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Clinging to initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed
Ex: Global Warming, people don't believe that global warming exsists and will affect them. People are under the impression that the gradual heating up of the earth affects a select amount of people and that group of people excludes them.

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-Clinging to one's conceptions even after the basis of which they were formed was discredited
-The public wanted to believe that there was a conspiracy between the assassination of JFK and Oswald and Oswald's murderer. The CIA and FBI could not find any evidence but people still believe that there is a conspiracy.

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When a decision is affected based on how the issue is framed.

Example:
When companies add words like "vegan" or "gluten-free" to products in order to try an appeal to more buyers and affect the buyer's decision.

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1. When a person's confidence in their subjective judgement is greater than the accuracy of their objective judgement.
2. When a person takes a test really fast and thinks they get a good grade but in reality they didn't do well at all.
3.

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1. Someone's tendency to be more confident than correct.
2. Example: A person goes out to party instead of studying for the SAT thinking they will get a high score, then fail it after taking it.

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the tendency to find supporting information that confirms your personal beliefs
ex) During elections, supporters of a certain candidate will find positive information about their campaign to cast them in a positive light, however will only find negative information about the opposing candidate to cast them in a negative light

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Definition:  a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used.
Example: A pen and pencil is usually used to write with, but it can  be used for much more.

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Functional Fixedness is the tendency to use an object the way it is supposed to be used. For example, water bottles are meant to be drank out of and not flipped.

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Mindset is extremely important to your success. The way you think about a problem will often determine whether or not you get the success. For example, I am able to rock climb better if I am calm and confident.

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The tendency to be more confident that correct.

Someone thinks that know the directions to a store but gets lost on the way because they won't use their phone.

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the tendency to find and interpret information as confirming one's existing beliefs
ex: believing that left handed people are more creative than right handed people and only finding evidence that shows creative left-handed people

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Mental State: tendency to approach  problems in particular way

Ex: Trying to solve a problem with your sibling by ignoring them, because that works  with other friends.

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1.The framing effect is an example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented.
2.When a company advertises their sale by wording it differently. For example, "Buy three, get three free!"

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1. When a person continues to cling onto a belief, even if that certain belief has been discredited.
2. Regardless of the facts, people still will find a way to not believe in global warming, or climate change.
3.

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- The tendency of for one to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of their judgement.
- Example: Someone thinks that their essay will only take 2 hours so they start it the day before, but it ends up taking much longer causing them to stay up late.

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> overconfidence: one's tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimating the accuracy of one's belief's/judgments

> example: In one study, 93% of U.S. students estimated themselves to be "above average" drivers. This is impossible because it suggests that almost everyone is "above average"; in fact, the idea of average is that 50% of people should be "above average" and 50% should be "below average." (Psychology Today)

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1 . Definition : The way an issue is presented to you . has drastic effects on your decisions and judgments .
2 . Example : buy 1 get 1 free .  Even though you're getting one item free, you're still paying full price for the first item.
3.

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To overestimate the accuracy of our judgement

example: when you are planning out how long your homework will take and overestimate how long it will take. You think you can finish it faster than you actually can.

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1. The way an issue is posed
2. Example: Glass is half- full. Glass is half- empty.
3.

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1. A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past
2. Attempting to mediate a fight between you and your friend by talking to them because it has worked when going about similar social drama.
3.

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functional fixedness: tendency to think of things in terms of their normally intended functions
example: cellphones cameras are used to take pictures and videos but some people use them as mirrors.

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Overconfidence is a tendency for one to be more confident than correct.
Example: feeling more than confident when it comes to a test that they decide not to study because they felt like they knew it all. However, when they receive their scores they realize that they could've studied to ensured the learned content.

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-Overconfidence is the mindset of being more confident than accurate.
-An example is a bad driver that insists on going places without directions, and just ends up driving in circles to get to the location.

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definition: when someone still believes what they did even after there is evidence of opposite beliefs.
example 1: A men has gotten many tickets for getting out of his lane, driving too fast, and other things that indicate that he is not the best driver. Although there are obvious signs that he is not the best, he still genuinely believes that he is the best driver out there.
example 2: A women failed a culinary class so she believes that she is one of the worst cooks. She has made multiple dinners for her family and friends. They always tell her that she is a better cook than they are. Although there are many people who tell her that she is a great cook, she still believes that she is one of the worst.

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Functional Fixedness: a tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way
1. You have two candles, numerous thumbtacks, and a box of matches. Using only these items, try to figure out how to mount the candles to a wall.
2. Many people use the thumbtacks to attach the candles to the wall.
3. Another way to do this is by using  the matches, melt the bottom part of each candle and then use the hot wax to stick the candle to the match box. Once the candles are attached to the box, use the thumbtacks to stick the box to the wall.

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Definition: This is the inability to view a problem from a different perspective from your current one, and it interferes with our problem-solving capabilities.
Example: When you're working on a math problem, sometimes you get stuck, and you can't figure out how to solve it. You keep approaching it from the same way, and you are unable to figure it out until your friend shows you the solution.

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1. a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past
2. A child pulls on a door to open it. The next time he sees a door that is  similar to the first one, he tries to open it by pulling it, however to open this door he has to push it.
3.

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1.clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
2. An example is a person who has been in multiple car accidents in a single month but still believes they are an excellent driver
3.

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Definition: Clinging to one’s initial beliefs even after the basis upon which they were formed has been discredited.
Example: People used to believe that vaccines harmed people, and could actually cause autism in children, thus being more harmful than beneficial. However this has been discredited, proven by multiple experiments and studies that vaccinations DO NOT increase risk of autism. However, even today, there is a huge group of people who are anti-vaccination and refuse to vaccinate their children. This causes many possible disease threats.

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1. the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
2. Some students these days tend to rely on cookie-cutter equations and formulas to solve a math problem rather than finding more efficient ways to solve the problem.

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1. A cognitive bias that limits a person to only use an object for its intended function.
2. Playing cards are normally only used to play games, but some people can throw them with accuracy, making them projectiles.

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A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
Example: A reporter who is writing an article on an important issue
may only interview experts that support her or his views on the
issue.

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Definition: inability to see a problem from a perspective that is different from yours.
Example: When driving, you might take one specific route while your friend knows a more efficient and fast route.

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1. Tendency to cling to your initial conception after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
2. An example would be the aids epidemic which allowed lots of people to go on believing it was only happening to gay people even though science proved it could happen to anyone.

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Definition: The tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning and faulty conclusions.
Example: Atheists will reject any information that contravenes their belief system

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Definition: Tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
Example: Someone believes lucky pennies will make their day better, and they find one on the ground in the morning. Through the day they spill soup on their pants, someone splashes them with water when driving past them, and they trip and scrape their elbow. At dinner, they get a free dessert. Their friend tells them the penny is not lucky, but the person continues to think it is because they got their free dessert.

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1) definiton - the tendency to be more confident than correct.

Example - When someone who's been in a lot of bar fights picks a fight with a professional boxer and gets destroyed.

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Definition: The inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Example: If your family has always traveled during the Thanksgiving break, not meeting up the extended family, then you might continue traveling on Thanksgiving break, not even thinking that you can do something else on Thanksgiving (like family gathering or something) even when you are separated from your parents.

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Framing: the way an issue is presented and how it affects your approach to it
Running a mile:
2,000 steps
5280 ft
4 laps around the track

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Definition- Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredit

Example: People believe in how the Earth is flat despite definite evidence that show the shape of the Earth as round.

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definition- the person's subjective confidence in his or her judgments is greater than the accuracy of those judgments
example- a person goes into an audition for a play and is sure they will get the role, however never gets a callback.

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Definition: the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect judgement and decisions
Example: "Illegal alien" vs. "Undocumented immigrant"

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Definition: a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, oftentimes in a way that has been successful in the past

Example: Trying to give your friends a dog treat to do tricks because it works with your dog.

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a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

ex) instead of trashing away corkscrews from wine bottles, they can also be used to make shower mat.

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Definition - the tendency for one to cling to their initial belief or concept  even after it has been disproved or discredited
Example - Many people still believe in Scientology even though the creator has said himself that it was supposed to be a science fiction novel rather than a religion

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Definition: the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to intervene with logical rationality
Example: Believing strongly that taking a spoonful for honey will accelerate the recovery process from a cold.

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Definition- Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed
Example: A kid is getting low grades is many of his classes, he thinks that the teachers are giving him low grades on purpose. When in reality he needs to study more.

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meaning: the tendency for someones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.

Example: eating and swimming right after is bad for you and you shouldnt do it, when in reality, it does not harm you at all.

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Definition: The tendency to be more confident than correct.
Example: A college basketball player goes into the NBA Draft and thinks he will be drafted in the lottery (picks 1-14) based on his thoughts of his college performance.  However, he goes undrafted.

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Tendency to use objects a different way than its intended purpose.
1) Using backpack as a pillow to- sleep in class.

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Definition: The tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning and faulty conclusions.
Example: A kid is walking through a huge field filled with lots of trees and bushes while it is raining. He trips on a rock, falls down, and cuts his knee. as he gets up he spots a four leaf clover right where he fell.  Then a rainbow appears out of nowhere, it stops raining, and a ice cream truck gives him free ice cream. The kid is told by his mom that clovers dont bring luck but he continues to think that they do.

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The way an issue is posed can affect our judgment and decisions

When teachers tell their students they have "an opportunity for greatness tomorrow" instead of saying their students "have a test a tomorrow."

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Definition: The tendency to be more confident than correct.
Example: Studying a lot for a test and thinking you'll do good so once you take the test you don't take much time on each question and end up getting a bad score.

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Definition: clinging to your initial conceptions after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited
Example: people have stereotypes about teenagers

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definition- the tendency to be more confident than correct.
example- waiting until the day before to read the psychology modules thinking you know the information, but you end up failing

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Definition: clinging to your initial belief although it has been discredited
Example: No matter what kind of sickness you have, if you use Vicks Vapo rub, you will get better.

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Definition:  a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past
Example: sitting in the back of the class and sleeping and assuming you can do it for every class.

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A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially if it has worked in the past

Example: not studying for an exam because you received a good grade on the previous exam without studying.

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Definition - The tendency to be more confident than correct.
Example - One person in a relationship taking advantage of the other thinking that, that one person won't leave because they "love the other too much". But in reality this pushes the other person away due to overconfidence.

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1) definition: the clinging to initial conceptions even after they have been discredited
2) example: believing in Santa Claus

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Framing is the way an andverisement or issue is posed.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjjzoLD3ovfAhVJGTQIHZWODfcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Feconsultancy.com%2Fsix-brands-that-have-made-false-health-claims-in-advertising%2F&psig=AOvVaw1ySgTeIvhPeC0O60sbC8Ds&ust=1544203694942386

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Definition-

we cling to our conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

example- believing in the tooth fairy

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Functional Fixedness is to only use something for its intended purpose. For example, paper is usually used to write with, and people who only use paper for this purpose have functional fixedness. On the other hand, paper can be actually used for many other purposes, such as paper airplanes and paper mache.

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- definition: tendency to search for information that confirms
- example: the fact that people decide not to believe in global warming and will look for support from certain websites and discredit the scientific evidence presented.

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Our Rising Oceans (VICE on HBO: Season 3, Episode 1)

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Definition:  the tendency to look for  evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.
Example: A person researching arguments in favor of eating meat may cherry pick articles that support their position whilst ignoring studies that contradict theirs.

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A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
Example: A person who holds a belief that left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people will place more importance on a left handed creative person as evidence.

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Definition: maintaining a belief despite new information that firms contradicts it
Example - When people believe in the tooth fairy even though their parents admit they put money under their pillow.

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Definition: The tendency for one's preexisting belief to distort logical reasoning
Example: Some people believe that adding salt to water will help the water to boil faster. Salt can make a difference, but it would take a lot more salt than most people put in.

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Definition: The tendency to be more confident than correct
Example: Not doing your homework because your teacher rarely checks homework.

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Definition: the tendency to be more confident than correct
Example: playing Kahoot and choosing an answer really fast thinking you got it right, but actually getting it wrong

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1. Framing: the way an issue is presented
2. Example: A Doctor says that 90% of patients will survive after a surgery and another says that only 10% will die. The effect of these two statements are different when they are received.

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Definition: Believing in previous information despite all the evidence  that goes against the belief.
Example: A person born from the 50s still believes that smoking does not have detrimental effects to  one's health despite all the evidence that goes against it.

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Definition: the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Example: using a hair straightener to iron wrinkly clothes.

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1. Framing is the way a problem is presented to someone.

2. When presented a case to solve and a detective receives information on a suspect bumping into the victim vs assaulting the victim. Both lead to different perceptions on the suspect and whether to approach the case by looking at the suspect or following a different lead.

3.

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Definition: Overconfidence is the tendency to be more confident than correct
Example: Not studying for a test because your heard it's easy and you always get good grades.

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1. The tendency to be more confident than correct
2. On/off relationships, people who are in these have the confidence that each time they get back together they will stay together, and whenever they break up they will stay broken up. This is overconfidence as they always end up getting back together and breaking up over and over again.
3.

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Clinging on to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Example: Many people still say that Pluto is a planet even though it has been reclassified as a dwarf planet.

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the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning; causes someone to make invalid conclusions valid or vice versa

Example: A Beckman student is set on going to some esteemed university (UCLA, Stanford, Harvard) because they believe that community colleges are beneath them. However, after college admission decisions are released and a financial struggle arises, the student must at first fails to recognize the value of staying local to attend a community college or UCI instead of following the initial path they had planned to pursue.

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Definition:
Belief bias is the tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusion rather than how strongly they support that conclusion.

A person grows up thinking that they should never open an umbrella indoors. So, even though there is no evidence suggesting that is true, they might refuse to ever open an umbrella indoors.

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Definition: the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Example: using power extension cables as a rope to tie up something/someone.

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Ex: *Buy frozen yogurt from the nearest grocery store* Sees two exact same froyo labeled differently*

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Definition: the tendency to think of using objects and devices for only their intended functions.

Example: Paperclips are supposed to be used for holding paper, however they may also be used for unlocking doors by inserting them into keyholes and lock picking.

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Mental set is when we approach problems in ways that worked in the past. If you argued your B+ into an A last semester, you might try the same thing on a new teacher.

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Definition: To only use something for it's intended purpose.
Example: A homer is typically used in construction situations although some may use it as a paperweight.

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Confirmation bias is the

tendency to seek out and favor evidence verifying our ideas than evidence refuting them.
For example, a doctor who suspects a patient has a certain disease will frame questions in a way that will get answers confirming the diagnosis. At the same time they will overlook evidence that will disconfirm the diagnosis.

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Definition: The overconfidence effect is a well-established bias in which a person's subjective confidence in his or her judgements is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgements, especially when confidence is relatively high.

Example: A person who thinks their sense of direction is much better than it actually is. Someone who is determined that they will be able to achiever their goal despise the danger they put themself into.

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DEF: confining research to one's opinion and point of view and ignoring anything otherwise

EX: This article about H.W. Bush's death that focuses on the effect of the funeral on Trump, an irrelevant figure when it comes to the death of the 41st President.

https://www.foxnews.com/politics/media-elevate-bush-in-death-use-his-passing-to-denigrate-trump

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Kurtz: Why George H.W. is finally beloved by the press

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'MediaBuzz' host Howard Kurtz weighs in on whether the media's outpouring of affection and gratitude for the late President George H.W. Bush is driven, at least in part, by attempts to disparage President Trump.

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Definition:  An obsessive interest or in or feeling about something.
Example: Global Warming skeptics still believe scientists are out to make money even though the amount of evidence is overwhelming.
Image:

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Tendency to approach a problem a certain way especially after this approach has already worked

Example: When laptop mouse stops working, hitting the laptop seems to help the touch-pad to work, so now, sometimes when things don't work I hit them, often breaking them much more

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tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
- only eating avocados as guacamole, and not thinking about ingesting it as a smoothie

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Framing: the way an issue is posed; framing can affect the subject's decisions and judgement

Example: In the last election cycle, Prop 6 was referred to in the media (left and right) as the "gas tax".  The ballot initiative itself states:

ELIMINATES CERTAIN ROAD REPAIR AND TRANSPORTATION FUNDING. REQUIRES CERTAIN FUEL TAXES AND VEHICLE FEES BE APPROVED BY THE ELECTORATE. INITIATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.

Each way the proposition is worded can affect voter decisions on its utility.

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Definition:
A person's subjective bias in their own judgements is believed to be more reliable than the objective accuracy of those judgements.

Example:

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We tend to approach things the way we have in the past. If we argued a B+ into an A last semester, we might try the same thing with a new teacher.

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definition: a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

ex: a person writing an essay chooses to only to include information that supports his/her beliefs and fails to include information that goes against their beliefs.

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confirmation bias:  tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions (looking for things that support our opinion)
example: Jimmy believes in mermaids and Bigfoot so he only wants documentaries that show support for their existence.

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Definition: The tendency to be more confident in your abilities than you actually are.

Example: Thinking you can play the guitar with no practice because you have played completely different instruments well in the past.

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definition: the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.
example: When in an argument with somebody, one tends to only present information to support their side and fails to mention more.

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1.) Framing: is complementary to cognitive bias, in which people react to a choice in different ways depending on how it is presented.
2.) "the glass is half full"
"the glass is half empty"