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General Conflict
Residents of the Philippines were no longer willing to remain under the dictatorial regime of Ferdinand Marcos. After becoming aware that the results of presidential elections were falsified in favor of Marcos, a nonviolent struggle was launched using "people power" (239-240).

Terrain and Geography
The terrain of the Philippines is extremely mountainous, with a lot of access from the sea as the country is comprised of a large chain of Islands. This was unlikely to affect the conflict, because it was an internal struggle (thoughtco.com).

Transportation
Both groups had access to military vehicles. The opponent group utilized military tanks in an attempt to attack the rebels (241). They also had aircrafts which were destroyed by rebel helicopters (243).

Communications
The rebel group used radio communications to call on supporters. The dictatorial government had control of the television broadcasts, until Marcos' last remaining loyalists surrendered. At that point, the nonviolent rebel group had control of all communication.

Climate and Weather
The climate is considered tropical marine, and there are monsoons year round. This was unlikely to have affected the struggle, because most of the resistance was formulated from inside a military camp. A monsoon could have affected the large masses of people gathered in the streets who ultimately protected the rebels within the camps, however, these efforts were successful (thoughtco.com).

Political System and Governing Regime
The political system was a dictatorship led by Ferdinand Marcos. The conflict arose from the nation's dissatisfaction with his governance and their desire to elect their own president. Marcos had full control of the Philippines and the military at the start of the struggle, and his legitimacy faded as the military slowly resigned and supported the rebels.

Economic System
At this point in time, the economy was struggling. Throughout the 1980's, income inequality increased.

Judicial System
The country was under martial law to control civil disobedience and lawlessness (Philippine-history.org).

Demographics/Population Strata
By the end of the struggle, 90% of the once loyal military had defected, showing support for the nonviolent struggle group (243).

Status of Civil Society
The majority of the population was organized away from the state. In 1986, the population was less than 60,000,000. More than one million people gathered in support of the rebels within a span of two days (241). Additionally, Corazon won the popular vote over the incumbent dictator Marcos (240). This indicates widespread support for the nonviolent struggle group.

https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-the-philippines-1435646

http://www.philippine-history.org/martial-law-philippines.htm

Sharp, Gene. Waging Nonviolent Struggle. East Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers Inc., 2005.

[Posted by Leah Rothchild]

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2. Issues and Objectives of Contending Groups

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2. Issues and Objectives of Contending Groups

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Dictator Ferdinand Marcos was afraid of losing legitimacy after the assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. in 1983 which caused widespread protests. His objective was to stay in power. (239) He was sure that he would win the election by having them rigged.

The widow of Benigno Aquino, Corazon Aquino ran against Marcos in the presidential election. She achieved her objective of becoming president, but the election was rigged and Marcos refused to concede. It was clear that their was ballot-stuffing and falsification of returns, which precipitated the protests. (240)

Also vying for power, was reformist Army officers led by Defense minister Juan Ponce Enrilee who attempted a coup. Vice Chief of Staf Fidel Ramos and the army first backed Enrile, but both later resigned and worked for popular and military support of Corazon Aquino as the legitimate president. (240-41)

[Posted by MWhite]

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Dictator Ferdinand Marcos:
-controlled the political system in the Philippines. He killed the opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr and sparked massive outrage (239).
-Marcos then coordinated a rigged election against Corazon Aquino which only weakened his support among the people.
-Marcos controlled state media and the military (240, 243)

Marcos Troops:
-Marcos had a firm grip on the military until a group attempted a coup and was forced to retreat into hiding.
-Marcos then attempted to raid rebel camps but his military quickly turned against him because of the unnecessary civilian deaths that would have certainly occurred (242).

[Posted by Tyler Radenbaugh]

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-The Filipinos reached the height of their patience when former Senator Benigno "Ninyo" Aquino, Sr. was shot and killed at the airport in August 21, 1983, upon his return to the Philippines from exile in the United States. Aquino’s death marked the day that Filipinos learned to fight.
-The revolt commenced when Marcos' Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and the Armed Forces Vice-Chief of Staff command of Fidel V. Ramos, both withdrew their support from the government and called upon the resignation of then President Marcos. They responsibly barricaded Camp Crame and Camp Aguinaldo and had their troops ready to combat against possible armed attack organized by Marcos and his troops.

-The Catholic Church represented by Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin along with the priests and nuns called for the support of all Filipinos who believed in democracy. Radyo Veritas aired the message of Cardinal Sin that summoned thousands of Filipinos to march the street of EDSA. It was an empowering demonstration that aimed to succeed peacefully with the intervention of faith. Nuns kneeled in front of tanks with rosaries in their hands and uttering their prayers.

-Finally, in the morning of February 25, 1986, Corazon Aquino took the presidential oath of office, administered by the Supreme Court Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee at Club Filipino located in San Juan. Also, in 1986, the bloodless, People Power Revolution in EDSA renewed the power of the people, strengthened the meaning of democracy and restored the democratic institutions of government.
http://www.philippine-history.org/edsa-people-power-revolution.htm

-Having heard of reports of loyalist troop movements, Enrile transfers his forces to Camp Crame. Tens of thousands chant "Johnny! Johnny!" as Enrile, clutching a machine gun, crosses the street to the neighboring camp with his men. A large Marine contingent composed of tanks and an armored personnel carrier proceeds towards the Camps via Ortigas Avenue. They are stopped nearly a mile from the gates by a wall of tens of thousands of people. General Artemio Tadiar threatens to open fire if the crowd does not disperse. The people do not budge. They respond by singing, "Bayan Ko," praying and offering soldiers cigarettes and bread. The Marines try to push forward with their tanks and guns. The people hold their ground, singing louder and praying harder. The Marines withdraw without firing a single shot.
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~guing22f/classweb/The1986PeoplePowerRevolution/page11/timeline%20of%20events/timelineofevents.html

-On February 13, 1986, 350 opposition leaders met with Aquino and she convinced them to move ahead with a nonviolent campaign with the theme “people power”. Unfortunately, the nonviolent campaign was headed off by a separate violent campaign.

-They asked for support and the Roman Catholic Church responded when leader Cardinal Jaime Sin spoke nationally on Radio Veritas calling for people to travel to the military camps to prevent violence against the rebels. That very night at midnight there were about 50,000 people outside the camps and within two days the supporters grew to one million.
https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/nonviolent-intervention-philippines-during-military-clash-1986
* Posted by Darline Sainmelus

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The following are the third parties in the Philippines 1986. They include :
Official vote counters that refused to legitimize Marco's vote rigging:

Reformist Army officers such as Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Ramos:

Roman Catholic church leader : James Cardinal Sin:

Radio Veritas/Radio Truth:

Marco's loyalists forces: the marine as led by Colonel Braulio Balbas: the Navy and the Police force: and

The U.S Government.

(Posted by Calvin Prichard)

References
McGetchin, Doug. 12b. Challenging Authoritarian Dictators : SE Asia. Florida Atlantic University, PAX 3001. 2017.

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Degree of Dependency of the Opponent Group on the Resisting Population:

Marcos needed the people of the Philippines to comply with him rigging the election in order for him to be successful. However, many people did not go along with it, including some of the vote counters who walked out rather than assist with the vote rigging (240).

After Marcos called for military force against the rebels, even his own loyalist troops were hesitant in following orders, not wanting to kill or injure civilians (242).

Dependency of the Resisting Population on the Opponent Group:

The resisting population was dependent on the opponent group to not use harsh military tactics and harm them. Although there was some violence when Marcos was first rigging the election, during the opposition it was predominantly nonviolent (240).

The resisting population “attempted to befriend the soldiers, in some cases successfully, and offered them candy and cigarettes” (240).

Because the loyalist troops turned back, or in the case of the Marines, refused to fire on the rebel camp because of civilians, the resisting group was able to succeed (242).

Degree of Actual and Potential Independences:

The opponent group relies heavily on obedience from the public for any chance of success. However, the resisting population proved their potential for independence when they were able to reach their goal. Because of their efforts, Marcos's dictatorship came to an end and Corazon Aquino was inaugurated as President (243).

Posted by: Brianna Rider