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The separation of different plastic is only a little part of the total production and even today in Europe about 30% of undifferentiated plastic waste is sent to the rubbish dump while the 40% is transformed into energy and 30% is recycled to produce new manufactured goods.
(Adapted from Ugo Amaldi-L’ Amaldi per i licei scientifici. Blu. Zanichelli)

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Electrostatics is used to separate metal fragments from plastic ones. Before the metal plate there's a metal tip which emits a consistent flow of electrons, which are deposited on the fragments dragged by the cylinder while it is rotating. The metal pieces, being conductors, pass the acquired charge to the cylinder which is connected to the ground and are detatched by gravity. Plastic scraps, which are insulators, mantain their own charge and adhere to the cylinder from which they are dragged. It is clear that if waste comes from recycled waste, technology involved to recycle or the disposal of this are easier as well as the costs are lowered because the material has already undergone an important selection at the origin. (Adapted from Ugo Amaldi-L’ Amaldi per i licei scientifici. Blu. Zanichelli)

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One of plastic materials separation methods:

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One of plastic materials separation methods:

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It is based on the density of the material in order to separate PVC from PER, whose density is 1.3 and 1.4 kg/m³, a first tank is filled with CaCl₂, with density 1.35 kg/m³: PER fragments sink while PVC ones float. In order to separate PVC from lighter residues, the fragments floating in the first tank are poured into a second tank with a CaCl₂ solution with density equal to 1.2 kg/m³.
(Adapted from Ugo Amaldi-L’ Amaldi per i licei scientifici. Blu. Zanichelli)

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A method based on plastic electrostatic properties....

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A method based on plastic electrostatic properties....

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Another separation method is based on electrostatic properties of plastic. The fragments,shredded by the machine, become charged by rubbing (Triboelectricity). The fragments with a negative electric charge are attracted by a positively charged plate, while the other remain attached to the rotating cylinder. According to triboelectricity, this is the behaviour of different type of plastic:

P. c.   PA >ABS>PS >PP> PVC N. c. (P.c.= positive charge, N.c= nega- tive charge). (Adapted from Ugo Amaldi-L’ Amaldi per i licei scientifici. Blu. Zanichelli)

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"Plastic" is the general term improperly used to indicate "plastic materials". Depending on the used polymer, the characteristics, properties and fields of application of plastic material, which, by law, are identified by an acronym, change. The  pollution of environment, caused by plastic materials waste, is a global problem. According to a study published in 2015 and led by Georgia University (USA), every year between 5 and 13 million tons of plastic of the approximately 300 million  tons produced in the coastal area of Earth, are thrown in our seas. The best way to recover plastics we have used is differentiated waste collection. In order to protect the environment and better use this important resource, simple and effective methods of separating plastic materials have been developed.
(Adapted from Ugo Amaldi-L’ Amaldi per i licei scientifici. Blu. Zanichelli)

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New dawn, same disaster

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New dawn, same disaster