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Who: Rosa Parks refused orders from the bus driver, James F. Blake, to move seats for a white passenger.

What: Rosa Parks was a Montgomery bus riding home from work. She was seated in the front row of the designated "colored section". The bus' white seats filled and the bus driver, James F. Blake, asked Parks and others to move their seats. Unlike the other African American passengers, she refused to comply and remained in her seat. She was arrested and fined $10 with $4 in court fees.

Where: On the Cleveland Avenue bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

When: December 1, 1955

Why: This event is important to the civil rights movement because it inspired the Montgomery bus boycott. The NAACP used the publicity from Parks's arrest to boycott the city bus system. The event is said to have started the civil rights movement in America. Rosa Parks has become known as the mother of the civil rights movement. She inspired other African Americans to stand up for their rights as citizens of the United States.

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Who: Martin Luther King Jr. and other black leaders led about 40,000 African American bus riders to boycott.

What: The Montgomery Bus Boycott started as a one day protest in response to Rosa Parks's arrest. Martin Luther King Jr. decided to continue the protest until the city of Montgomery met their demands of desegregation. As a community, African Americans organized ways to avoid the needs for the city buses. They organized carpools, African American taxi drivers lowered their charges, and many walked to their destinations. The Montgomery buses became integrated and the boycott finally came to end after 381 days.

Where: Montgomery, Alabama

When: December 5, 1955 - December 21, 1956

Why: This boycott is important to the civil rights movement because it set the tone for the rest of the movement. It started a movement of non-violent protests by African Americans for their right. The boycott hurt the bus system and other white businesses, which caused many white citizens to try and weaken it. This brought awareness to the situation and started a talk about segregation of city buses within the court. Even though integration on buses was a step forward, African Americans were met with more violence than before.

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Who: A group of four African American college students whose names are Ezell A Blair, Franklin E. McCain, Joseph A. McNeil, and David L. Richmond started a movement that grew to hundreds of protestors.

What: One the first day, four African American college students sat down at the Woolworth Lunch Counter. They requested service but they were denied because of their color and were asked to leave. The remained seated and maintained peaceful demeanors while suffering abuse. The next day started a six month long youth led non-violent movement which grew to hundreds of protestors. In the end, the lunch counter was finally desegregated after months of peaceful resistance that refrained from fighting back.

Where: The lunch counter at Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina.

When: February 1, 1960 to July 25, 1960

Why:  This protest is important to the civil rights movement because it inspired African American youth to fight against segregation in a non-violent way. The sit-in at the Woolworth Lunch Counter inspired other sit-ins around the country. They led to the end of segregation at lunch counters, which was a step forward for the civil rights movement. The sit-ins also started a movement of African Americans learning non-violent techniques to refrain from fighting back. It showed the youth of the African American community that they could make a difference and fight against inequality.

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Who: Martin Luther King Jr. spoke to a crowd of over 250,000 civil rights activists.

What: Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a packed crowd with his "I have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. He gave the speech during the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. King used references to the founding fathers of America and the Bible to illustrate the struggles of African Americans. At the end of his speech, King lists his dreams for equality among all American citizens. His end goal was to call for an end to racism in the United States and to develop civil and economic rights.

Where: Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C.

When: August 28, 1963

Why: This speech is important to the civil rights movement because it identified as one of the signature moments of the movement. It showed how much Martin Luther King Jr. meant to the movement as a leader. He inspired African Americans to fight for their dreams of equality. The speech brought great attention to the Civil Rights Movement. It reminded all Americans that the goal of true freedom had not yet been fixed.

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Martin Luther King | "I Have A Dream" Speech

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Who: A group of African American high-school students consisting of Melba Pattillo, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed.

What: On September 4, 1957, nine african american students arrived for the first day of school to Little Rock's Central High School. They were harassed by a crowd of angry whites and were denied entrance into the school by the soldiers at the front of the school building. For three weeks the Guard prevented the students from entering the school building. However, on September 24, President Eisenhower went on national television and announced that he was sending federal troops to end the standoff. The very next day, the Little Rock Nine entered Central High School where they attended school for the rest of the year. Over the course of the year, the nine students were met with great abuse and discrimination.

Where: Little Rock, Arkansas

When: 1957

Why: The Little Rock Nine students are important to the civil rights movement because they empowered others through their peaceful protest aimed towards attending school. They fought for what they believed in: the desegregation of schools. They also revealed to the country just how strong racism was in some parts of the nation. This situation is also important because it showed that the president was truly dedicated to protecting the rights of african american citizens. By sending the troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, it showed to the public that America, lead by President Eisenhower, was dedicated to desegregating the nation and providing equal rights to all.

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Who: President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.

What: Although many southerners in Congress fought hard to kill it, President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a strong civil rights bill, into law. This act banned discrimination in employment and in public accommodations on the grounds of race, religion or national origin. Places included in this bill are courthouses, parks, restaurants, theaters, sports arenas and hotels. This signing of this bill meant that blacks and other minorities could no longer be denied service based on the color of their skin. Ultimately, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made it illegal to discriminate against individuals in the workplace and in public accomodations.

Where: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination in employment and in public accomodations illegal in every state a part the United States.

When: July 2, 1964

Why: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is significant to the Civil Rights Movement because it served as a stepping stone to equality. This bill ultimately paved the way for equality among all by making it illegal to discriminate against others on the grounds of race, religion, or national origin. Martin Luther King Jr even referred to it as "nothing less than a second emancipation.” The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is also significant because it showed America that President Lyndon Johnson was avidly advocating for equality. By passing this act, President Johnson affirmed that he was determined to make American into a nation full of citizens that were equal, regardless of race, ethnicity, or religion.

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Who: Martin Luther King Jr. led thousands of nonviolent Civil Rights demonstrators.

What: On Sunday, March 7, 1965, approximately 600 African Americans began a 54-mile march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, on the way out of Selma to protest for their voting rights. However, police blocked their way and ended up firing tear gas at the marchers as well as attacking the protesters with cubs, chains, and electric cattle prods. Dr. Martin Luther King then announced that the peaceful march would resume on March 9. Dr. King led the group to the base of the bridge, not across it on March 9. After receiving federal protection, the marchers finally crossed the bridge and reached Montgomery on March 25.

Where: Capitol in Montgomery, Alabama to Selma, Alabama

When: March 7, 1965 - March 21, 1965

Why: The Selma March is significant to the Civil Rights Movement because it further showed the determination of African Americans for equality. The peaceful protest gained much attention, especially after the police attacked the peaceful protesters. The attacks clearly demonstrated the wrongful police brutality that African Americans had to face. The Selma March was also a direct factor to the passing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This Act granted voting rights to African American citizens.

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Ayers, Edward L., and Samuel S. Wineburg. American Anthem. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2009.

"Civil Rights Act of 1964." History, A&E Television Networks, 4 Jan. 2010, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act.

"Selma to Montgomery March." History, A&E Television Networks, 28 Jan. 2010,https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/selma-montgomery-march.

“Woolworth's Lunch Counter - Separate Is Not Equal.” Smithsonian National Museum of American History Behring Center, americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/6-legacy/freedom-struggle-2.html.