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I feel great participating at this online course about biodiversity like a lizard by the sun

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I feel great participating at this online course about biodiversity like a lizard by the sun

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Higher montly rain around Greece during January 2019

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Higher montly rain around Greece during January 2019

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Ikaria weather station

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Possible signs of climate change in your BioArea, such as weather extremes.

The meteorogical data of Ikaria have a very short history as the weather station which sends data to the National service is a few years old

What is obvious last years is that spring, summer and autumn gets drier comparing to the past, winter is milde with very few snow or ice accordinf to older people memories and rain is balanced between seasons

Two examples of weather extremes of last years are the following

During March of 2018 there were extremely strong south winds lasted 3-4 weeks bringing huge amounts of Africa desert dust, destroying the blooming of olive trees leading to almost zero harvest for the olive picking.

During January of 2019
according to the data of the weather station of Rahes area, the capital of West Ikaria, we had more than 636 mm of rain which is very close to the annual rain of the whole previous year of 2018.

Second higher rainfall around Greece during January 2019

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Invasive species in the Mediterannean Sea

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Invasive species in the Mediterannean Sea

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Many species in Aegen sea around Ikarian coast are invasive

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Goldfish as an invasive species? They are taking over one Washington lake

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Goldfish as an invasive species? They are taking over one Washington lake

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The State of Washington will soon have to rehab a lake that is overrun with an invasive species: Goldfish.

The fish have filled West Medical Lake, along with Koi, and are crowding out other fish species.

Pet owners likely dumped goldfish into the lake, and that may be the source of the problem, says the Division of Fish and Wildlife . Officials say while some believe it's a service to goldfish to release them into a lake, it is a disservice to the ecosystem.

Goldfish are a domesticated version of a wild carp from East Asia and were developed due to artificial selection created by humans .

Simply put, goldfish are mostly for visual effect.

West Medical Lake, near Spokane, Washington, is known as one of the best producing opening day trout lakes in the state , according to the Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. It gets stocked with thousands of native trout every year, but that trout is unable to flourish because of the goldfish, which is taking resources such as food and oxygen away.

KHQ6 television station reports the goldfish issue for West Medical Lake has been happening for a few years. Brighter light is being shed on the issue now as a rehab of the lake may happen in the fall of 2018.

Rehabbing West Medical Lake will cost around $150,000, KHQ6 reported last month .

Pet owners who are caught releasing pet fish into natural water streams and lakes will be responsible for restitution, according to the report.

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Goldfish as an invasive species? It's happening

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The State of Washington will soon have to rehab a lake that is overrun with an invasive species: Goldfish. The fish have filled West Medical Lake, along with Koi, and are crowding out other fish species. Pet owners likely dumped goldfish into the lake, and that may be the source of the problem, says the Division of Fish and Wildlife .

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Possible invasions of alien species in my Bioarea during the last decade.

A very common example of invasive specie in my bioarea is the arrival of common gold fish introduced to artificial lakes and damns of Ikarian rivers, which became a pest as there is no predator to control it's popoulation

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One popular rare plant of Ikaria at a local digital magazine article

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One popular rare plant of Ikaria at a local digital magazine article

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Ο σπάνιος γάλανθος της Ικαρίας | ikariamag.gr

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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A plant of my Bioarea that appears on the IUCN REd List of Threatened Species is Galanthus Ikariae as vulnerable

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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There are many Species of my BioArea that appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. I am writing for two of them one animal and one plant

Ikaria Bright Bush-cricket as vulnerable

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17182027/47708524

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Article howUncontrolled overgrazing is destroying greek islands

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Article howUncontrolled overgrazing is destroying greek islands

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Η ανεξέλεγκτη υπερβόσκηση χιλιάδων επιδοτούμενων αιγοπροβάτων καταστρέφει τα νησιά

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Η ανεξέλεγκτη και εντατική υπερβόσκηση αιγοπροβάτων στους φυσικούς οικοτόπους, αποτελεί έναν από τους σημαντικούς παράγοντες υποβάθμισης του φυσικού περιβάλλοντος στις περισσότερες περιοχές της Ελλάδας. Στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 80, η κτηνοτροφία αιγοπροβάτων ξεκίνησε να επιδοτείται από την Ε.Ε.

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Wildlife overexploitation in my BioArea for the food industry, pet market, traditional medicine or the fashion industry

Pet market and fashion industry are completely unknown terms in my Bioarea so there is no wildlife overexploitation because of them.

Medicinal plants are collected from the wild in some areas for traditional medicines and small scale local business, but the licences to gatherers and the quantities are controlled by the Forest service of Ikaria, so there is no overexploitation for the moment

Food industry is overexpoitate wildlife through unsustainable meat production (goat, sheep,pig) due to lack of management of the grazing zones of Ikaria which causes severe overgrazing phenomena, deforestation, desertification and erosion, disappearing wildlife

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Threats to biodiversity in a changing climate

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, habitat degradation

Unfortunately in my Bioarea there are phenomena of all three situations

I will give an example of each one.

Habitat loss

Deforestation of ancient holm oak forests is disappearing such habitat on several areas of Ikaria. Many species of flora and fauna are under extinction like rare mushrooms which are symbiotic with holm oaks.

Habitat fragmentation

Many seasonal streams and small rivers starting from the plateaus of Ikaria on their way to north coast are fragmented many times on their way because of roads construction which makes huge problem to the survival of the european eel ( anguilla anguilla )which is at the IUCN red list considered as critically endangered and last years in Ikaria is rarely occured, though in the past it was very common

Habitat degradation

Due to overgrazing the biodiversity of many areas which used to support a rich biodiversity is declining dramatically as the only species which are surviving are the ones which can not be eaten by the thousands goats and sheeps that graze certain areas all year round, not allowing natural regeneration of the environment

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3                   

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3                   

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Based on the simplified trophic pyramid found in slide 6 of the resource topic 2.1 'Relationship of organisms in ecosystems', i made an analogous one with plants and animals from my own BioArea.

I describe an example of possible species in the different levels of trophic pyramid.

Quaternary consumers( eagle, falcon)

Tertiary consumers(snake)
Secondary consumers( frog,stone marten,jay)

Primary consumers( grasshoper,caterpillar,aunt,butterfly,mouse)

Primary producers ( holm oak, strawberry tree, rockrose )

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Invasive Species CompendiumDetailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide

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Invasive Species CompendiumDetailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide

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Varroa destructor
(Varroa mite)

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/107784

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We can see the honeybee with the short tongue visiting an open flower and the bumblebbe with the longer tongue searching nectar in a closed flower which means that it has to deal with longer distance to the source of nectar

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Niche PArtitioning
between honey bees, Apis
mellifera, and bumble bees which belongs in the genus Bombus

Bumblebee vs Honeybee

Ikaria as a biodiversity hotspot is a place where the bees both wild and domesticated,use to thrive.

They are both fed with nectar and pollen so the way that they manage to share the same food is because

First of all they need different amount of supplies. Honeysbees form families of tens of thousands and they need to consume and produce lot of honey.Bumblebees grow families of few hundreds fellow bees so their needs are much more less than honeybees.

Bumblebees produce honey only for them, but honeybees are used to produce honey for them and for other animals to steal like humans.

As there are more species of bumblebees, there is a wider variety in lengths of tongue and, thus, the kinds of ﬂowers they feed from are more and different plants than honeybees

Bumblebees are weather resistant as they are more hairy so they can manage better in rainy,windy or lowlight weather (low temperature) than honeybee

Bumblebees are bigger insects so they can carry bigger load of nectar or pollen so they need to fly less out of the nest minimizing the meetings with honeybees.

These are some basic observations i have done through the years living in the countryside of Ikaria

Bumblebee gathering nectar

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Where Does the Varroa Mite comes from?

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3.

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3.

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals of Ikaria

Black capped jay

The Black-capped jay differs from the Eurasian jay due to the prominent black crown on the top of the head. Black-capped jays preferred habitat is dense oak woodland, orchards, and olive groves although they can commonly be seen in wooded areas of pine.

DIET:
The Black-headed Jay is omnivorous, but it feeds mainly on invertebrates and small vertebrates such as small lizards, eggs and nestlings of small birds, during the breeding season. In autumn and winter, it consumes seeds and berries, including pine seeds. It usually scavenges discarded food scraps near villages. It is fond of acorns and stores them for later consumption.

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3. 

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3. 

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The ecological niche of two characteristic animals of Ikaria

Stellagama stelio

Like many agamids, stellions can change color to express their moods. They bask on stone walls, rocks, and trees. They are usually found in rocky habitats, and are quite shy, being very ready to dive into cracks to hide from potential predators.

DIET: It is mainly fed with invertebrates, smaller lizards and wild plants

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3.

Two parasitic organisms

Another unforunately (for beekeeping)common ectoparasite is Varroa destructor (Varroa mite) is an external parasitic mite that attacks the honey bees Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. The disease caused by the mites is called varroosis.

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3. 

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3. 

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Two parasitic organisms

A common ectoparasite plant of Ikaria is Cytinus ruber, a parasitic plant of cistus shrubs
https://www.algarvewildlife.com/specialspecies-cytinus.php

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3. CREATE

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THEME 2. Exploring biodiversity  STEP 3. CREATE

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Two examples of animals with a predator-prey relation

First example is
Eleonora Falcon as a
predator and damselfly as prey

Second examlpe is the beech marten also know as stone marteen being a predator and mouse as prey

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At Ikaria BioArea there is no terrestrial volcano though due to submarine activity of tectonic plaques there are plenty of thermal water springs in the southcoast of the island considered as highly therapeutical.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnmJo03knno

Ikaria is one of the most mountainous mediterannean islands as it is traversed by the Atheras range, whose highest summit is 1,037 metres (3,402 feet).Island is like a natural fortress as mountain rises few meters from the coast and as a result there very few tiny plains

I can't find any data for age and formation process of the island.

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Ikaria has 3 areas, 2 terrestrial and 1 marine which belong to natura areas network of europe.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/index_en.htm
Though there is no management on real time so human activities are destroying these areas on a geometric progress last decades.

Radi forest of Holm oak trees one of the last such forests among mediterannean islands is also declared as national reservoir due to its biodiversity but it is not protected at all and there is no regenaration due to overgrazing phenomeno

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The islands of the Aegean are home to a rich biodiversity of flora and fauna, yet our knowledge of these is still limited. It is estimated that Samos and Ikaria have over 1,500 flora species because of the multitude of microclimates existing on the islands. Samos has a very rich environment, with a great assortment of plants that cannot be found on any other Aegean island. Despite forest fires occurring over the last few years, the forested land is expanding due to the plenitude of abandoned farmland that has quickly turned into forest and the island's great reforestation rate.

The location and the unique environment of Samos, created by the mountains and the sea, allow many remarkable species to grow spontaneously, of which the most spectacular are orchids. A wide variety of orchids can be found on the island, including the Roman orchid ( Dactylorhiza romana), horseshoe orchid ( Ophrys ferrum-equinum), long-lipped serapias ( Serapias vomeracea), Anatolian orchid ( Orchis anatolica), and many others.

Besides the orchids, a wide variety of trees and shrubs cover the island, many of them evergreen. The main species of these ecosystems are the kermes oak ( Quercus coccifera), the mastic tree ( Pistacia lentiscus), the wild olive tree ( Olea oleaster), the carob tree ( Ceratonia siliqua), The Phoenician juniper ( Juniperus phoeniceae), the east Mediterranean pine ( Pinus brutia), the Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis), the spiny broom ( Calicotome villosa), the caperbush ( Capparis spinosa), and many others.

The biggest forests of Samos are located on the Ampelos mountain, with smaller ones found on the Kerkis mountain. These forests mainly consist of gymnosperms, like Pinus brutia at the lower altitudes, or the black pine which dominates the upper forest, over 700 m of altitude.

Wherever the soil is moist, hydrophylous species grow. The most frequent on Samos are the Oriental plane ( Platanus orientalis), the daphne ( Laurus nobilis) and the willow ( Salix cinerea).

Samos is one of the greenest islands of Greece, with particularly fertile soil for agricultural activities. Because of its rich soil and mild climate, the local plains and valleys are mostly covered with olive groves and vineyards. Vast orange production of the Merlin variety is also present, mainly in the area of Myloi. Part of the production is exported to the islands nearby.

Fruit bearing trees can be found throughout the island, especially in the northern part and on the mountains, where cherries and apple trees grow with no systematic cultivations.

The Ancient Ranti Forest

The Ranti Forest lies at the western edge of the Athera mountain chain of central Ikaria Island and covers an area of approximately 1,600 hectares (16km2). The area demonstrates a dynamic variation in altitude ranging from 200m to 800m above sea level, with steep ravines and precipices carved out by seasonal rivers. The forest has a legacy spanning over two centuries, with some of the oldest trees exceeding 300 years. Along with characteristic Mediterranean habitats, a unique Quercus ilex (Holm oak) habitat can be found. The history of Ranti is intriguing with many dry stone walls and shelters scattered throughout the landscape,preserving its ancient history.

At the end of the last ice age (10,000 years previous), much of Europe was covered in areas of dense Holm oak habitats. Since then human kind has exploited much of the forest habitat of Europe, and the Holm oak species is no exception to this. The stiff wood from oak was used as a fuel (for cooking and charcoal) and for shipbuilding. The oak apple was used in tanning and also as a fodder, which decreased the size of many Holm oak forests around Europe. Ranti is one of the few forests of its size remaining in the north east Mediterranean,and possibly all of Europe. Holm oak has been present in the Mediterranean at least sincethe Miocene era (5 million years ago), and this historical significance is just one reason why the Ranti Forest must be protected.

Centuries of ship building, charcoal production, agriculture and construction have exhausted much of the ancient landscape and today's anthropogenic impacts are increasing stresses on this environment. It has been subjected to organized illegal felling, uncontrolled overgrazing, and forest fires. At the north and west of end of the forest there are settlements which have encroached upon its boundaries. Currently, the state controls the forest through the Forestry Service, however the resources do not belong to anyone and there is no enforced management. It would be beneficial, therefore, to protect the remaining area of Ranti to conserve this unique ecosystem for future generations.

Importance of The Ranti Forest

The Ranti Forest accounts for 23% of the entire forest area found on the island of Ikaria, and 94% of the Municipality of Evdilos. It is the largest un-fragmented area of Quercus ilex forest in Greece, while also being the last remaining forest, of this size and age, within the North Eastern Mediterranean. As Quercus ilex is rarely found forming forests in the Mediterranean region, and hence Ranti Forest has a great significance at an EU level.

Forest habitats used to be one of the most dominant forest habitats among the Aegean islands. Today, the Ranti forest is the only one that currently remains in its traditional natural forest form in the Aegean region. The abundance of old growth Quercus ilex trees found dotted around Ikaria island verifies the fact that the island was once covered in dense Q. ilex forest. The Ranti Forest is now the only remaining part of this once extensive woodland and still supports a large number of old trees, several of which exceed 300 years in age. Therefore, its conservation should become a recognized priority.

Evergreen forests dominated by Q. ilex, used to be one of the most extensive types of forest in the Mediterranean basin. However, in the eastern Mediterranean it has been replaced by Q. coccifera(Kermes Oak). Nowadays, Q. ilex found in Mediterranean ecosystems rarely form forestsand commonly occur as brushwood where it forms very dense growths, sheltering many herbaceous species. Therefore, these trees are rarely seen in their peak state in which they form very dense and dark woods between 12 and 15m in height.

Due to the rarity of the habitat, the Ranti Forest can produce valuable scientific information, at a national and EU level. However, the forest and its management have received little scientific attention in the eastern Mediterranean region to date.

Threats

Overgrazing

Many flocks of goats are left to their own devices on the island and the vegetation suffers as a result. It has been documented that grazing can have positive influences in relation to increasing biodiversity. However, on Ikaria, there are estimates that 3,000 goats only graze within the boundaries of the Ranti Forest and based on the current visual evidence, it is clear that extensive irreversible damage is being done.

The mature, tall trees are not affected by grazing as much as the younger and smaller trees. Seedlings and young trees are most at risk from grazing and once eaten, they will never recover from the damage, which destroys the forest's chance of regeneration. This implies that there is a risk that the forest will not survive for future generations. Holm Oak is not the only species at risk. The Greek strawberry tree is also at high risk from grazing, as the coarse bark appears to be a preferred grazing choice.

Fire

Wildfire is among the most dramatic threats to forests and is considered a common phenomenon for the Mediterranean ecosystems. Because of the lack of paved roads, the access for many of the forest on the Aegean islands is difficult, and there is no appropriate detection system or policies in place for fire. For these reasons fires cannot be detected easily and therefore represent a high risk for the safety of the forests and their biodiversity. Fires combined with overgrazing could be fatal to the forests because the regeneration would be impossible.

Logging

Timber has a vital importance to humans, for construction and also for heating. For many years, uncontrolled logging has taken place within local forests. The inhabitants approach accessible parts of the forest, (i.e. beside roads), and fell trees for their own personal use. The subsequent result is the annual reduction of the forest boundary. This will continue as long as uncontrolled logging persists and the habitat loss will be detrimental to many plant and animal species.

Additionally, local people are inexperienced in cutting trees and do so at the wrong stage of growth, wrong time of year and in some cases cut the wrong part of the tree. This has led to much deadwood and decay, which supports the growth of fungus. This fungus and decay have spread to surrounding healthy trees and provide an extra stress on the environment. It is an obvious statement that this kind of logging is unsustainable! The logging, mainly for firewood and timber, without a management plan and permission of the relevant authorities, is illegal. Although logging can be part of a beneficial management plan, the uncontrolled situation within the last few decades has proven to be particularly damaging to the Ranti Forest.

Disease and invertebrates

Many tree species can become susceptible to damage if bark is broken/ split or if they are overgrazed. Some trees are in states of rot and decay, making them very susceptible to disease. Numerous herbivorous insects can be found on Q. ilex trees within forests. Due to the imbalance of the ecosystem, many species which normally do not pose a threat (i.e. the bark beetle - Cerambyxcerdo) are greatly threatening the survival of the forest.

Actions

Field surveys assessing the biodiversity of forest and small islet ecosystems, as well as the factors impacting them.

Projects assessing the desertification and erosion of small islets, as well as experimental reforestation.

Design and experimentation of management measures and schemes.

Collection of information and participation in related conservation activities for the development of environmental awareness in the local communities and general public.

Field surveys assessing island flora biodiversity and herbarium work.

Experimental afforestation of islets degraded by erosion.

Questionnaire based surveys for the collection of information regarding location, conservation status and local superstition regarding ancient trees, local herbs and flowers.

Preparation of management reports for the conservation of island flora and fauna, as well as collection and analysis of information on species recorded.

Collection of information and participation in related conservation activities for the development of environmental awareness in the local communities and general public.

Observation of flora using specially designed cameras.

Archipelagos Actions within the Ranti Forest

The Ancient Ranti Forest in Ikaria, despite its importance and uniqueness, is not governed by any protection status, management plan or protective measures. It is therefore at the mercy of uncontrolled grazing and logging, resulting in the loss of a large number of old growth trees every year.

In order to put an end to the ongoing degradation and destruction of this unique Mediterranean ecosystem, Archipelagos has conducted investigations into this rare ecosystem over the past few years.

Data collection focuses on the following areas:

GIS mapping

Dendrology research

Recording flora biodiversity

Recording fauna biodiversity (focusing ornithology)

Documenting the age and size of the trees

Tree density - both of the dominant Holm Oak and general tree density

Species composition

Anthropogenic Threats

Phytopathogens

Creation of a Holm Oak seedling nursery at the Archipelagos research base in Rahes

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The islands of the Aegean are home to a rich biodiversity of flora and fauna, yet our knowledge of these is still limited. It is estimated that Samos and Ikaria have over 1,500 flora species because of the multitude of microclimates existing on the islands.

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Unfortunately Ikaria's biodiversity is declining both at terrestrial and marine areas due to human activities
We could mention many damaging human activities like overgrazing of terrestrial environment, illegal woodcutting from forests, pollution due to lack of waste management, destructive industrial scale fishing, illegal hunting, loss of water in the ecosystems due to rise of human water consumption, roads building cutting natural areas into smaller parts  etc

Typical photo of phenomeno of erosion and soil loss due to deforestation of Ikaria's mountains

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my BioArea belong to a biodiversity hotspot area which is mediterannean basin. Also among islands of eastern Aegean sea Ikaria is an exceptional biodiversity spot still unexplored by science

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my BioArea belong to a biodiversity hotspot area which is mediterannean basin. Also among islands of eastern Aegean sea Ikaria is an exceptional biodiversity spot still unexplored by science

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The right answer is

The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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Happy snail eating wild mushroom

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Me and my favourite tree Arbutus Andrachne in Ancient RAdi Forest in Ikaria

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Ikaria contains at least 42 endemic species of flora and 15 are endemic of Ikaria. Unfortunately there is no scientific paper for the fauna of the island

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environmental organisation where i used to volunteer and work 

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environmental organisation where i used to volunteer and work 

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Birds, golden jackals, chameleons and other reptiles, amphibians, bats and different species of terrestrial animals are subjects of Archipelagos' research.

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Watch my video during Multi day trekking in Ikarian nature exploring it's biodiversity

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Watch my video during Multi day trekking in Ikarian nature exploring it's biodiversity

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https://www.youtube.com/watchtime_continue=5&v=7wdl1LE6naE

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Ikaria has at least 42 endemic species of flora

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Ikaria has at least 42 endemic species of flora

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One of them is Galanthus Ikariae belonging to IUCN Red List

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Ikaria is my beloved Bioarea i will share with you

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Ikaria is my beloved Bioarea i will share with you

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NatureBank - Βιότοπος NATURA - IKARIA - FOURNOI KAI PARAKTIA ZONI

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The island of Icaria is situated at the east central part of the Aegean sea, SW of Samos island and close to Asia Minor coasts. The climate is typical Mediterranean with mean annual rainfall exceeding 870 mm. The annual mean temperature reaches up to 19.3 °C, while its maximum and minimum values are 22.5 and 15.7 °C.