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Sustainability

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 (German embryologist) Born 1834, died 1919

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Haeckel claimed that phylogenesis, or the process by which groups of organisms diversify from one another, influenced the development (ontogeny) of embryos.

He theorized that the stages in an organism's ontogeny reflected the successive changes in form, from generation to generation, of that organism's evolutionary ancestors.

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Published in University of Jena in Jena, Germany.- Generelle Morphologie der Organismen [General Morphology of the Organisms].

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Best known for the famous statement “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”, he also invented many words commonly used by biologists today, such as phylum, phylogeny, and ecology.

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He is widely credited with coining two terms in common usage in contemporary environmental science: ‘anthropogenic landscape’ and ‘ecosystem.’

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Founder of  the Central Committee for the Study and Survey of British Vegetation (British Ecological Society)

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He organized the first International Phytogeographical Excursion to the British Isles

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American Biologist- Father of modern ecology

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Write the Fundamentals of Ecology with her brother.

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Won the Mercer Award from the Ecological Society of America: proved that the coral reef was maintaining itself in equilibrium because of the symbiotic relationship of the coral and the algae.

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(methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution)

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"Was a poisoning that occurred in humans who ingested fish and shellfish contaminated by MeHg discharged in waste water from a chemical plant (Chisso Co. Ltd.).

For the past 36 years, of the 2252 patients who have been officially recognized as having M. d., 1043 have died. This paper also discusses the recent remaining problems." (Harada, 1995)

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The book was documenting the adverse environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting the industry's marketing claims unquestioningly. It is recognized as the environmental text that “changed the world.”

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She aimed at igniting a democratic activist movement that would not only question the direction of science and technology but would also demand answers and accountability.

Rachel Carson was a prophetic voice and her “witness for nature” is even more relevant and needed if our planet is to survive into a 22nd century

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Describes a situation in which several individuals, motivated only by self-interest and acting independently but rationally, end up destroying a limited shared resource even though it is in the interest of none of them, either as individuals or collectively, for such destruction to occur.

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The Club of Rome was created to address the multiple crises facing humanity and the planet.

Drawing on the unique, collective know-how of their members notable scientists, economists, business leaders and former politicians, seek to define comprehensive solutions to the complex, interconnected challenges of the world. (The Club of Rome, 2021)

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In the first Earth Day Odum obtained national notice in the media as one of the world's leading ecologists.

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United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm

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United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm

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Was the first world conference to make the environment a major issue.

The Stockholm Declaration, which contained 26 principles, placed environmental issues at the forefront of international concerns and marked the start of a dialogue between industrialized and developing countries on the link between economic growth, the pollution of the air, water, and oceans and the well-being of people around the world.  (UN, 2021)

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United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm

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United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm

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One of the major results of the Stockholm conference was the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

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The United Nations Environmental Programme was founded in June 1972 as a result of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment.

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The UNEP is the coordinating body for the United Nations’ environmental activities.

Played a significant role in identifying and analyzing global environmental problems, developing regional and international environmental programs and conventions, and promoting environmental science and information.

Among its most important tasks is assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.

(Environment & Society, 2021).

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 Intergovernmental Meeting on Environmental Education

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 Intergovernmental Meeting on Environmental Education

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The world's first Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education, organized by UNESCO in partnership with UNEP was held in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Was the result of a flawed reactor design that was operated with inadequately trained personnel.

The resulting steam explosion and fires released at least 5% of the radioactive reactor core into the environment, with the deposition of radioactive materials in many parts of Europe.

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The accident caused the largest uncontrolled radioactive release into the environment ever recorded for any civilian operation, and large quantities of radioactive substances were released into the air for about 10 days.

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It developed guiding principles for sustainable development as it is generally understood today.

Stated that critical global environmental problems were primarily the result of the enormous poverty of the South and the non-sustainable patterns of consumption and production in the North.

(Federal Office for Spatial Development ARE, 2021)

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The report was debated in the UN General Assembly, which decided to organize a UN Conference on Environment and Development.

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Rio Summit (Earth Summit)- Rio de Janeiro

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Rio Summit (Earth Summit)- Rio de Janeiro

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Earth Summit was created as a response for member states to cooperate together internationally on development issues after the Cold War. Since issues related to sustainability are too large for individual member states to deal with, the Earth Summit is held as a platform for cooperation among other member states.

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The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aimed to manage and reduce carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases. The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997.

(United Nations Climate Change, 2021)

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The Millennium Summit, held from September 6 to 8, 2000 at United Nations Headquarters in New York, was, at that time. It concluded with the adoption by the 189 Member States of the Millennium Declaration, in which the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were set out

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The Millennium Development Goals are:

1.  Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

2. Achieve universal primary education.

3. Promote gender equality and empower women.

4. Reduce child mortality.

5. Improve maternal health.

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.

7. Ensure environmental sustainability.

8. Develop a global partenership for development.

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The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development 

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The Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development 

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Focus the world's attention and direct action toward meeting difficult challenges, including improving people's lives and conserving our natural resources in a world that is growing in population, with ever-increasing demands for food, water, shelter, sanitation, energy, health services and economic security.

Brought together tens of thousands of participants, including heads of State and Government, national delegates, leaders and others.

(Sustainable Development, 2021)

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Became international law on February 16, 2005.

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The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference raised climate change policy to the highest political level. Close to 115 world leaders attended the high-level segment, making it one of the largest gatherings of world leaders ever outside UN headquarters in New York.

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This included the long-term goal of limiting the maximum global average temperature increase to no more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, subject to a review in 2015.

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It resulted in a focused political outcome document which contains clear and practical measures for implementing sustainable development.

(Sustainable Development, 2021).

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In Rio, Member States decided to launch a process to develop a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will build upon the Millennium Development Goals and converge with the post 2015 development agenda.

The Conference also adopted ground-breaking guidelines on green economy policies.

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It Is a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

They are an initiative promoted by the United Nations to give continuity to the development agenda after the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). There are 17 goals and include areas such as climate change, economic inequality, innovation, sustainable consumption, peace and justice.

(United Nations Development Programme, 2021).

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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change UNFCCC

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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change UNFCCC

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The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at COP21 in Paris on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016.

Its objective is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.

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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change UNFCCC

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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change UNFCCC

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To achieve this long-term temperature goal, countries aim to peak greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible to achieve a climate-neutral planet by mid-century.

(United Nations Climate Change, 2021).