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from: Atkins, Rosie et al 'Herbs: The Essential 21st Century Guide' (Rodale, 2006), p.96-100

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Illnesses, drugs and herbal medicines in Scotland

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Illnesses, drugs and herbal medicines in Scotland

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Plant area research

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Opium is called "Afeem" in India and it is obtained from poppy plant- scientifically known as Papaver somniferum. Opium is dried latex obtained from the opium poppy i.e. fruit of this plant. Seeds of poppy, locally known as Khas-khas are sowed in the month of November.

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Antibiotic resistance, plant medicines as potential alternatives, and clinical research

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Antibiotic resistance, plant medicines as potential alternatives, and clinical research

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Antibiotic resistance is a major issue facing modern medicine today. Germs become resistant to antibiotics over time, which then makes them less effective. The World Health Organization (WHO) says "the world urgently needs to change the way it prescribes and uses antibiotics" as antibiotic resistance is a major global threat.

The overuse of antibiotics in recent years means they're becoming less effective and has led to the emergence of "superbugs". These are strains of bacteria that have developed resistance to many different types of antibiotics.

Resistance to antibiotics has become a major health threat globally, as antibiotics are life-saving for serious illnesses. So health organisations across the world are trying to reduce the use of antibiotics, especially for conditions that aren't serious.

Some traditional plant-based remedies (see research attachments in this report), and patients closely monitoring their own symptoms, may offer useful alternatives to the mainstream practice of routinely prescribing antibiotics for some infections such as urinary infections and bacterial chest infections:

Many plant-based medicines seem to display anti-bacterial activity which is specific to the bacteria causing infection (e.g. in cases of UTIs).

And - perhaps due to the chemical complexity of plant remedies with many different active compounds - despite long historical use, they do not seem to lead to bacterial resistance in the same manner as synthetic antibiotics.

This also highlights the importance and need for further clinical trials and reliable evidence-based research into plant medicines, in terms of:

efficacy,

safety,

and therapeutic dosage

- including issues such as potential cumulative or long-term toxicity of plants, and different herbal or herbal-and-drug interactions.

Further information
https://www.nhsinform.scot/tests-and-treatments/medicines-and-medical-aids/types-of-medicine/antibiotics

https://patient.info/infections/antibiotics-leaflet

https://patient.info/doctor/urinary-tract-infection-in-adults

https://patient.info/womens-health/lower-urinary-tract-symptoms-in-women-luts/cystitis-in-women

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Preserving local plant names, for history and ethnobotany

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Preserving local plant names, for history and ethnobotany

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While scientific names are essential for communicating clearly about different plant taxa, there is also a particular value in  preserving regional common names for plants, with their local variations, as this can give a glimpse into different ethnobotanical and historic uses of plants.

"For example, in the Gaelic-speaking world, St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) became lus Chaluim Chille (literally, St Columba's plant) or St Columba's Wort." Historically, the plant's antidepressant effects were interpreted as a quasi-miraculous defence against the effects on the mind of supposedly demonic influence (what we now understand as depression).

A local variant name "was the puzzling achlassan Chaluim Chille (often interpreted as meaning 'the armpit package of St Columba'. [Apparently this name] derived from the practice of tucking the plant under an armpit, so that the active compounds could be readily absorbed through thin skin in this warm humid environment." (Kenicer, p.17)

- So the local variant common name reveals both the medical model and prevalent ideologies of the time, and how the plant was administered medicinally. Other common herbal names often reflect the 'doctrine of signatures' ideas of their time, in a similar way, for example Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) and Lungwort (Pulmonaria spp.).

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Global map of major indigenous peoples worldwide

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Global map of major indigenous peoples worldwide

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Note the relative scarcity of still-existing indigenous peoples in Europe - compared with other parts of the world. This may be one factor in the convergence of herbal medical practice across Europe, with little divergence and marked alternative traditions. (See discussion in 'Results' section of report)

For further information, see:
https://www.apecs.is/research/member-research-areas/social-human/traditional-knowledge/maps-of-indigenous-people-in-arctic.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Europe

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4675496/

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Map of biogeographical regions in Europe

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Map of biogeographical regions in Europe

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Although there is significant variation in habitat-types across Europe (e.g. from Atlantic coastal to alpine montane, from Mediterranean to Arctic), there are a finite number of biogeographical regions which stretch across large areas, and across countries (see attached map).

This may be one of the factors explaining similarity of medicinal plants and their use across our plant areas in Europe (see 'Results' section).

Biogeographical regions in Europe:

The Arctic biogeographical region

The Boreal biogeographical region

The Anatolian region

The Continental biogeografical region

The Mediterranean biogeografical region

The Alpine Region

The Atlantic Region

The Black Sea Region

The Macaronesian biogeographical region

The Pannonian region

The Steppic Region

(EEA, 2002, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/report_2002_0524_154909 )

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Comparison of pharmaceuticals and herbal medicines across our plant areas

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Comparison of pharmaceuticals and herbal medicines across our plant areas

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Looking at the pharmaceutical and traditional (herbal plant-based) medicines used across each of our our plant areas, the similarities of both seem clear.

In terms of drugs and pharmaceuticals:

Analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and paracetamol are widely used in mainstream medicine in Portugal and Greece, as well as in Scotland - to relieve pain, fever, and symptoms of cold/flu infections.

Likewise with antibiotics for acute bronchitis and bacterial infections (in Belgium/France, Scotland).

This pattern can be explained by the proximity of our plant areas (Portugal, Greece, Belgium/France, Scotland) - they are all within Europe, and in terms of trade and economics within a common market. The dominance of the modern Western medical model in industrial countries, and globalisation of pharmaceutical trade, means that illnesses are perceived in more-or-less the same way, and treated with the same drugs, which are widely available across Europe.

With traditional herbal medicine, there is also significant overlap, despite some regional variation (perhaps due to endemic herbs, climate, or local cultural traditions?). For example...

For digestive problems, mint (Mentha spp.) and chamomile (Matricaria recutita) are used from Portugal to Scotland

For gastroenteritis, ginger (Zingiber officinale) is used in Belgium/France and Scotland

For bruises, swelling and injuries, Arnica (Arnica montana) is used in Greece & Scotland

For fevers, yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is also noted as used in Greece & Scotland

Nettle (Urtica dioica) is commonly used in Greece & Scotland - as a tonic herb, and treatment for anaemia and allergies.

for sore throats, Sage (Salvia officinalis) is a treatment used in Greece & Scotland

And for coughs, bronchitis and chest congestion, Thyme (Thymus spp.), and Eucalyptus (E.globulus) as a steam inhalant are used in Greece, Belgium/France and Scotland.

That these herbal remedies are commonly used right across our plant areas can be explained by a few themes. Again, all our plant areas are on the same continent, Europe, and relatively close in geographical terms (compared with other continents Asia, Americas, Australasia, for example). This means:

1) In terms of botanical geography, distribution of many of the same  medicinally-useful plant species/genera across Europe has been possible - in some cases by postglacial repopulation of plant species from the Mediterranean Basin refuge, and natural dispersal; in other cases by human action. Across Europe there are a limited number of different recurring temperate habitat-types and biogeographic regions, stretching across different countries. However the degree of commonality of plant species and uses does seem quite striking given the contrast in climate, for example between southern Europe (Metiterranean region such as Portugal and Greece), and northern and north-western Europe (e.g. Scotand, Belgium).

2) Human cultivation of plants outside of their native regions (both archeophytes and neophytes), and the exchange of both plants and medicinal remedies, for example along trade routes. In the Middle Ages, monastic traditions spread medicinal plants, and the knowledge of how to use them, across Europe (also the first written herbals); these plants and remedies were then adapted to local conditions. This has led to a convergence - broadly similar cultural traditions and medical models and treatments being combined and shared as a common tradition of 'European/Western herbal medicine'. This would contrast sharply with other medicinal traditions and plant materials, e.g. Traditional Chinese Medicine; Ayurvedic medicine in India. Non-native plants were also first introduced from outside Europe during the Middle Ages; this has also enriched and influenced western herbal medicine tradition - bringing new plant taxa, remedies and preparations, and ideas.
(Kenicer, p.14-15)

3) In ethnobotanical terms, the relative scarcity of indigenous people and traditions across Europe for hundreds of years - contrasted with other parts of the world - may also be a factor in similarity of herbal medicinal treatments? Where a wider range of different indigenous peoples and cultural practices have survived (e.g. North, South and Central America, Africa, Russia and Arctic regions - see map, below), it's reasonable to assume a persistence of more diverse distinct ethnobotanical uses and traditions, as part of those indigenous cultures, including alternative medical models and treatments - may be more likely to have also survived.

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for preventing and treating urinary infections.
- 'Plants for a Future' profile of blaeberry: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+myrtillus

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Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry, Whortleberry PFAF Plant Database

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Vaccinium myrtillus is a deciduous Shrub growing to 0.2 m (0ft 8in) by 0.3 m (1ft). It is hardy to zone (UK) 3. It is in flower from April to June, and the seeds ripen from July to September. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Bees, flies, Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies).

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for the treatment and prevention of migraines.
- 'Plants for a Future' profile of Yarrow: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Tanacetum+parthenium
- Tanacetum parthenium - RBGE digitised specimen (collected Georgia, 1928 expedition): http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00531473

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Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh - Herbarium catalogue

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Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a world-renowned scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation.

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Vulnerary herb for healing and drying wounds.
- 'Plants for a Future' profile of Yarrow: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Achillea+millefolium
- Achillea millefolium - RBGE herbarium digitised specimen (collected UK, 1977): http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00091435

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Achillea millefolium Yarrow, Boreal yarrow, California yarrow, Giant yarrow, Coast yarrow, Western yarrow, Pacific yarrow PFAF Plant Database

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Achillea millefolium is a PERENNIAL growing to 0.6 m (2ft) by 0.6 m (2ft in) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 2 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from June to August, and the seeds ripen from July to September.

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for gastrointestinal disorders

PFAF profile of German chamomile: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Matricaria+recutita

Matricaria chamomilla syn. Matricaria recutita - RBGE herbarium digitised specimen:
http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00580816

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Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh - Herbarium catalogue

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Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) is a world-renowned scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation.

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for treating gastroenteritis (stomach and digestive disorders)

'Plants for a future' profile of ginger: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Zingiber+officinale

Zingiber officinaleRBGE digitised herbarium specimen: http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00389794

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Zingiber officinale Ginger: Common,Cooking Stem, Canton PFAF Plant Database

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Zingiber officinale is a PERENNIAL growing to 1.5 m (5ft) by 1.5 m (5ft) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 9. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.

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for treating viral infections: cold and flu.
'Plants for a future' profile of Elder:
https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Sambucus+nigra
Sambucus nigra - digitised specimen, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE): http://data.rbge.org.uk/herb/E00894515

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Sambucus nigra Elderberry - European Elder, Black elderberry, American black elderberry, Blue elderberry, Europea PFAF Plant Database

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Sambucus nigra is a deciduous Shrub growing to 6 m (19ft) by 6 m (19ft) at a fast rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 5 and is not frost tender. It is in leaf from March to November, in flower from June to July, and the seeds ripen from August to September.

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Medicinal Plants And Their Uses | 20 Ayurvedic Plants Names | Medicinal Herbs You Can Grow

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Most drugs today, legal and otherwise, are synthesized in a laboratory. But most medical and recreational drugs originally began in the wild, growing naturally in forests, fields, and deserts. Some can still be found there. Here are some of the country's better known drugs, in their natural, pre-processed form.

1. Opium poppy (heroin, morphine, codeine)

Morphine is one of the many opiates that come from the opium poppy (above). The poppy is sliced while still in bud form, and the milky fluid (latex) that bleeds out is dried, becoming raw opium. Then a long process of adding dangerous chemicals, filtering, and cooking increases the potency of the drug. Heroin is a super-strong, quickly absorbed form of morphine, and the most intense use of opium. English researcher C.R. Wright accidentally created it for the first time in 1874 when he boiled morphine and acetic anhydride together on his stove.

2. Blue agave (Tequila)

Alcohol is unique in the world of drugs because it's made through the process of fermentation, not a particular basic ingredient. Fermentation occurs when yeast eats the sugars of whatever plant you're using, the by-product being ethanol (drinkable alcohol). In tequila, named for the Mexican town where it originated, the sugar comes from the beautiful blue agave. The center of the blue agave looks like pineapple. After it's roasted and mashed, it provides the sugar that, once properly rotted, leaves behind alcohol.

3. Coca leaves (cocaine)

Coca leaves, mostly grown in South America, have to go through some pretty ugly steps to become cocaine-powdered cement, gasoline soaks, and battery acid baths are all needed to condense the naturally occurring leaves into an illegal narcotic. The leaves themselves have been used by native populations for centuries as a (much milder) stimulant and medication. Spanish physician and botanist Nicolás Monardes described the effect of the leaves in 1569: "When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes."

4. Ephedra sinica (Sudafed, meth)

This scraggly little bush, also called ma huang, has been used in Chinese medicine for centuries. If it sounds familiar, that's because decongestants like Sudafed once synthesized their main ingredient from ephedra (pseudoephedrine). Products containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine are very hard to find now, as the U.S. government considers it a controlled substance. The alkaloids in the plant can be abused, most commonly in the form of weight-loss drugs and meth production. Researching the plant, I couldn't find out if this plant was legal to own. I called the DEA to ask, and, well, they weren't sure either. But they politely researched their documents, and translated them to people-speak for me. It is legal to grow and own the ephedra sinica plant. You just have to register your herb garden with the government and submit to monitoring if you do.

5. Psilocybin mushroom (shrooms)

Psilocybin, the naturally occurring compound that causes the euphoria and psychedelic trips associated with shrooms, can be found in over 200 species of mushrooms, most of which grow wild in Mexico. Different mushrooms have different concentrations of psilocybin, even varying in which part of the fungus you eat. A word of advice to the adventure seeker: Shrooms can be indistinguishable from any number of lethally poisonous mushrooms. Consuming unknown mushrooms may send you on a trip that takes you much further than you intended.

6. Willow bark (aspirin)

Salicylic acid, found in willow bark, has cooled fevered brows across the world for millennia. Even Hippocrates, the father of medicine, used to recommend chewing the bark to reduce fevers and inflammation in his patients, around 300 B.C. The willow tree has strains native to Europe, China, and North America, all of which can be used in medicine. It was from this bark that scientists at the German company Bayer developed aspirin in 1897. An interesting side note: Bayer lost all its patents and trademarks in World War I, when the U.S. government seized the firm as spoils of war and auctioned it off to an American patent medicine company.

7. Sassafras root (ecstasy)

Root beer and sarsaparilla used to have actual sassafras oil in them for flavor. They don't anymore, since the chemical in the oil, safrole, is now a controlled substance. Distilled from the roots and bark of the sassafras tree, safrole is a key ingredient in the manufacture of ecstasy. Not in its original form, of course. It is the treatments with formaldehyde, paint thinner, and drain cleaner that make sassafras oil such a delightful thing to put inside your body.

8. Penicillium mold (penicillin)

Penicillin: The mighty, moldy world changer. It was the first drug to effectively combat bacterial infections, leading to cures of an untold number of afflictions, from strep to syphilis. It was discovered accidentally by Alexander Fleming in 1928. He forgot about a petri dish filled with staph bacteria he'd left out, and he discovered blue green penicillium mold growing all over it. Penicillium mold is an incredibly common species of mold, apt to grow on organic material wherever conditions are dank enough. Wherever the mold touched the staph, the bacteria was gone. Fleming didn't think it would work in people and never tried to make medicine out of it. That was done years later by Australian Nobel laureate Howard Walter Florey, together with the German Nobel laureate Ernst Chain and the English biochemist Norman Heatley.

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Most drugs today, legal and otherwise, are synthesized in a laboratory. But most medical and recreational drugs originally began in the wild, growing naturally in forests, fields, and deserts. Some can still be found there. Here are some of the country's better known drugs, in their natural, pre-processed form. 1.

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https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Medicinal_Plants_042008_lores.pdf

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https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Medicinal_Plants_042008_lores.pdf

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https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Medicinal_Plants_042008_lores.pdf

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I'm very happy to work with you. Thank you very much Ana Paula to create this report and to facilitate the communication between us.
I'm french and I'm living and working now in Belgium since 7 years, in the Belgium Royal Institut of Natural Sciences in Brussels .
For the module about medicinal plants, I chose a new PlantArea. The one I'm investing in my research work. Indeed, I am archaeobotanist and I study the remains of seeds and fruits that we discover on the archaeological sites of the Walloon region. I study the interaction between humankinds and plants from prehistory to modern times.
I have a big interest of the use of plants and particulary in medicinal plants.
https://padlet.com/spreiss2/6ef9cp7nt4tq

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Hello everyone! My name is Anna Kreziou,I am a biologist and  I Live in Thessaloniki ,Greece. I teach biology in secondary education and I have a strong interest in medicinal plants and orchids as I have done a small research regarding orchids in Greece. I am really glad to participate in this group and many thanks to Ana Paula.
My PlantArea is Mt. Olympus
https://padlet.com/annakreziou/mvsky5mk3ngd

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Traditional use of plants with medicinal properties

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Traditional use of plants with medicinal properties

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Thymus vulgaris (thyme) is used as general antiviral and antiseptic.

Sideritis scardica is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of gastrointestinal complaints, inflammation, and rheumatic disorders.

Spearmint tea is traditionally used for bloating.

Vitex Agnus castus L. is a plant widely used in the treatment of female hormonal imbalances.

Verbena officinalis is used as an expectorant, laxative,  antitussive,
diuretic, anti-inflammatory and sedative.

Spiraea ulmaria has antipyretic and analgesic action in rheumatic pains.

Agrimonia eupatoria is useful for treating sores and ulcers.

The bark of Ceratonia síliqua is astringent and the fruit is a good laxative. Seeds are used to treat diarrhea.

Menta pulegium can be applied in the  reduction of intestinal gas. It also fights intestinal worms and increases gastric secretion.

Trifolium pratense can be used to combat cough, bronchitis and laryngitis.

The flowers of Viola odorata are used to calm the cough, to fluidize the secretions of the pathways
respiration and facilitate expiration.

Salvia elegans is employed in cases of nausea and indigestion.

Salvia officinalis for the treatment of sore throat and for easing night sweats and hot flushes in menopausal women.

For burns, erysipelas, boils, superficial inflammation of the skin, gout, uric acid, obesity, kidneys, constipation and diuretic is used Sambucus nigra.

Pinus sylvestris works as a diuretic, expectorant, antiseptic.

Achillea milefolium is recommended in cases of flu, poor digestion, low tension and toning of varicose veins.

Glechoma hederacea is used to treat asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, gastritis, diarrhea and boils.

Humulus lupulus works as a sedative, diuretic and antiarthritic.
Celidonia (Chelidonium of the family Papaveraceae), also called "betadine of the poor", name acquired by its cicatrizantes properties and yellow sap. The sap of this plant is used to replace the medicine Betadine to heal wounds.

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The use of plants in the treatment of diseases

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The use of plants in the treatment of diseases

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Persea americana leaf tea is used for cholesterol, diabetes and high blood pressure.

For the nervous system  is recommended tea of the feal from  Agrimonia eupatoria.

Lavandula angustifolia tea is recommended for menstrual cramps.

Ruta chalepensis is used to make tea leaves and berries and infusions for roundworms and tummy aches (menstruation).

Tanacetum parthenium is used to make tea to urinate and problems of kidneys, gall bladder, prostate and bladder infections.

Physalis peruviana is used to make leaf tea for diabetes, cholesterol, diarrhea and cough.

A tea from Camellia sinensis is widely used in case  of diarrhea.

Eucalyptus oil can be used as a nose decongestant, even from the old times, along with a device that produces steam (usually a pot with boiling water). By inhaling the dissolved in the steam eucalyptus oil, we experience an immediate relief of the nose congestion.

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Digitalis lanata. The plant from which digoxin is derived.

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Digitalis lanata. The plant from which digoxin is derived.

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Digoxin is used to treat various heart conditions.

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Digoxin is used to treat various heart conditions.

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Digoxin is derived by the plant Digitalis lanata and it belongs to the cardiac glycosides. It is mostly used in cases of atrial fibrillation and heart failure, because of the fact that it has an impact on myocardium. More specifically, it increases the force of the heart contraction. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin

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Eucalyptus oil can be used as a nose decongestant, even from the old times, along with a device that produces steam (usually a pot with boiling water). By inhaling the dissolved in the steam eucalyptus oil, we experience an immediate relief of the nose congestion. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus#History). There has been a really popular American product, as well, that contains eucalyptus oil, as well as other plant derived essential oils and it is called Vicks Vaporub.

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αρχείο λήψης

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Papaine in combination to other pharmaceutical substances.

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Papaine in combination to other pharmaceutical substances.

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Lysopaine lonzeles contain a mixture of papain, lysozyme and bacitracin. This combination is used as a remedy to sore throat and, especially papain belongs to the proteases family, that functions as a proteolytic enzyme, inducing the healing process. Papain comes from the plant of papaya (Carica papaya) or mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).

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Drugs used for the relief of menstrual cramps and/or PMS symptoms

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Drugs used for the relief of menstrual cramps and/or PMS symptoms

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-Many women use paracetamol-containing painkillers but also non-steroid anti- inflammatory drugs containing Nimesulide.
Plants used:
-Spearmint tea is traditionally used for bloating and shows anti-androgenic properties in women with PCOS

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26654872_Spearmint_Herbal_Tea_has_Significant_Anti-androgen_Effects_in_Polycystic_Ovarian_Syndrome_A_Randomized_Controlled_Trial

-Hormonal imbalances and breast pain/swollenness are traditionally addressed with the herb Vitex-agnus castus(chastity tree). The fruits are used in the form of tincture.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308513/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29063202

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Medicinal plants used for the relief of flu symptoms

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Medicinal plants used for the relief of flu symptoms

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-Sideritis scardica in Northern Greece or different species of the same genus in other parts of Greece as anti-cough and immune system strengthening
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32018D0134
-Salvia officinalis (sage)infusion as gargles for the relief of sore throat
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16504956
-Thymus vulgaris(thyme) as general antiviral and antiseptic not only as herbal tea but its essential oil along with Origanum essential oil.
https://www.academia.edu/32522895/Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Basil_Oregano_and_Thyme_Essential_Oils

-Eucalyptus leaves in inhalations for the relief of nasal congestion

-Achillea millefolium used sometimes as anti-febrile

Achillea millefolium(yarrow)

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Drugs used for cough/fever/sore throat/nasal congestion (cold/flu symptoms)in Greece

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Drugs used for cough/fever/sore throat/nasal congestion (cold/flu symptoms)in Greece

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-Paracetamol alone or in combination with caffeine as anti-febrile and analgesic
-Hexetidine, as antibacterial  in the form of mouth washes or sprays for sore throat
-Bromhexine hydrochloride in cough syrups for reducing mucus production in the respiratory tract
-Lately anticough syrups containing plant extracts have found a place in the market .For example Phytobisolvon containing Plantago lanceolata and flavonoid extracts from thyme. Also Ivybisolvon containing Hedera helix folium for its expectorant properties.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/hederae-helicis-folium

Plantago seen below:

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Comment savoir si l'on a une bronchite ? Est-elle aiguë ou chronique, comment les différencier ? Causes et remèdes naturels...

Pour pénétrer dans les poumons, l'air passe d'abord dans la trachée qui se subdivise ensuite en bronches droite et gauche. Celles-ci se divisent à leur tour en bronchioles qui aboutissent aux alvéoles pulmonaires. Et il peut arriver que la muqueuse des bronches soit sujette à une inflammation temporaire ou chronique, provoquant une sécrétion de mucus anormale. Selon le cas, on parle de bronchite aiguë ou chronique.

Bronchite aiguë ou bronchite chronique ?

Aiguë ou chronique, la bronchite se caractérise par les symptômes suivants : toux grasse avec expectorations plus ou moins abondantes de mucus, souffle court, respiration sifflante, fièvre, douleurs dans le haut de la poitrine (le phénomène s'aggrave lorsque vous toussez).

La bronchite aiguë dure une ou deux semaines. Quant à la bronchite chronique, elle n'est pas facile à détecter. Vous pouvez en soupçonner la présence :

Si vous avez régulièrement des accès de toux matinale accompagnée d'expectoration (en particulier à la suite d'une grippe ou d'un gros rhume).

Si ce problème persiste pendant plusieurs mois (les gros fumeurs attribueront leur toux matinale au tabagisme, mais ils devront consulter un médecin pour s'assurer qu'il ne s'agit pas plutôt d'une bronchite).

Quelles son les causes de la bronchite ?

Tout le monde peut souffrir de bronchite à un moment donné de sa vie. Mais certaines personnes sont d'avantage prédisposées que d'autres : les asthmatiques, les fumeurs, les personnes souffrant de troubles cardiaques ou encore celles qui vivent dans des endroits où l'air est très pollué.

Ces personnes sont également plus susceptibles de souffrir d' attaques répétées de bronchites. Certains types de bronchites peuvent aussi être causées par le candida albicans.

De façon générale, la bronchite aiguë est la complication d'un rhume ou d'une grippe. Normalement, elle évolue parallèlement à l'infection sous-jacente et disparaît en même temps que celle-ci.

Comment soigner la bronchite naturellement ?

En cas de bronchite aiguë, quelques mesures simples vous permettront de passer à travers la crise sans trop de problèmes :

Restez à la maison et au chaud, mais sans pour autant garder le lit. L'important est de vous reposer à fond et d'éviter le stress.

Humidifiez l'air ambiant. Employez un humidificateur ou placez tout simplement des serviettes mouillées sur les calorifères. Cela vous aidera à libérer les voies nasales et les bronches.

N'essayez-pas d'éliminer la toux "productive". Elle permet de "nettoyer" les bronches. S'il s'agit d'une toux sèche ou nerveuse, consultez sur ce site, les articles consacrés à la toux sèche, vous y trouverez divers recettes de sirops.

Cataplasmes

Les cataplasmes d'argile peuvent amener du confort et peut traiter la bronchite avec sa méthode douce, faites des cataplasmes de 1 cm d'argile tiède sur le dos et la poitrine, gardez-les de 2 à 4 heures par jour.

Bain

Pour combattre l'infection et aider votre organisme à se reprendre le dessus préparez-vous un bain avec 200 g. de thym, avant le coucher, 3 jours d'affilée si possible.

Infusions

Plantain : faites bouillir 1/4 de litre d'eau avec une tranche de citron (le temps de quelques bouillons seulement), retirez du feu et ajoutez une cuillère à café d'un mélange de plantain et de thym à parts égales. Laissez infuser 2 minutes et buvez bien chaud. Prenez 2 à 4 tasses par jour.

Feuilles et fleurs de sauge : 20 g par litre, 3 tasses par jour.

Vous pouvez édulcorer vos tisanes avec du miel de pin. Cette variété de miel assiste les plantes dans le traitement des affections des voies respiratoires.

Alimentation

L'oignon est un puissant antibiotique naturel, il sera un allié redoutable pour soigner une bronchite, voici 3 manières de l'utiliser (pas seulement pour la bronchite d'ailleurs, grippe, , otite ...)

Mangez quelques tranches d'oignon cru

ou faites brûler un oignon et inhalez les vapeurs.

Prenez 1 cuil. à café de jus d'oignon 3 ou 4 fois par jour dilué dans un peu d'eau.

Suppléments alimentaires

Prenez de grandes quantité de propolis d'abeille. La propolis d'abeille agit à la fois comme désinfectant et comme tonique.

Huiles essentielles

En traitement interne : 2 ou 3 gouttes d'huile essentielle d'oranger ou de lavande (aspic) avec du miel.

Massage du thorax avec de l'huile essentielle d'eucalyptus (globules) : 20 % d'huile essentielle sur huile de noisette.

Inhalations : quelques gouttes d'huiles essentielles de pin ou d'eucalyptus dans un bol d'eau chaude ou dans un inhalateur, 2 à 3 fois par jour pendant 1 à 2 semaines.

Comment prévenir la bronchite chronique ?

Si vous avez souvent des attaques de bronchite :

Chauffez suffisamment votre maison.

Attention à vos conditions de travail : évitez de travailler dans des lieux froids et humides, pollués (poussières, vapeurs toxiques...). Peut-être qu'un changement d'emploi s'avère nécessaire.

Le tabagisme est un important facteur de risque, en particulier chez les hommes (il y a 3 fois plus de bronchite chronique chez les hommes). Les enfants de gros fumeurs sont plus susceptibles d'être bronchique.

Adoptez une alimentation désintoxicante : pas de sucre blanc, pas d'aliments raffinés, aucun produit laitier.

Suppléments alimentaires : Vitamines A, C et sélénium tels que prescrits par un naturopathe.

Attentions aux attaques répétées de bronchites. De telles attaques peuvent endommager la couche qui tapisse les bronches. Les bronches vont alors se rétrécir à la longue. Sans compter que l'accumulation de mucus et les contractions musculaires dues à la toux intensifieront le phénomène.

Si vous avez tendance à prendre froid facilement, endurcissez-vous graduellement en vous appliquant des lotions froides, sur la poitrine et le dos, matin et soir. (voir l'article sur l'endurcissement).

A lire aussi : Remèdes de grand-mères contre la bronchite

Recevez directement dans votre boite aux lettre, les derniers remèdes de grand-mère ou les remèdes de saison. Remplissez ce (petit) formulaire et c'est parti !

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Soigner la Bronchite Naturellement | Remèdes de Grand-Mère

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Pour pénétrer dans les poumons, l'air passe d'abord dans la trachée qui se subdivise ensuite en bronches droite et gauche. Celles-ci se divisent à leur tour en bronchioles qui aboutissent aux alvéoles pulmonaires. Et il peut arriver que la muqueuse des bronches soit sujette à une inflammation temporaire ou chronique, provoquant une sécrétion de mucus anormale.

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Originaire de l'Afrique du Sud, le géranium du Cap est une plante largement utilisée pour lutter contre les maladies de l'appareil respiratoire. En 2008, les résultats d'une étude clinique réalisée auprès de 217 participants ont démontré qu'un extrait liquide de géranium du Cap (EPs 7630) a été plus efficace pour traiter la bronchite qu'un placebo 1. Les patients traités à partir de l'EPs 7630 ont connu une amélioration marquée des principaux symptômes liés à la bronchite aiguë : toux, crachats, enrouements, maux de tête, fatigue et fièvre, dans les 7 jours suivant le traitement.

Posologie :

Un adulte doit prendre 30 gouttes de l'extrait standardisé EPs 7630, 3 fois par jour. La dose doit être diminuée si elle est administrée à un enfant. Dans ce cas, il faut suivre les informations du fabricant.

Source
1. Matthys H, Funk P. EPs 7630 improves acute bronchitic symptoms and shortens time to remission. Results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. 2008. Epub 2008 Apr 30.

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La bronchite est une maladie de l'appareil respiratoire très fréquente : au cours de sa vie, un individu risque d'en être atteint au moins une fois. Cette inflammation des bronches, les conduits qui mènent l'air inspiré de la trachée aux poumons, se divise en deux types : la bronchite aiguë et la bronchite chronique.

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How did we treat bronchitis in the past?

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How did we treat bronchitis in the past?

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- cape geranium,
- thyme,
- climbing ivy,
- eucalyptus,
- licorice,

Are recommended to treat bronchitis but many plant species could help to treat bronchitis.

For example, Inula sp. (im), Dioscoride recommends it to calm coughs and rid the lung of "moods" that can clog. In the Middle Ages, Saint Hildegard used it to treat pertussis, bronchitis, asthma and all sorts of other diseases.

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Aujourd'hui l'aspirine est le médicament le plus consommé au monde, et on lui découvre encore de nouvelles vertues. Son histoire commence il y a plus de 4000 ans. En effet certaines tribues utilisaient des feuilles de saules blanc ou de la reine des prés comme antidouleur. Vers l'an 400 avant JC, les premières préparations à base de saule blanc voient le jour. Elles sont généralement utlisées pour soulager des douleurs de l'accouchement et faire baisser la fièvre.

A partir du XIX ème siècle les progrès réalisés en chimie permettent d'isoler les principes actifs, c'est à dire les molécules responsables des propriétés thérapeutiques de ces remèdes. Ainsi en 1825, M.Fontana, un pharmacien italien isole le principe actif du saule blanc et le nomme salicine. Puis 1829, PJ Leroux fait bouillir de la poudre d'écorce de saule blanc et concentre sa préparation. Il obtient alors des cristaux blancs qu'il baptise salicyline (salix=saule). La substance est expérimentée par un neurologue à l'Hotel Dieu à Paris. En 1835, K.Lowig isole et identifie l'acide salicylique comme étant le principe actif d'une autre plante possédant des propriétés antipyrétiques : la reine des près.

L'acide salicylique est utilisé pour les fièvres, les douleurs et les rhumatismes articulaires. Mais l'acide salicylique avait d'importants effets secondaires. En 1853, le français C.Gerhardt réalise la synthèse de l'acide acétylsalicylique. C'est finalement F.Hoffmann qui réussi à obtenir de l'acide acétyle salicylique presque pur. L'acide acétyle salicylique s'avère être mieux toléré.

En 1899, la première marque d'Aspirine est déposée : AspirinTM, identique à l'acide salicylique et extrait de la Reine des Près. C'est en 1900 que les premiers comprimés sont fabriqués. L'aspirine est commercialisé en France en 1908 par la société chimique des usines du Rhône.

On en synthétise aujourd'hui plus de 10000 tonnes par an.

Quelle est donc la différence entre l'aspirine naturelle, dit acide salicylique, et l'aspirine de synthèse, dit l'acide acétyle salicylique ?

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Introduction - Aspirine naturelle, aspirine de synthèse

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Aujourd'hui l'aspirine est le médicament le plus consommé au monde, et on lui découvre encore de nouvelles vertues. Son histoire commence il y a plus de 4000 ans. En effet certaines tribues utilisaient des feuilles de saules blanc ou de la reine des prés comme antidouleur.

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Drugs to take:

- antipyretic fever (paracetamol, aspirin)
- antibiotic

only the aspirin has medicinal ingredients coming from plants. Aspirin, an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid. A precursor to aspirin found in leaves from the willow tree has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years.

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Based on his profound knowledge of past and present paradigms in the development of medicines, the author takes the reader from the very beginnings of pharmacology to the multibillion-dollar business it represents today. Recounting the often spectacular successes and failures of innovative drugs as well as the people who discovered them, he brings abstract science to life in anecdotal form.

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Melissa officinalis

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How did we treat gastroenteritis in the past?

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How did we treat gastroenteritis in the past?

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- herbal tea of agrimony flowers that heals the mucous membranes and has, moreover, an antiviral action.

- eat boiled carrots,
- eat white rice,
- drink rice cooking water (very high in starch,

- quince, ginger and lemon balm were once used to treat gatroenteritis.

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Le plus souvent d'origine virale, la gastro-entérite peut être lourde à supporter. Une diète précise et beaucoup de repos sont conseillés, mais ce ne sont pas les seuls remèdes. Plusieurs plantes sont particulièrement efficaces pour apaiser les symptômes d'une vilaine gastro.

L'argile absorbe

En cas de selles très liquides, c'est le remède à boire. L'argile a un fort pouvoir d'absorption, elle protège la muqueuse intestinale en formant comme un pansement, et elle normalise le transit, peut-être même en capturant les microbes et en les drainant pour évacuation. Diluez 1 sachet ou 1 cuillerée à café d'argile verte dans un verre d'eau, laissez reposer et ne buvez que l'eau trouble (laissez l'argile au fond du verre). Deux fois par jour, et arrêtez dès que les selles se normalisent (il ne faut pas en abuser).

Les tisanes soignent

Les baies de myrtille séchées, riches en tannins, soignent tous les types de gastros : d'origine virale en hiver, ou bactérienne. Préparez une tisane (1 cuillerée à soupe pour 1 tasse d'eau, bouillie 3 minutes puis infusée 10 minutes) et buvez 2 ou 3 tasses par jour. Pour varier les plaisirs, vous pouvez mettre les baies dans du thé. Pour les gastros hivernales dues à des virus, optez pour une tisane de fleurs d'aigremoine (1 cuillerée à soupe pour 1 tasse). Cette plante est un antidiarrhéique, qui cicatrise les muqueuses et a, de plus, une action antivirale. Deux tasses par jour

Les carottes et le riz stoppent la diarrhée

Nos grands-mères avaient raison de préparer une purée de carotte dès que les enfants ou les petits-enfants étaient atteints de diarrhée ! Riches en sucre, en pectine et en mucilage, les carottes ont une fonction régulatrice sur la digestion et constituent un puissant antidiarrhéique. De plus, elles apportent des sels minéraux, ce qui permet de compenser ceux éliminés lors de chaque selle. Et elles favorisent également la cicatrisation des muqueuses. Qu'elles soient préparées en purée ou en petites tranches, les carottes sont aussi efficaces. Elles doivent simplement être bien cuites. Le riz est également un bon antidiarrhéique. Mangez du riz blanc et mettez en pratique ce conseil d'antan : buvez l'eau de cuisson, riche en amidon (1 à 2 verres par jour). Effet surmultiplié !

Les yaourts restaurent la flore

Dès le début de la diarrhée, faites une cure de yaourts nature : 3 par jour au moins. Les yaourts sont très riches en ferments vivants (1 milliard de bactéries vivantes par pot !), et ils aideront votre flore intestinale à se reconstituer plus rapidement. De plus, ils contiennent 90 % d'eau (100 ml par pot), ce qui contribue aussi à l'hydratation.

Le saviez-vous ?
Pour la petite histoire, le yaourt fabriqué à partir des ferments issus de l'Institut Pasteur, a d'abord été vendu en pharmacies sur ordonnance, comme un " produit sain destiné aux personnes souffrant d'infections intestinales ".

Le coing super efficace

Riche en pectine, ce fruit ancien qui peu à peu réapparaît sur les étals, est excellent également pour venir à bout de la diarrhée. À consommer en compote, gelée ou en pâte de coing. En saison, faites une décoction.

La recette :
* Coupez finement un coing.
* Faites bouillir 1 L d'eau avec 50 g de sucre et laissez réduire de moitié.
* Avalez 3 à 4 cuillerées à soupe toutes les heures, et votre transit qui tourne en accéléré devrait rapidement se calmer.

Le gingembre contre les vomissements

Pour lutter contre ces désagréments, misez sur le gingembre frais, en tisane.

La recette :
* Râpez un petit morceau de gingembre frais.
* Mettez-en 1 cuillerée à café rase dans l'équivalent d'une tasse d'eau bouillante.
* Couvrez et laissez infuser 10 minutes.
Vous pouvez aussi suçoter un morceau de gingembre frais ou garder en bouche du gingembre confit.

La mélisse en cas de spasmes douloureux

Préparez une infusion de cette plante antispasmodique.

La recette :
* Mettez 1 cuillerée à soupe de feuilles de mélisse dans 1 litre d'eau.
* Laissez bouillir 10 minutes.
* Sucrez, et buvez régulièrement au cours de la journée.
* Si vous avez, en plus, des nausées, ajoutez dans votre infusion 1 cuillerée à soupe de fleurs de camomille romaine.

À table on joue la prudence

Les deux, voire trois premiers jours, mieux vaut éviter tout ce qui pourrait irriter votre intestin déjà malmené. Éliminez les aliments riches en fibres : pas de crudités, pas de légumes cuits (sauf nos bonnes carottes cuites !), pas de légumes secs, pas de pain complet, pas de céréales au petit déjeuner, pas de fruits crus (sauf la banane). Arrêtez aussi le lait. Lorsque votre transit s'améliorera, réintroduisez progressivement ces aliments.

Par contre, buvez tout au long de la journée par petites quantités pour éviter une déshydratation. Il faut absorber au moins 1,5 l d'eau, tisane, bouillon..., voire, idéalement, 2 L par jour, tant que vous avez des selles liquides. Bonne astuce : dans 1 litre d'eau, ajoutez 6 cuillerées à café de sucre et 1 cuillerée à café rase de sel. Cela fait office de solution de réhydratation.

A lire aussi :
Homéo, phyto, aroma : 3 solutions naturelles contre la gastro-entérite
4 méthodes douces pour soigner une gastro Gastro : quelle alimentation privilégier ?

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Soigner la gastro-entérite au naturel : les remèdes de grand-mère

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Le plus souvent d'origine virale, la gastro-entérite peut être lourde à supporter. Une diète précise et beaucoup de repos sont conseillés, mais ce ne sont pas les seuls remèdes. Plusieurs plantes sont particulièrement efficaces pour apaiser les symptômes d'une vilaine gastro. En cas de selles très liquides, c'est le remède à boire.

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Drugs to take:

- probiotics or PBX

- Smectite clay

- Paracetamol

- Spasfon Lyoc

Only the spasfon Lyoc has medicinal ingredients coming from plants. It is principally composed by Phloroglucino, an organic compound. It is a phenol derivative with antispmasmodic properties. Phloroglucinol was originally prepared from phloretin, a compound isolated from fruit trees, using potassium hydroxide. Additionally, the compound can be similarly prepared from glucosides, plant extracts and resins such as quercetin, catechin and phlobaphenes.

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Hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis)

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Hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis)

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A black tea hot beverage is widely used in the first aid line in case of diarrhea. It has been proved that  substances found in black tea, called naloxone and loperamide, have strong antidiarroeal effect. ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12722145)

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In Greece there are analgesic pills for adults that, in addition to the main substance e.g. paracetamol or ibuprofen, they also contain caffeine! This can be seen in Panadol extra tablets. Caffeine actually has a similar chemical structure to adenosine, thus it functions as a competitor of the latter. So, an inhibition of the Adenosine receptors in the neuropathic pain pathway takes place. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5018099/). Caffeine is extracted by the coffee bean of plants, that belong to Coffea genus.

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Many medical implications have been reported for mallow (Malva silvestris), however in my personal experience i have used it against skin irritation. Indeed, the plant's leaves can be used on skin areas, that have been biten by an insect, or even irritated be the leaves of nettle (Urtica dioika). They can either be used for the treatment of eczema.
The nettle is rich in nutrition elements, as shown in the article (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6100552/) . Additionally, the leaves of nettle have sharp tubes full of formic acid, the same acid found in ants and bees, histamine, acetylocholine and serotonin. " Another study conducted by Klingelhoefer et al. showed the anti-inflammatory benefits of stinging nettles against other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis [73]. Nettle leaves contain histamine, which may seem inadvisable for allergy medication. However, histamine has been already used to treat strong allergy symptoms [74]. Histamine production causes unwanted allergic reactions, associated with unpleasant nasal congestion, sneezing or itching. Stinging nettles affect numerous receptors and/or enzymes involved in allergic reactions [75]. In addition, because of their anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory properties, stinging nettles can be used as a natural component in eczema medications. Infusions of the plant can be used for nasal and menstrual hemorrhage, diabetes, anemia, asthma, hair loss and to promote lactation [76]. Terpenes and phenols are major groups associated with the inhibition of cancers, as well as with the treatment of headache, rheumatism and some skin diseases [58,77,78]. Phenols also have been associated with the inhibition of atherosclerosis and cancer, as well as age-related degenerative brain disorders [79,80]. "
What is impressive with nature once again, is that these two plants, with great significance for humans, but with opposite affection on their skin, are mostly grown one next to the other, in the same region!

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The use of creams, containing Arnica, against bruises, has become really popular in Greece. As i was looking for it, i saw that Arnica is rich in many medicinal ingredients, including helenalin, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and thymol. Those ingredients eliminate pain, prevent or eliminate bruising and reduce swelling.
The name of the plant is Arnica montana, however, other common names can be used, such as mountain arnica, wolf's bane and mountain tobacco. Of course, we should be aware of the fact that it mustn't be applied to open wounds, because the ingredients are too high-potent, that shouldn't be inside the body.

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Reminyl contains the active substance galantamine, a drug for dementia. It is used in adults to treat the symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, a type of dementia that alters brain function.
Galantamine was isolated from bulbs and flowers of Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. by Russian scientists in 1952 and later by the species Galanthus nivalis L.

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Still about the benefits of Aloe Vera-II

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Still about the benefits of Aloe Vera-II

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In fact, the manufacturing of aloe veraextracts is one of the largest botanical industries in the world.

What Are the Aloe Vera Benefits?

Aloe vera produces two substances used for medicine: The gel is obtained from the cells in the center of the leaf, and the latex is obtained from the cells just beneath the leaf skin.

Aloe Vera Nutrition Facts

Aloe vera is one of approximately 420 species of the genus Aloe; the botanical name of aloe vera is Aloe barbadensis miller, and it belongs to the Liliaceae family. It's a perennial, xerophytic, succulent plant that's green and has triangular, fleshy leaves with serrated edges.The geographic origin of aloe vera is believed to be in Sudan, and it was later introduced in the Mediterranean region and most other warm areas of the world, including Africa, Asia, India, Europe and America.

Aloe gel is the clear, jelly-like substance found in the inner part of the aloe plant leaf. Aloe latex comes from just under the plant's skin and is yellow in color. Some aloe products are made from the whole crushed leaf, so they contain both gel and latex.

Aloe vera is considered to be the most biologically active of the Aloe species; astonishingly, more than 75 potentially active components have been identified in the plant, including vitamins, minerals, saccharides, amino acids, anthraquinones, enzymes, lignin, saponins and salicylic acids. It provides 20 of the 22 human-required amino acids and eight of the eight essential amino acids.

Aloe vera contains many vitamins and minerals vital for proper growth and function of all the body's systems. Here's an easy explanation of aloe vera's active components:

Aloe vera contains antioxidant vitamins A, C and E - plus vitamin B12 , folic acid and choline .

It contains eight enzymes, including aliiase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, bradykinase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulase, lipase and peroxidase.

Minerals such as calcium, copper, selenium, chromium , manganese, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc are present in aloe vera.

It provides 12 anthraquinones - or compounds known as laxatives. Among these are aloin and emodin, which act as analgesics, antibacterials and antivirals.

Four fatty acidsare present, including cholesterol, campesterol, beta-sisosterol and lupeol - all providing anti-inflammatory results.

The hormones called auxins and gibberellins are present; they help with healing wounds and have anti-inflammatory properties.

Aloe vera provides sugars, such as monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and polysaccharides.

9 Proven Aloe Vera Benefits

1. Soothes Rashes and Skin Irritations

A 1996 study done at the Department of Clinical Physiology in Sweden included 60 patients with chronic psoriasis who participated in a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of aloe vera or placebo cream. The cure rate in the aloe vera group was 83 percent (!) compared to only 7 percent in the placebo group, and there were no relapses reported at the 12-month follow-up.

In 2009, a systematic review summarized 40 studies that involved using aloe vera for dermatological purposes. The results suggest that oral administration of aloe vera in mice works effectively to heal wounds, can decrease the number and size of papillomas (small growths on the skin), and reduce the incidence of tumors by more than 90 percent in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. The studies also showed that aloe vera effectively treats genital herpes , psoriasis, dermatitis, frostbite, burns and inflammation. It can be used safely as an antifungal and antimicrobial agent.

2. Treats Burns

Aloe vera gel has a protective effect against radiation damage to the skin. With the threat of nuclear warfare always looming, the U.S. government conducted research on the ability of aloe vera to treat thermal and radiation burns with the aim of introducing its use into the military.

By 1959, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the use of aloe veraointment as an over-the-counter medication for healing burns on the skin. When aloe vera gel is used on burns, it prevents UV-induced suppression so the area can heal at a faster rate.

3. Heals Cold Sores

When aloe vera gel is applied to a cold sore a few times a day, it eases the discomfort and helps speed the healing process. It's also safe when consumed by mouth, so there is no need to worry about swallowing this natural treatment. Aloe vera has antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties that accelerate healing and reduce pain associated with cold sores - or any sores on the mouth.

The amino acids and vitamin B1, vitamin B2 , vitamin B6 and vitamin C are also extremely helpful. One of the vitamin B6 benefits, for example, is it acts as a natural pain treatment and creates antibodies that our immune system uses to protect us.

4. Moisturizes Hair and Scalp

Aloe vera is a great natural treatment for dry hair or an itchy scalp. It has nourishing properties, and the tons of vitamins and minerals that are present keep your hair strong and healthy. Because of aloe vera's antibacterial and antifungal properties, it also helps with dandruff, and the gel's enzymes can rid the scalp of dead cells and promote the regeneration of skin tissue around the hair follicles.

Aloe also helps stop the itching associated with dandruff or a dried scalp. Too many shampoos and conditioners are full of chemicals that damage hair and can even cause inflammation and skin irritations; adding aloe vera is an effective way to keep your scalp free of bacteria and uncomfortable skin reactions.

5. Treats Constipation

The use of aloe latex as a laxative is well-researched; the anthraquinones present in the latex create a potent laxative that increases intestinal water content, stimulates mucus secretion and increases intestinal peristalsis, which are contractions that break down food and mix the chyme.

In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of 28 healthy adults, aloe vera latex was reported to have a laxative effect compared to a placebo that was stronger than the stimulant laxative phenolphthalein - making aloe vera a natural constipation relief remedy .

6. Helps with Digestion

Because of its anti-inflammatory and laxative components, another aloe vera benefit is its ability to help with digestion. Aloe vera juice helps digestion, normalizes acid/alkaline and pH balance , lessens yeast formation, encourages digestive bacteria and regularizes bowel processing.

One study reported in the Journal of Research in Medical Sciences found that 30 milliliters of aloe vera juice twice a day decreased the level of discomfort in 33 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Flatulence also decreased for the participants, but stool consistence, urgency and frequency remained the same. Although the study suggests that aloe vera can be beneficial to people with IBS, more data is needed to conclude that it can be used as an effective treatment.

Another study from the Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine tested aloe vera on a group of rats with gastrointestinal problems. The gastric acid levels were significantly decreased in rats treated with aloe vera. The study also measured the gut-brain connection and reported data on the water content found in the brains of the rats with aloe vera treatment. The water content in the treated rats was reduced, which suggests that the brain influences the gut and gastrointestinal problems.

7. Boosts the Immune System

It helps us ward off diseases, kill bacteria and protect the function of our cell membranes. Zinc is also a key structural component for a slew of hormone receptors and proteins that contribute to healthy, balanced mood and immune function.

A 2014 report points out that aloe vera is being studied for its uses in dentistry; this is because it has proved to be be an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antifungal plant, and it's very good in building up the immune system without causing allergic reactions or side effects. It's gaining popularity because it's completely natural - and it's being called a miracle plant.

8. Provides Antioxidants and Reduces Inflammation

Vitamin A, for instance, plays a critical role in maintaining healthy vision, neurological function and healthy skin because it's an antioxidant that reduces inflammation. Vitamin C is another important component found in aloe vera; it protects the body from cardiovascular disease, prenatal health problems, eye disease and even skin wrinkling. Vitamin E benefits include being a powerful antioxidant that reduces free radical damage, fights inflammation and helps naturally slow the aging of cells.

9. Treats Diabetes

In two related clinical trials, 72 diabetic women without drug therapy were administered one tablespoon of aloe vera gel or a placebo for six weeks. Blood glucose and serum triglyceride levels were significantly decreased with aloe vera treatment. In the second trial, the effects of aloe vera gel or placebo in combination with glibenclamide, a commonly prescribed antidiabetic medication, were investigated; this, too, resulted in significant reductions in blood glucose and serum triglyceride concentrations in the aloe vera group.

Aloe Vera History & Interesting Facts

Aloe vera was officially listed as a purgative and skin protectant by the U.S. pharmacopoeia in 1820 and was clinically used in the 1930s for the treatment of radiotherapy burns to the skin and mucous membranes. In 2004, the value of the aloe vera industry was estimated to be $125 million for the cost of the raw aloe material, and $110 billion for finished aloe-containing products.

How to Find Aloe Vera

The processing method has the largest effect on the number and amount of active ingredients in an aloe vera product. The commercial production process of aloe vera products typically involves the crushing, grinding or pressing of the whole leaf to produce juice, followed by various steps of filtration and stabilization to achieve the desired extract. Although this is easier for the manufacturers, it can result in a product that contains little or no active ingredients.

It turns out, after extracting the gel, heating it and using fillers to make aloe vera products, the health benefits are minimized. In order to stop the common misrepresentations in the industry, and the false idea that all aloe vera products produce the same benefits, the International Aloe Science Council developed a certification program that validates the quality and quantity of aloe vera in approved commercial products. When looking to purchase aloe vera, read the labels carefully and look for this important certification.

It's easy to find aloe vera products - including aloe gel, latex, juice and extracts - in your local health food store. You can even grow your own aloe plant at home. If you buy a potted plant, keep it in a window that gets a good amount of sunshine because aloes love the sun; the pot can even be moved outdoors during the summer months.

Aloe is a succulent and therefore stores a lot of water within its leaves, but it needs to be watered at least two or three times a month. In the winter, aloe becomes somewhat dormant, and during this time you should water the plant very little. Having your own plant is an easy and inexpensive way to experience all of these amazing aloe vera benefits every day.

Recommended Doses of Aloe Vera

These recommended aloe vera doses are based on scientific research and publications. Make sure to read the label on aloe vera products before using them, and notify your doctor if you experience any side effects:

For constipation take 100-200 milligrams of aloe vera daily.

For wound healing, psoriasis and other skin infections, use 0.5 percent aloe extract cream three times daily.

For dental plaque and gum disease, use a toothpaste that contains aloe vera for 24 weeks, or add a teaspoon of aloe vera gel to my Homemade Mineralizing Toothpaste .

For high cholesterol, take one capsule of aloe vera containing 300 milligrams twice daily for two months.

For inflammatory bowel disease, take 100 milliliters twice daily for four weeks.

For skin burns, use a 97.5 percent aloe gel on the burn until it's healed.

For dry scalp or dandruff, add a teaspoon of aloe gel to my Homemade Honey Citrus Shampoo .

To protect your skin from infection and bacteria, add a teaspoon of aloe gel to my Homemade Body Butter Lotion .

Possible Side Effects and Interactions

Don't take aloe vera, either gel or latex, if you're pregnant or breast feeding. There are some reports of aloe causing miscarriage and birth defects. Children younger than 12 years old may experience abdominal pain, cramps and diarrhea, so I don't recommend aloe vera for child use either.

If you have diabetes, some research suggests aloe might lower blood sugar, so if you take aloe by mouth and you have diabetes, monitor your blood sugar levels closely.

If you have intestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or obstruction, don't take aloe latex if you have any of these conditions because it's a bowel irritant.

Don't take aloe latex if you have hemorrhoids because it could make the condition worse.

High doses of aloe latex have been linked to kidney failure and other serious conditions, so don't take aloe latex if you have kidney problems.

Aloe might affect blood sugar levels and could interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop taking aloe at least two weeks before a scheduled surgery.

If you take digoxin (Lanoxin), don't use aloe latex because it works as a stimulant laxative and decreases potassium levels in the body; low potassium levels can increase the risk of side effects when taking this medication.

Before taking aloe vera, consult your doctor if you take the following medications:

Diabetes medications

Sevoflurane (Ultane)

Stimulant laxatives

Warfarin (Coumadin)

Diuretic medications (water pills)

From the sound of it, you might think leaky gut only affects the digestive system, but in reality it can affect more. Because Leaky Gut is so common, and such an enigma, I'm offering a free webinar on all things leaky gut. Click here to learn more about the webinar.

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Aloe Vera Benefits for Skin, Constipation & Immune System - Dr. Axe

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In fact, the manufacturing of aloe veraextracts is one of the largest botanical industries in the world. Aloe vera produces two substances used for medicine: The gel is obtained from the cells in the center of the leaf, and the latex is obtained from the cells just beneath the leaf skin.

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Euphon is a medication indicated in the treatment of pain from mild to moderate and as an antitussic and that has as active principle Codeine extracted from Papaver somniferum.

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Euphon rouquidão DOR DE GARGANTA 70 comprimidos

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Euphon rouquidão DORIDOS TABLETS GARGANTA 70: Euphon O medicamento é indicado em casos de dor de garganta e / ou passageiros rouquidão. Os comprimidos EUPHON barato

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The plant can be harnessed at the medicinal level, but it is also a plant that works well as ornamental, decorating flower beds.
The roots and leaves are also edible and were used in cooking.
Its flower attracts bees butterflies and moths.
The used parts of Onagra are its roots, which can be used to make salads, and the seeds can be used to make evening primrose oil capsules.
Evening Primrose is used to help treat skin problems, headaches associated with premenstrual tension, asthma, scarring, fluid retention, infertility, ovarian cyst, endometriosis, breast lump, impotence, weak nails, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, high cholesterol, phlebitis, hemorrhoids, Crohn's disease, colitis, constipation, urticaria, depression, acne, dry skin and Raynaud's disease.
Even the Onagra can also be used to combat the effects of alcohol intoxication, since it stimulates the regeneration of damaged liver and helps the patient to leave the alcohol, being indicated for depression caused by alcoholism.

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Homemade honey syrup with lemon and propolis to treat and calm the cough persistent 

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Homemade honey syrup with lemon and propolis to treat and calm the cough persistent 

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Homemade honey syrup with lemon and propolis is great for moisturizing and relieving throat irritation, which helps reduce coughing, so preparing it needs:
Ingredients:
8 tablespoons of honey;
8 drops of Propolis Extract;
Juice of 1 medium lemon.
Method of preparation:

In a glass jar with lid, add the honey and the lemon juice and put the drops of propolis extract. Stir well with a spoon to thoroughly mix all the ingredients.
This syrup should be taken 3 to 4 times a day or whenever your throat feels dry and scratched for a few days until the symptoms disappear. Lemon is rich in vitamin C which helps to strengthen the immune system, while honey moisturizes and softens the throat. Propolis extract is a natural remedy with anti-inflammatory action, which helps relieve sore throat and treats dry throat and treats irritating cough.

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I was researching on aspirin and found that the active principle (acetylsalicylic acid) is extracted from the shell Salix alba and Filipendula ulmaria (in the 19th century called the Spirea ulmaria). Acetylsalicylic acid belongs to a group of substances known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, effective in symptomatic relief of pain and fever. Aspirin also has the ability to reduce the aggregation of platelets, one of the components of blood, which is essential for the formation of blood clots.

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In my searches I found this video that I thought it was good to share.

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How to make Aloe vera gel in 5 minutes |  for skin & hair | starnaturlbeauties

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Quelidónia-maior (Chelidonium majus)- a betadine drug in a plant

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Quelidónia-maior (Chelidonium majus)- a betadine drug in a plant

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To prove that there is a real "pharmacy" in nature, I present you Celidonia (Chelidonium of the family Papaveraceae), also called "betadine of the poor", name acquired by its cicatrizantes properties and yellow sap
The sap of this plant is used to replace the medicine Betadine to heal wounds. This plant I have never expressed with my family but there are reports of people confirming its effectiveness.
Its preferential habitat is in places with rubble (ruderal species), on walls and walls (rock species) or in fresh soils. [Its milky sap, yellow-orange, reminiscent of iodine tincture.
Its sap contains toxic alkaloids, so it is dangerous to ingest it, both fresh and dry.
Its common name, "wartweed", refers to the fact that it is popularly used to cure these skin problems. Its sap is still used as cicatrizante, although several bibliographical sources alert to the care that must be taken in its handling, since it is a poisonous plant, of corrosive sap
The major chelidonia was already used as a medicinal herb by Greek physicians, especially in the treatment of skin, gallbladder and liver problems. In China it was used as a muscle relaxant, in the treatment of cataracts and as an anti-spasmodic
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelid%C3%B3nia-maior
http://lendosempre.blogspot.com/2009/08/planta-betadine.html
http://ecologicaquem.blogspot.com/2014/05/celidonia-ou-betadine-dos-pobres.html

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Portugal Research-  The last  times when my family memberwere sick or injured

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Portugal Research-  The last  times when my family memberwere sick or injured

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Our mothers and grandmothers were passing some homemade recipes because at the time of them there were not so many industrial medicines available ... old knowledge was past and some of these recipes endure ... even have a scientific explanation because of the medicinal properties of the plants used.
What I most use in my family are the infusions. The infusions I use most for digestive problems are the herb prince, mints, chamomile and lemon.
For treat and calm the cough persistent honey syrup with lemon and propolis .
My doctor who recited to me some primrose oil capsules due to the medicinal properties of the premenstrual tension and prognosis of menopause.
I use too in my home the aloe vera plant when my son gets irritated skin ... I put it in the fridge and use it for 2 or 3 days.

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Hello everyone! My name is Vanna Preka, i come from Greece and i am a Biologist. Currently i am  tutoring biology and chemistry in secondary education students. My PlantArea is the island complex of Cyclades, and especially, the island of Tinos.
https://padlet.com/vanna_preka/ex44pzzb8jht
I am really grateful to Ana Paula Taveira, for setting up this padlet and making our group communication easier!

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Big thank you to Ana Paula for setting up this padlet and beginning group communication. What a joy to find science teachers in our group! :)
My name is Laura. I live in Scotland, and work at one of the 4   national botanic gardens of Scotland, in Edinburgh. I also make teaching videos with the education department here.
I have a keen interest in medicinal uses of plants.
My PlantArea (Scotland) is a work in progress - I'll share once done!

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The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is a world-leading centre of excellence in plant science, conservation horticulture and education. Together, its four Gardens across Scotland are home to one of the largest and richest plant collections on Earth.

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lino is an online web sticky note service that can be used to post memos, to-do lists, ideas, and photos anywhere on an online web canvas. lino is a completely free service that runs on all popular web browsers.

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My name is Ana Paula. Im a science teacher (Biology and Geolοgy) in Vila Real, Portugal. My School is Escola Secundária de São Pedro (Vila Real).

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biotalent elearning platform: log in to the site

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Biotalent elearning platform: Log in to the site

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Try to remember the last 5 times when you (or a family member) were sick or injured. Which of the drugs you used had medicinal ingredients coming from plants? How did people treat similar diseases in the past?

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Hello, well done Ana Paula, thank you for create this work space.
My name is Helena Pires and I am a science (Biology and Geology) teacher in Portugal.
My school is in Barreiro, near Lisbon. Agrupamento de Escolas de Álvaro Velho, Barreiro.
My PlantArea is Lisbon and the Peninsula of Setúbal (Tagus and Sado estuary and Arrábida saw)
Padlet:
https://padlet.com/hcpires/gfmbykcv9hw6.

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Atkins, Rosie et al 'Herbs: The Essential 21st Century Guide' (Rodale, 2006)

Bartram, Thomas 'Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine' (Robinson, 1998)

Chevallier, Andrew 1996.The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants: A Practical Reference Guide to over 550 Key Herbs and Their Medicinal Uses.

EUROPEAN  MEDICINES AGENCY webpage:

Available from
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/hederae-helicis-folium

Grant P.2010. Spearmint Herbal Tea has Significant Anti-androgen Effects in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. A Randomized Controlled Trial, Phytoterapy research

Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26654872_Spearmint_Herbal_Tea_has_Significant_Anti-androgen_Effects_in_Polycystic_Ovarian_Syndrome_A_Randomized_Controlled_Trial

Guidance on illnesses & pharmaceutical / modern medicine treatments (National Health Service, UK).
Available forms

- NHS website: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/

- Patient.co.uk: https://patient.info/health

Kenicer, Gregory 'Scottish Plant Lore: An Illustrated Flora' (Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, 2018)

Hercules Sakkas ,Chrissanthy Papadopoulou.2017
Antimicrobial Activity of Basil, Oregano, and Thyme Essential Oils,J.Microbiol.biotechnol.
available from:
https://www.academia.edu/32522895/Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Basil_Oregano_and_Thyme_Essential_Oils

Hubbert M1, Sievers H, Lehnfeld R, Kehrl W. 2006.

Efficacy and tolerability of a spray with Salvia officinalis in the treatment of acute pharyngitis - a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with adaptive design and interim analysis.Eur J Med Res.

Available from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16504956

Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei 1 and Mino Movahed.2017
Systematic Review of Premenstrual, Postmenstrual and Infertility Disorders of Vitex Agnus Castus, Electron physician
Available from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308513/

Plants for a Future (PFAF) database: https://pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx

Podlech, Dieter, 'Herbs and Healing Plants of Britain and Europe' (Collins, 2008)

Roberson, Emily. 2008.  Nature’s Pharmacy, Our Treasure Chest: Why We Must Conserve Our Natural Heritage.  A Native Plant Conservation Campaign Report.  Center for Biological Diversity

Available from

https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/Medicinal_Plants_042008_lores.pdf

Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) online catalogue of digitised herbarium specimens: https://data.rbge.org.uk/search/herbarium/

Tadić VM1, Jeremic I, Dobric S, Isakovic A, Markovic I, Trajkovic V, Bojovic D, Arsic I. 2012

Anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, and cytotoxic effects of Sideritis scardica extracts. Planta Med. Available from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22274814

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Plants: ancestral medicine, medicine today, medicine of tomorrow.The survival of our species is implacably passed by the learning of the care and thus of the knowledge of the plants and their medicinal virtues.All civilizations, whatever they are and of all demographic origins, have developed a profound knowledge of the therapeutic virtues of plants, which they have integrated into their medicine and have thus created their pharmacopoeia.This knowledge was obviously not based on the biochemical knowledge of plants, but rather on an observation of results that was transmitted orally or in writing over generations.Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) had its doctors; the other cultures their shamans, which literally means "medicine man".In Europe we still had our herbalists a short time ago.Western science has studied plants and has highlighted some assets they contain, able to heal us. These assets were "imitated" synthetically which gave birth to the first drugs and created the pharmacy.Many modern scientists and biologists have studied the direct action of plants and some of their assets on our bodies and our health. They described in a specific way their modes of curative action during specific diseases. Thanks to them, we have an important library of their scientific publications.

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Drugs with medicinal ingredients coming from plants

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Drugs with medicinal ingredients coming from plants

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Aspirin contains as active substance acetylsalicylic acid which belongs to a group of substances known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective in the symptomatic relief of pain and fever.  The precursor of acetylsalicylic acid can be extracted from the bark of the willow  (Salix alba) vand the plant Filipendula ulmária.

Reminyl is used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. This medicinal product contains the active substance galantamine isolated from bulbs and flowers of Galanthus woronowii Losinsk. by Russian scientists in 1952 and later by the species Galanthus nivalis L.

Opium, codeine, papaverine and morphine are obtained from the Papaver somniferum.

Morphine is the prototype of opioid analgesics (Morfina BASI) acting on several receptors of the central nervous system.

Drugs such as Dol-u-ron Forte containing paracetamol and  codeine are used as analgesics and antipyretics.

Euphon is a medication indicated in the treatment of pain from mild to moderate and as an antitussic and that has as active principle Codeine.

Papaverina Labesfal solution for injection is used as a vasodilator and contains Papaverine

Spasfon Lyoc is indicated for the treatment of gastroenteritis and has medicinal ingredients from plants. It consists mainly of Phloroglucinol, an organic compound originally prepared from floretin, a compound isolated from fruit trees. In addition, the compound may be similarly prepared from glucosides, plant extracts and resins such as quercetin, catechin and flobafen.

Panadol extra  is an analgesic that in addition to the main substance e.g. paracetamol or ibuprofen also contain caffeine, an alkaloid  present in coffee and also in Camellia sinensis.

Lysopaine  contain a mixture of papain, lysozyme and bacitracin. This combination is used as a remedy to sore throat and, especially papain belongs to the proteases family, that functions as a proteolytic enzyme, inducing the healing process. Papain comes from the plant of papaya (Carica papaya) or mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).

Digoxin is derived by the plant Digitalis lanata and it belongs to the cardiac glycosides. It is mostly used in cases of atrial fibrillation and heart failure, because of the fact that it has an impact on myocardium. More specifically, it increases the force of the heart contraction.

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The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases is an ancient practice based on millennial knowledge and transmitted over generations. It is important to preserve this popular wisdom, which is sometimes poorly documented.
In the preparation of home remedies the parts of the plants most commonly used are usually the leaves and in many cases the joint use of several plants is verified.
Many of the medicinal plants occur naturally, their cultivation being minute.
Due to growing commercial interest in medicinal plants some species are threatened. For this reason its urgent measures of protection of medicinal plants.

Medicinal products made exclusively from plants: Phytotherapy studies medicinal plants and their applications in the treatment of health problems constituting an alternative to conventional medicines. The identification of the active principles of each plant and its effects on the body are the basis of the preparation of herbal medicines: teas, ampules, tablets, capsules, dragees, essential oils, dyes, creams and ointments for external use.

Herbal medicines are made exclusively from plants. However, many of the conventional  drugs used in human medicine contain active ingredients obtained from plants. Knowledge about the curative powers of plants has contributed to the discovery of chemicals in plants for therapeutic purposes or that may be precursors for the synthesis of active drug principles.

In this report some conventional medicinal products containing active principles with plant origin are presented. Some uses of plants for therapeutic purposes are also presented.

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The Plantae kingdom is an important source of molecules with therapeutic potential that need to be preserved and studied. Currently, the market for medicines includes, in addition to synthetic medicines, drugs that contain substances isolated from plants. Throughout the generations the populations have been transmitting a vast source of information about the use of plants with curative powers. In this report we present some medicines with ingredients from plants and the medicinal use of plants by the populations.

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Ana Paula Taveira: Science teacher working in Escola Secundária de São Pedro, Portugal

Anna Kreziou, biology and science teacher in secondary education,1st Mikra general high school Thessaloniki, Greece.

Helena Pires, Sience teacher working in Agrupamento de escolas de Álvaro velho, Barreiro, Portugal.

Laura Jakobson, works at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Scotland, and as a filmmaker (making short educational videos)

Sidonie Preiss, archaeobotanist, Royal Belgian Institut of Naturel sciences, Belgium

Vanna Preka, biologist. Currently   tutoring biology and chemistry in secondary education students.

Date: 31/3/2019