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Group activity: Group Names: Leslie Trujillo, Abigail Jacobs, Jasmin Milanes, Alexis Padilla 

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Group activity: Group Names: Leslie Trujillo, Abigail Jacobs, Jasmin Milanes, Alexis Padilla 

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Cassy Carpenter, Ashley McNeill, Andrea Ramirez, Julianna Arvayo, Abraham J.

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Cassy Carpenter, Ashley McNeill, Andrea Ramirez, Julianna Arvayo, Abraham J.

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Yoseline Rodriguez, Yenifer Figueroa, Chris Gibson

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Yoseline Rodriguez, Yenifer Figueroa, Chris Gibson

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Cassy Carpenter Ashley McNeill Andrea Ramirez Julianna Arvayo

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Cassy Carpenter Ashley McNeill Andrea Ramirez Julianna Arvayo

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James Lind (1716-1794) British Physician In 1932, vitamin C was isolated and definitively documented, for the first time, to protect against scurvy, some 200 years after ship’s surgeon James Lind tested lemons for treating scurvy in sailors. - History of modern nutrition science

This pioneer in the history of medicine was a ship's surgeon in the British Royal Navy for nine years (1739-48), then shifting over to work in the Royal Naval Hospital. Lind became interested in scurvy, did some research, considered that it might have to do with the diet, and tried a variety of different diets. The ones that included fresh citrus juices clearly had the best response. Lind acknowledged in his 1754 treatise that others had also come to think this way about fresh fruits, such as Sir Richard Hawkins 1593, Commodore James Lancaster in 1636 and others. I'm not sure if Lind knew of the experience of the explorer Jacques Cartier in northeast Canada in 1535 (picture at right): Many of his men were afflicted with scurvy, and the local indigenous tribes knew a treatment for this: A tea of pine needles. It worked because all sorts of fresh fruits and vegetables are fairly rich in ascorbic acid---though at the time we didn't know what that substance was! - Deficiency Disease

Pellagra

https://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/5-deficiencydiseases/5-deficdis.html (from article)

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)  deficiency

Affects many systems but mainly seen through dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

The situation was most acute for those living in prisons, orphanages, and asylums. Eight states from 1907 through 1911 recorded 15,870 cases of pellagra with a 39% fatality rate. In South Carolina alone in 1912, there were 30,000 cases with 12,000 deaths.  But this underestimated the problem, as only 1 in 6 people suffering from pellagra sought out a physician

Rickets

https://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/5-deficiencydiseases/5-deficdis.html (From article)

Deficiency from Vitamin D

noted in the 17th century

Lack of exposure to the sun

Bones become more soft

Girls get pelvic deformities

Cod liver oil was to prevent or treat rickets

“Slave disease” - due to the amount of melanin also determined getting rickets

Beriberi

https://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/5-deficiencydiseases/5-deficdis.html (From article)

Vitamin B1 Deficiency (thiamine)

Found in whole rice

Seen through soldier and armies because the lack of this in their meals

Multisystem disease

Frederick Hopkins

demonstrated the need for thiamine in the diet in publications done from 1906-1912, and was a co-recipient of the 1929 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his following-up on and confirming the preliminary findings of Eijkman

“... (he) demonstrated the physiological necessity of the vitamins for normal metabolism and growth, thus very considerably extending our knowledge of the importance of vitamins for life processes as a whole.” (deficiency diseases)

Goiter

Looks like a lump in the neck is an overgrowth of the thyroid gland

Its disfiguring

treated with iodine supplementation in the diet

If left untreated for around five years, however, iodine supplementation or thyroxine treatment may not reduce the size of the thyroid gland because the thyroid is permanently damaged (Deficiency diseases)

RDA

https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2392

Recommended Dietary Allowances

designed to identify thresholds for nutrient deficiency diseases, and towards complex biological effects of foods and diet patterns

Seen to reflect joint contributions and interactions between carbohydrate quality (eg, glycaemic index, fibre content), fatty acid profiles, protein types, micronutrients, phytochemicals, food structure, preparation and processing methods, and additives.

Limey

minimum dietary requirements were prepared for war by League of Nations, British Medical Association, and the US government to help prevent deficiency diseases

Christiaan Eijkman (https://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/5-deficiencydiseases/5-deficdis.html)

Trained in Robert Koch’s laboratory in Germany

Trained in the new field of bacteriology

Worked to find a new source of infection but was unsuccessful

Noted that some chickens who fed on the garbage from the hospital and the prison were moving in the same jerky way that had similarities to the kind of nerve weaknesses associated with the disease and wondered if they may be suffering from the same germ

Put the chickens on a diet on unpolished rice, thought the rice was the toxic agent when really it was the diet

Awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine

(https://www.nutritionbreakthroughs.com/html/a_history_of_nutrition.html)

Observed that some of the natives developed a disease called Beriberi which caused heart problems and paralysis

Observed that when chickens were fed white rice, they developed symptoms of Beriberi

With brown rice they did not develop this disease

He discovered that food could cure diseases

Nutritionists later learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine

Hippocrates-

father of medicine (history of nutrition. Deficiency diseases)

“A wise man should consider that health is the greatest of human blessings”https://www.nutritionbreakthroughs.com/html/a_history_of_nutrition.html

WHO global public health - necessary nutrients

http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2392

recommendations for widespread micronutrient supplementation, especially during pregnancy, with iron and vitamin A, and for fortification of salt with iodine to prevent goitre and developmental abnormalities such as congenital hypothyroidism and hearing loss.

aims for a world free of all forms of malnutrition, where all people achieve health and wellbeing. According to the 2016–2025 nutrition strategy, WHO works with Member States and partners towards universal access to effective nutrition interventions and to healthy diets from sustainable and resilient food systems.

Xerophthamia

It's a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears or keep the eye with sufficient moisture caused by deficiency of vitamin A

a major problem in developing countries and is a leading cause of preventable blindness. Besides the myriad ocular signs and symptoms, it may also be associated with increased morbidity, increased mortality, and can have an adverse effect on the growth of the affected child.

Although different types of vitamin deficiencies have been described classically, Xerophthalmia is probably the only vitamin deficiency disease to reach epidemic levels and cause major concerns to the public health personnel. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about 254 million children have Vitamin A deficiency and 2.8 million children have Xerophthalmia. It is the most common cause of childhood blindness, with 350,000 new cases every year. Studies have shown that Xerophthalmia, not only causes blindness, but also affects growth, general morbidity, and mortality. A one-year follow-up of Corneal Xerophthalmia cases shows that only 40% survive, and of the survivors, 25% are blind and 50% to 60% partially blind. The WHO considers Vitamin A deficiency to be a major public health problem if the prevalence of Bitot's spots among the under six-year age group children is 0.5% or more. It has been noted that approximately 45% of the world's population of children with Vitamin A  deficiency and Xerophthalmia are from South and South East Asia. Some studies have shown a higher prevalence of Xerophthalmia in children suffering from concurrent anemia, which could be related to poor dietary intake of nutrients.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431094/

Kanehiro Takai

A Japanese medical officer, Kanehiro Takaki, arranged that 2 ships left Japan on similar voyages, but with different diets. The first ship served the usual fare of rice, with some vegetables and fish. The second also served the crew wheat and milk, in addition to more meat than was served on the first ship. The results were impressive with 25 deaths from beriberi on the first ship and none on the other. The Japanese Admiralty adopted the new diet for the entire navy. The problem is that the results were published in a language few people could read, and so the dissemination of knowledge was feeble---another point of this lecture series. Even today good work is not being adequately disseminated. The internet, search enginge, and more tools for translation may make this easier, but progress needs to continue.

Stunting

undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age) - Malnutrition

Scurvy

It was prevalent among a variety of groups of people who had been restricted to a narrow range of food, generally not including fresh fruits and vegetables.  It's been estimated that, reviewing the losses on returning ships, possibly more than a million sailors died from scurvy during the thousands of voyages that were undertaken between 1500 and 1830! Their diet had little that would provide the proper nutrients, you see: It consisted of salted meats (bacon or fish), old cheese, dried beans or lentils, occasional oatmeal or other cereals, hardtack (a dense, dry biscuit), water, beer, or "grog," which had a higher level of alcohol than beer.  Vitamin C is needed for connective tissues to form with some strength. So one sign is that the skin has little blue-red places where blood leaks out from fragile capillaries, or larger areas of subdermal (under-the-skin) bleeding that looks like a bad bruise. The gums become tender---there's just little resistance to the prevalence of gum disease. - Deficiency Diseases (History of Medicine)

Kwashiorkor

https://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/5-deficiencydiseases/5-deficdis.html (from article)

Protein Deficiency

Generally, this is associated with many other types of nutritional deficiency, but the lack of protein has its own consequences.

The muscles shrink, the hair develops a reddish tint, the liver swells and its fat content grows to compensate for the lack of protein, which gives the impression of a fat belly---but that is not fat, it represents a liver that is diseased and not functioning properly.

One cause of kwashiorkor is of course simple famine, one of the four horsemen of the apocalypse.

Let's note a point here, though: A person can become malnourished even if they are getting enough general foodstuffs in the form of simple calories. This is because there are three main categories of food: carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Carbohdrates are mainly used for basic calories, for fuel for the cells to live. Fats are used also mainly for fuel, but also some of its components are important as building blocks; Proteins are broken down into amino acids that are mainly used for building blocks in growing new tissues or replacing old cells. We need all three types.

Anemia (https://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/5-deficiencydiseases/5-deficdis.html)

Iron deficiency

tissues aren’t getting enough oxygen and the person feels bad, tired and exertion quickly becomes exhausting

If there isn’t enough iron, the body can’t easily build up the rest of the system, the blood cells become pale and the result is anemia

In the 20th century the value of iron became more established as a remedy

Slaves had a diet of mainly maize corn, which lacks a number of nutrients (iron being one of them)

This resulted in children struggling with iron deficiency

Iron is needed to build blood cells

If there isn’t enough then the body works overtime

Then the bone marrow where the blood cells are manufactured expands

In chronic anemia the space between the inner and outer external plates expands and becomes porous which is known as a porotic hyperostosis (bony overgrowth)

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Kathy Doan, Adriane Simon, Briana Garcia and Calista White, Virginia Godziela

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Kathy Doan, Adriane Simon, Briana Garcia and Calista White, Virginia Godziela

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Pellagra

Vitamin B3 deficiency

Symptoms: weight loss, great blisters on hands and arms,diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and even death appeared in multiple inmates.

Originally believed to be caused by a germ of some sort.

Dr. Joseph Goldberger first tried to find a cure

Rickets

This disease was noted in the 17th century, but became more common when increasing numbers of people moved from the farm to the city, where a child might help earn a living by working indoors.

By 1924, most Americans were consuming irradiated milk and bread, and within a few years rickets was nearly eradicated throughout the country.

Though it didn't taste good, cod liver oil was recommended for rickets treatment as early as 1789 by Thomas Percival in England, though this treatment wasn't widely recognized.

Beriberi

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency

Thiamine is found in a variety of food, more with whole grains.

Described by the Chinese around 2700 BC, but the cause was unknown.

It's a multi-system disease.

Beriberi was not uncommon on long naval voyages and was thought to have much in common with scurvy.

Frederick Hopkins

Hopkins demonstrated the need for thiamine in the diet.

demonstrated the physiological necessity of the vitamins for normal metabolism and growth

Was a biochemist

Goiter

Caused by Iodine deficiency and improper thyroid function

Huge lump on throat

difficult for the thyroid gland to manufacture enough thyroxin, a horomone that helps in the process of basic metabolism

Causes sluggishness

Condition was improved by adding iodine into salt

Can cause short stature and delayed mental development

Can be reversed

Iodine deficiency is still a problem in developed countries today

RDA

First created to help soldiers meet dietary requirements during war

In 1941, these first RDAs were announced at the National Nutrition Conference on Defence, providing new guidelines for total calories and selected nutrients including protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and specific vitamins.

These historical events established a precedent for nutrition research and policy recommendations to focus on single nutrients linked to specific disease states.

Limey

Name for sailors because they consumed large amounts of citrus fruits to prevent scurvy

Began with british sailors because they were required to eat citrus fruits

Other countries navies suffered because they did not require sailors to eat citrus fruits

Potatoes can also prevent scurvy

Christiaan Eijkman

Found that diet could be a source of disease.

confirmed such findings in birds, and postulated substances called vital amines

By feeding birds garbage from the hospital and the prison

Hippocrates

"Father of Medicine"

"Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food".

James Lind

pioneer in the history of medicine was a ship's surgeon in the British Royal Navy for nine years

became interested in scurvy, did some research, considered that it might have to do with the diet, and tried a variety of different diets

Lind did a number of experiments on sailors with scurvy, trying different diets

James Lind tested lemons for treating scurvy in sailors.

Anemia

The tissues aren't getting enough oxygen and the person feels bad, tired, and exertion quickly becomes exhausting.

The problem with anemia is fatigue and it gets interpreted as laziness.

Can be caused by not enough iron in blood

Eating red meat and other foods with high iron content can help

WHO global public health- necessary nutrients

WHO aims for a world free of all forms of malnutrition, where all people achieve health and wellbeing.

According to the 2016–2025 nutrition strategy, WHO works with Member States and partners towards universal access to effective nutrition interventions and to healthy diets from sustainable and resilient food systems.

WHO uses its convening power to help set, align and advocate for priorities and policies that move nutrition forward globally; develops evidence-informed guidance based on robust scientific and ethical frameworks; supports the adoption of guidance and implementation of effective nutrition actions; and monitors and evaluates policy and programme implementation and nutrition outcomes.

Xerophthalmia

abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, with inflammation and ridge formation, typically associated with vitamin A deficiency.

Evidence was increasing that vitamin A supplements could prevent child mortality from infection, such as measles, as well as preventing night blindness and xerophthalmia

Kanehiro Takai

A Japanese medical officer.

Arranged that 2 ships left Japan on similar voyages, but with different diets.

The first ship served the usual fare of rice, with some vegetables and fish. The second also served the crew wheat and milk, in addition to more meat than was served on the first ship.

The results were impressive with 25 deaths from beriberi on the first ship and none on the other.

Stunting

Low height-for-age is known as stunting.

It is the result of chronic or recurrent undernutrition, usually associated with poor socioeconomic conditions, poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness, and/or inappropriate infant and young child feeding and care in early life.

Stunting holds children back from reaching their physical and cognitive potential.

There are 4 broad sub-forms of undernutrition: wasting, stunting, underweight, and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals.

Scurvy

Also known as Vitamin C Deficiency

Common among sailors,Prisoners, slaves, soldiers, poor people or children living in asylums, orphanages.

Vitamin C is needed for connective tissues to form with some strength

signs are that the skin has little blue-red places where blood leaks out from fragile capillaries, or larger areas of subdermal (under-the-skin) bleeding that looks like a bad bruise.

The body’s capacity to resist infection plummets. Folks die from secondary infection, and sometimes from internal bleeding, because Vitamin C helps the tissues be firm. Without it, tiny blood vessels break down and people start to get small bruises spontaneously, bruise easier, and periodontal disease—gums—also bleed and get infected. As teeth have problems, other types of malnutrition also occur.

Kwashiokor

Protein deficiency

One cause of kwashiorkor is of course simple famine

Leads to mild mental retardation, because the brain lacks the nutrients to work with.

Prevention is education of parents about good nutrition, and some teen parents aren't bothering to learn what they need to about child care thus their babies are a population at risk.

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Elijah Viray, Bryan Wright, Melissa Benavides, Kasea Berg

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Elijah Viray, Bryan Wright, Melissa Benavides, Kasea Berg

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Pellagra

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency (VD)

Characterized by various lesions on parts of the body, weight loss, diarrhea degeneration in spinal cord, (VD)

Rickets

Vitamin D Deficiency (VD)

Characterized by bowing of limbs (knock knees), osteomalacia, pelvic deformities in women (VD)

A result of not getting enough sunlight, Vitamin D. Swaddling of babies, having darker skin and not getting adequate sunlight, contribute to Rickets (VD)

Beriberi

Vitamin B1 Deficiency (VD)

Characterized by loss of tendon reflexes, weakness, painful and tender muscles, dilation of right heart, and Wernicke’s Syndrome. (VD)

Frederick Hopkins

Demonstrated the need for thiamine in diet (VD)

Won Nobel Peace Prize in Medicine in 1929 (VD)

Goiter

A disfigurement in the neck as a result from thyroid overgrowth from a lack of Iodine in the diet (VD)

Continued iodine deficiency results in cretinism, or childhood disfigurement (VD)

Kanehiro Takai

Did an experiment with two ships to find the superior diet to combat Beriberi (VD)

Scurvy

Deficiency of Vitamin C

Characterized by weak tissues and internal bleeding. Blue spots that look like bruises show up on body. Vitamin C is needed to strengthen Connective tissue. Immunity to disease plummets

Kwashiorkor

Deficiency of Protein

Muscles shrink, hair gets a reddish tint, liver swells giving impression of large belly.

Stunting

One result of undernutrition is another way to say low height. (WHO)

James Lind

Researched scurvy and the diets that would and wouldn’t affect scurvy- deficiency diseases article(DDA)

Performed the first scientific experiment on nutrition in 1747-(AHN page)

Anemia

Can happen by iron deficiencies-(DDA)

Distinguished by pale red blood cells-(DDA)

WHO global public health-necessary nutrients

Iodine, Vitamin A, Iron- WHO malnutrition page

Xerophthalmia

Caused by a Vitamin A deficiency- History of modern nutrition pageButter contains more vitamin A than lard- A History of Nutrition page(AHN page)

Vitamin A is stored in large amounts in the liver-(AHN page)

RDA

Stands the recommended daily allowance

This was created after world war 2 to help stop deficiency diseases

1941 the RDA’s were announced and provided new guidelines for total calories and selected nutrients like protein, calcium, phosphorous and certain vitamins

Created by the League of Nations, British Medical Association and US gov in order to prepare for war

Limey

James Lind did experiments with sailors to test the quality and effects of different diets

A rule was made that the sailors would have citrus fruits included in their diets, and this gave British sailors the nickname “limey” in the 1700’s (Deficiency Diseases)

Christiaan Eijkman

1897 he worked with natives in java

He noticed many of the natives developed the disease beriberi

He fed the chickens brown rice instead of white rice, and the disease was cured

The disease was also cured by feeding the natives brown rice directly

He discovered that food can cure disease (history of nutrition timeline)

Hippocrates

in 400 BC

He was the first to consider how strongly food correlates with health

"Let thy food be thy medicine and thy medicine be thy food”  (history of nutrition timeline)

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Group (Alexandra Bondo, Ana Medina, Jillian Sivley, Emily Kruger)

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Group (Alexandra Bondo, Ana Medina, Jillian Sivley, Emily Kruger)

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Pellagra: causes dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia (DNDD)

Rickets: A Disease Arising from a Deficiency of Vitamin D  (DNDD)

Beriberi: Vitamin B1 defiency (Timeline of Nutrition PPT)

Frederick Hopkins: demonstrated the need for thymine in the diet (DNDD)

Goiter: inflammation of the thyroid, fortification of salt with iodine could prevent it (Timeline of Nutrition PPT)

RDA: recommended dietary allowances- United States government commissioned scientists to prepare a minimum dietary requirement to be prepared for the war (Timeline of Nurition PPT)

Limey: Dr. James Lind did an experiment on British navy sailors and tested their nutrition levels and the group that had limes were protected from scurvy due to Vitamin C in the limes (History of Nutrition Timeline)

Christiaan Eijkman: Discovered diet could be a point of disease, was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1929 and postulated vitamins (Deficiency Diseases)

Hippocrates: The father of Medicine (DNDD)

James Lind: Did the vitamin C study on the British sailors (History of Nutrition Timeline)

Anemia: an iron deficiency- the tissues aren't getting enough oxygen and the person feels bad, tired, and exertion quickly becomes exhausting (DNDD)

WHO global public health- necessary nutrients: focused on creating sustainable food systems for healthy diets and ensuring trade policies to improve nutrition and providing social nutrition (WHO Malnutrition article)

Xerophthalmia: Vitamin A deficiency (Timeline of Nutrition PPT)

Kanehiro Takai: A Japense medical officer who arranged two ships to leave on similar voyages with different diets. One had rice, vegetables, fish and had 25 deaths. The other had wheat, milk, and meat and had no deaths which helped the Japanese navy adopt a new diet (DNDD).
Stunting: Low height for age, form of undernutrition, holds children back from holding their physical and cognitive potential (WHO Malnutrition article)
Scurvy: It was prevalent among a variety of groups of people who had been restricted to a narrow range of food, generally not including fresh fruits and vegetables- scurvy results from vitamin C deficiency (DNDD)

Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency, results from famine (DNDD)