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The areas in which NASA-developed technologies benefit society can broadly be defined as: health and medicine, transportation, public safety, consumer goods, environmental and agricultural resources, computer technology and industrial productivity.

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N: A political cartoon captioned "Still no Countdown on this missile"

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N: A political cartoon captioned "Still no Countdown on this missile"

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And finally, the space effort itself, while still in its infancy, has already created a great number of new companies, and tens of thousands of new jobs. Space and related industries are generating new demands in investment and skilled personnel, and this city and this State, and this region, will share greatly in this growth.

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For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond. We have promised that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.

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We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.

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M: A political cartoon depicting the Soviet Space Program

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M: A political cartoon depicting the Soviet Space Program

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Exploring space will improve our science and education. It will give us new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, and new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school.

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L: A Political Cartoon depicting the American Space Program

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L: A Political Cartoon depicting the American Space Program

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J: A 1959 US Report on How the US and USSR space programs were viewed by the general public

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J: A 1959 US Report on How the US and USSR space programs were viewed by the general public

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Sensitivity to military consequences is very high, and many people are concerned over the possibility that the USSR now enjoys military superiority over the West, and some people are even starting to think that this is a fact.

Soviet successes in space have produced a major change in the image of the USSR, and greatly enhanced the credibility of Soviet propaganda claims. The USSR, by appearing to have spectacularly overtaken the US in a field in which the US was very generally assumed to be first by a wide margin (Space technology), is now able to present itself as fully comparable to the US and able to challenge it in any field it chooses.

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H: Launching the Space Age, National Air and Space Museum

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H: Launching the Space Age, National Air and Space Museum

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On October 4, 1957, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) launched Sputnik and the Space Age. This event startled the world, giving the impression that America was behind the Soviets in science and technology. Subsequent U.S. launch failures heightened that perception. The competition to build rockets now also became a competition to reach space. Americans were upset at being bested by their Cold War rival and fearful that the Soviets could soon use missiles to launch a surprise nuclear attack.

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Even though most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive and working today, and even though the United States' own scientific manpower is doubling every 12 years, there is more that we don't know, that we haven't finished, that we can't answer, than what we already know.

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We will explore space because there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and used for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or bad depends on man, and only we can decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war.

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Science is advancing at a breathtaking pace, and while it advances, it cannot help but create new problems as it fixes old problems. Science will create new ignorance, new issues, new dangers. Reaching space will bring enormous costs and difficulties, but also a huge rewards.

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K: A political cartoon depicting the US Mariner IV Mission to Mars

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K: A political cartoon depicting the US Mariner IV Mission to Mars