.body
The ecology and the whole persian gulf can be effected by changes to different species, vegetation, and changes to waterflow. Some fish move seasonally into different areas of waterways and changes have been seen to this. Some fish such as Cave Fish are not found anywhere else on earth and there are many wildlife populations under serious threat.

Salinity and erosion have also resulted from hundreds of years of poor agricultural practices which also degrades soil and reduces potable water for communities relying on this.

# data[].attributes.body
AL-NAJIM Mohammed. “IMPACT OF TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES WATER CRISIS ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE OF IRAQI MARSHLANDS.” University of London, UK, n.d. https://www.iwra.org/member/congress/resource/MADRID2003_MOHAMED_AL-NAJIM_EN.pdf.

Figure 1. The Tigris-Euphrates river basin. Contours are annual average... (no date) ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Tigris-Euphrates-river-basin-Contours-are-annual-average-precipitation-for-the_fig1_325595283 (Accessed: 12 August 2021).

Kibaroglu, Aysegül. (2007). Socioeconomic Development and Benefit Sharing in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin. 10.1007/978-3-540-69509-7_18.

Kucukmehmetoglu, Mehmet & Guldmann, Jean-Michel. (2004). International Water Resources Allocation and Conflicts: The Case of the Euphrates and Tigris. Environment and Planning A. 36. 783-801. 10.1068/a3670.

Renewable freshwater resources per capita (no date) Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/renewable-water-resources-per-capita (Accessed: 16 August 2021).

Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2017) ‘Water Use and Stress’, Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress (Accessed: 10 August 2021).

Society, N. G. (2019) Tigris River, National Geographic Society. Available at: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/tigris-river/ (Accessed: 17 August 2021).

Tigris and Euphrates rivers fragmentation | GRID-Arendal (no date). Available at: https://www.grida.no/resources/5621 (Accessed: 17 August 2021).

‘Tigris–Euphrates river system’ (2021) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system&oldid=1031131337 (Accessed: 17 August 2021).

Tigris-Euphrates river system - Economy | Britannica (no date). Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Tigris-Euphrates-river-system/Economy (Accessed: 17 August 2021).

‘Water distribution on Earth’ (2021) Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_distribution_on_Earth&oldid=1033051869 (Accessed: 16 August 2021).

Water Facts - Worldwide Water Supply | ARWEC| CCAO | Area Offices | California-Great Basin | Bureau of Reclamation (no date). Available at: https://www.usbr.gov/mp/arwec/water-facts-ww-water-sup.html (Accessed: 9 August 2021).

‘Water Governance in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin’ (2016) Future Directions International, 22 September. Available at: https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/water-governance-tigris-euphrates-basin/ (Accessed: 17 August 2021).

Water, S. (no date) Water sources, Sydney Water Corporation. Available at: https://www.sydneywater.com.au/sw/education/drinking-water/water-sources/index.htm (Accessed: 16 August 2021).

‘Water-Shortage Crisis Escalating in the Tigris-Euphrates Basin’ (2012) Future Directions International, 28 August. Available at: https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/water-shortage-crisis-escalating-in-the-tigris-euphrates-basin/ (Accessed: 12 August 2021).