# data[].attributes.body
BUILDING A SHOPPING MALL
A roadway rehabilitation

can serve to illustrate the importance of good construction planning and the effect of technology choice

Laser Leveling

to improve the productivity of excavation and grading

# data[].attributes.body
When a Search Engine responds to your query, thousands of machines from around the world have cooperated to produce your result. With a global reach of hundreds-of-millions of users, Search Engines are arguably the most commonly used massively-parallel computing systems on the planet. Which means that the search engine system will process searches made by multiple users at the same time.

# data[].attributes.body
A parallel database system seeks to improve performance through parallelization of various operations, such as loading data, building indexes and evaluating queries. Although data may be stored in a distributed fashion, the distribution is governed solely by performance considerations.

# data[].attributes.headline
Parallel Computing in Weather and Climate (Team 7)

# data[].attributes.subject
Parallel Computing in Weather and Climate (Team 7)

# data[].attributes.body
- Most weather are executed under precise real-time constraints. Each
day’s forecast must typically be computed in four hours or so, and increases in the resolution achievable in that time frame tend to increase forecast quality.

- Scientists are always seeking to run climate for longer durations. Hence, weather and climate models tend to be both highly optimized and tuned for execution on the fastest system available at any one time.

# data[].attributes.headline
Team 2 
Daily operation within a business

# data[].attributes.subject
Team 2 
Daily operation within a business

# data[].attributes.body
A bank where some of the tellers deal with domestic customers, others serve at an international counter, yet others deal entirely with queries on accounts or customers wishing to open or closed their account.

# data[].attributes.body
Planetary and Galactic Orbit

Planets in Earth's solar system move around the sun in orbits. The planets rotate in their orbits simultaneously but at different speed. This shows the concept of parallel computing where each planet rotates at same time to complete one orbit. The closer a planet is to the Sun, the faster it needs to travel in order to maintain its orbit.

# data[].attributes.body
TECTONIC PLATE DRIFT

Tectonic plate is a theory where its dealing with dynamics of Earth’s outer shell the lithosphere that revolutionized Earth sciences.

1)      Why using parallel computing as the application in tectonic plate drift?

Parallel computing enables geologists to understand the mountain-building process, to detect the active volcanoes, the collision of earth that can lead to tsunami or earthquakes and mainly for Earth geography

By using supercomputer, it has more potential to predict the Earth geography that will occur as prevention for natural disaster.  The supercomputer uses the parallel computing to run an object-based library which is PYRAMID that simulates the Earth interior.

The arrows in the map show the flow of tectonic plate that can be used to predict the movement or collision of Earth interior.

# data[].attributes.body
Medical Applications
-used in medical image processing
-used for vertebra detection and segmentation in X-ray images

# data[].attributes.body
How do seismologists locate an earthquake? (Geological, seismic activity)

-Observed arrival times and those calculated from the previous (or initial) hypocenter, in terms of small steps in the 3 hypocentral coordinates and the origin time. -Its also have a mathematical model of the crustal velocities (in kilometers per second) under the seismic network to calculate the travel times of waves from an earthquake at a given depth to a station at a given distance.

-The system of linear equations is solved by the method of least squares which minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed and calculated arrival times.

-The process begins with an initial guessed hypocenter, performs several hypocentral adjustments each found by a least squares solution to the equations, and iterates to a hypocenter that best fits the observed set of wave arrival times at the stations of the seismic network.

Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-seismologists-locate-earthquake?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products

# data[].attributes.headline
Geological, seismic activity
( Team 12 )

# data[].attributes.subject
Geological, seismic activity
( Team 12 )

# data[].attributes.body
- Parallel processing have implemented in geological and seismic activity.
- The used of parallel processing to help 3D depth imaging and processing.
- Mostly been used in oil and gas industry for decades.
- This process allow to fast-track interpretation.
- To detect the element inside the the ocean-surface before proceed to the drill
process.
- Seismic activity are requiring parallel processing for detecting the movement
that can cause earthquack by analysing the result from observation using computing
process and and detection.

An earthquake on the graph of seismic activity.
The higher the amplitude reading,
the higher the probability that earthquake may happen.

# data[].attributes.body
Parallel Computing in Genome-Wide Association Studies (Biological, human genome)

Tutorials such as that of have been developed to aid an analyst using R or another coding software in employing multiple cores via free, open-source implementations of parallelized data analysis techniques.
Although some extra computer code may be required to parallelize techniques, running these analysis methods without parallelization on simple desktop computers has become infeasible due to the growing numbers of SNPs in modern data sets, as the analyses would not be completed in any reasonable time frame

Reference: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/parallel-computing-in-genomewide-association-studies-2155-6180-1000e131.php?aid=54601

# data[].attributes.body
Numeric Weather Prediction(NWP)
-uses mathematical models of atmosphere and oceans
-uses data assimilation to produce outputs

# data[].attributes.body
Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere at a given place and using meteorology to project how the atmosphere will change.

Parallel computing is used when calculations are made at different locations at different time simultaneously.

# data[].attributes.body
By nature most seismic problems carry an inherent parallelism in subdivision by source, receivers, frequency or wave number.
Indeed the problem decomposition in several domains is possible.
Parallel Processing, the method of having many small tasks solve one large problem,
has emerged as a key enabling technology in modern computing.
With the change in demand it has become very difficult for a processing facility build around a serial architecture
machine to cope up with increase in data volume. The I/O problems are better solved in parallel processing.
The wave equation based methods are computationally more expensive but suitable for parallelization.
The seismic processing industries all over the world have found parallel processing as the only solution to the
challenges in probing the earth's interior for natural resources.

# data[].attributes.body
Parallel Computing in Genome-Wide Association Studies (Biological, human genome)

The benefits of parallel computing, we consider the 2001 work of Carlborg, Andersson-Eklund and Andersson. They studied the computational gain when using a regression-based method for quantitative trait mapping. In this study, the relative increase in performance (analysis time on one processor divided by analysis time for multiple processors) was as large as 7.04 when the number of processors increased from 1 to 18. This is only a fraction of the number of processors currently available in many supercomputers. In addition, this study was performed by parallelizing the processes by chromosome rather than by amount of analyses, meaning that a more complicated parallelization would show an even larger improvement in computational time versus a single processor.

Techniques used in the 2001 study also point to the variation in time and knowledge needed to parallelize an analysis on a multi-core computer. Tutorials such as that of have been developed to aid an analyst using R or another coding software in employing multiple cores via free, open-source implementations of parallelized data analysis techniques. Although some extra computer code may be required to parallelize techniques, running these analysis methods without parallelization on simple desktop computers has become infeasible due to the growing numbers of SNPs in modern data sets, as the analyses would not be completed in any reasonable time frame

Reference: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/parallel-computing-in-genomewide-association-studies-2155-6180-1000e131.php?aid=54601

How do seismologists locate an earthquake? (Geological, seismic activity)

setting up a system of linear equations, one for each station. The equations express the difference between the observed arrival times and those calculated from the previous (or initial) hypocenter, in terms of small steps in the 3 hypocentral coordinates and the origin time. We must also have a mathematical model of the crustal velocities (in kilometers per second) under the seismic network to calculate the travel times of waves from an earthquake at a given depth to a station at a given distance. The system of linear equations is solved by the method of least squares which minimizes the sum of the squares of the differences between the observed and calculated arrival times. The process begins with an initial guessed hypocenter, performs several hypocentral adjustments each found by a least squares solution to the equations, and iterates to a hypocenter that best fits the observed set of wave arrival times at the stations of the seismic network.

Reference: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-seismologists-locate-earthquake?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products

# data[].attributes.body
As we ordered from the drive thru, the person in charge at the counter will take the order from new customer and accept the payment from the previous
customer simultaneously. After the payment is made, the order will be sent towards the kitchen and be processed for the take out.

# data[].attributes.headline
Parallel Computing (Team 7) Electronic Circuit 

# data[].attributes.subject
Parallel Computing (Team 7) Electronic Circuit 

# data[].attributes.body
- In the parallel connection, each lamp has its own direct connection to the battery. This arrangement avoids the if-one-fails-they-all-fail nature of series connections.
- In a parallel connection, the    components do not depend on each other for their connection to the battery. Thus, if one lamp burns out, the other will continue to burn.
- For example, in a circuit with a 3 V battery and two identical lamps connected in parallel, each lamp will see same volts.
Reference: https://www.dummies.com/programming/electronics/diy-projects/electronics-projects-how-to-build-series-and-parallel-circuits/

# data[].attributes.body
Generally as the car is being assembled, different steps are completing different parts of different instructions in parallel. Each of these steps is called a pipe stage or pipe segment. The stages are connected one to the next to form a pipe--instructions enter at one end, progress through the stages, and exit at the other end, just as cars would in an assembly line. Because the pipe stages are hooked together, all the stages must be ready to proceed at the same time, just as we would require in an assembly line.