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Sparknotes: biography of Martin Luther King Jr and useful info about context

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Sparknotes: biography of Martin Luther King Jr and useful info about context

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SparkNotes: Martin Luther King, Jr.: Summary

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A short summary of 's Martin Luther King, Jr.. This free synopsis covers all the crucial plot points of Martin Luther King, Jr..

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In this video King is seen from a different perspective. Not as a the telented preacher who cared for equal rights but rather as a man seeking fame and as a cheater.

Mmmh... must see it!

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Teach Toddlers Colors Numbers Preschool Race Cars & Magnet Truck

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The Beast As Saint: The Truth About Martin Luther King Jr. (With CC)

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Notes by Francesca Turbian. Erica Bertoli, Bryan Veliz & Andrea Fabbro, students of 5D at ITSSE "Odorico Mattiussi" in Pordenone

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PREZI by Francesca Turbian. Erica Bertoli, Bryan Veliz & Andrea Fabbro, students of 5D at ITSSE "Odorico Mattiussi" in Pordenone

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HUMAN RIGHTS HISTORY What are human rights? Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings , whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status.

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A survey on the Nominal Commitment to Human Rights

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A survey on the Nominal Commitment to Human Rights

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created by a team of researchers from University College London’s Department of Political Science

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"I Have a Dream" is the famous name given to the ten minute public speech by Martin Luther King, Jr., in which he called for racial equality and an end to discrimination. King's delivery of the speech on August 28, 1963, from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement.

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By Elisabetta Santin, Chiara Marcatti, Krizia Marconato students of 5A SIA at ITSSE "Odorico Mattiussi" In Pordenone

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TOUCH this image to discover its story. Image tagging powered by ThingLink

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Prezi made by students of 5E Odorico Mattiussi 2014/2015 with a lot of references to historical events, people, films and songs which have given a small or big contribution to the progress of human rights. It also contains the video of the class singing " Imagine" in Prague...MUST SEE

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Institutions of human rights
Time line
KU KLUX KLAN
Ku Klux Klan is the name of three distinct movements in the United State that emphasized racism, secrecy and distinctive costumes.

Martin Luther King
MOVIES
Violations of human rights
International Laws
By 1948, the United Nations' new Human Rights Commission had captured the attention of the world. Roosevelt referred to the Declaration as the "international Magna Carta for all mankind." It was adopted by the United Nations on December 10, 1948. The Member States of the United Nations pledged to work together to promote the thirty Articles of human rights that, for the first time in history, had been assembled and codified into a single document. From 1948 to 1966, the UN Human Rights Commission's main task was to create a body of international human rights law based on the Declaration. They produced two major documents: the "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" and the "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". Both became international law in 1976. Together with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, these two covenants comprise what is known as the "International Bill of Human Rights". The Universal Declaration of Human Rights served as the inspiration for the European Convention on Human Rights, one of the most significant agreements in the European Community. The Convention was adopted in 1953. This Convention was formed to strengthen human rights and promote democracy and the rule of law.

http://www.humanrights.com/what-are-human-rights/international-human-rights-law.html
Rosa Parks
HUMAN RIGHTS
Learn with us!
"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person"
Nelson Mandela
Malcom X
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
better know as Mahatma Gandhi was a leader of nationalism in british- ruled Indian. He was born in 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat, India. When he was 18 years old, he went to England to study law. After that he decided to became a political activist.
He created a powerful, non-violent movement.

Malcolm X was an American Muslim minister and a human rights activist.
He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.
Malcolm Little was born May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska, the top student and only African-American in his eighth grade class, Malcolm dropped out of school after his teacher told him that a "nigger" could never become a lawyer - his dream.
So he became a street hustler and in 1946 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years

While in prison, he began a period of education and self-transformation. He joined The Nation of Islam, a black supremacist group headed by Elijah Muhammad. He took "X" as his last name, signifying his unknown African tribal name that had been lost when his family was given the slave name "Little."
On August 9, 2014 Michael Brown, an 18-year old unarmed African American man, was fatally shot by a white Police Officer, Darren Wilson, in Ferguson, Missouri. Brown's death set off protests which, as of this publication, are ongoing, as well as a long-overdue conversation on race, policing and justice. The events in Ferguson have also raised a range of human rights concerns, including the right to life, the use of lethal force by law enforcement, the right to freedom from discrimination, and the rights to freedom of expression and assembly.
Following the initial protests, Amnesty International USA sent a delegation to Ferguson from Aug. 14-22. The delegation was composed of staff working with the community and protesters on non-direct action and de-escalation tactics in protests and other staff who were there strictly to observe and monitor the protests and police response. While gaining first hand testimony in the midst of the protests and marches proved difficult, the following findings rely on observations made by staff during this mission and is supplemented by information from media reports.
This briefing document outlines some of the human rights concerns witnessed by Amnesty International and a series of recommendations that need to be implemented with regards to the use of lethal force by law enforcement officers and the policing of protests.
Martin Luther King, was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia.
Nelson Mandela, one of the most recognized symbols of the human rights of our age, is a man whose dedication to the freedom of his people is an inspiration for human rights advocates around the world. Born in Transkei, South Africa, the son of a tribal chief, Mandela he graduated in law. In 1944 he joined the ANC (African National Congress, ANC) and actively worked to abolish the apartheid policy established by the National Party in power. Tried for his actions, Mandela declared: "I have fought against white domination and against black domination. I cultivated the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all could live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal for which I hope to live and that I hope to get. But if necessary, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. "
Sentenced to life imprisonment, Mandela became a powerful symbol of resistance for the rising anti-apartheid movement, repeatedly refusing to compromise with his political position to obtain his freedom. Finally released in February of 1990, intensified the battle against oppression to attain the goals he and others had established almost forty years before. In May of 1994, Mandela was proclaimed the first black president of South Africa and remained in office until 1999. He led the transition of the laws elitist and apartheid, winning international respect because of its commitment to national and international reconciliation. In 2008, on the occasion of his 90th birthday, was held an international celebration in honor of his life, dedicated to its goals of freedom and equality.
"If you talk to a man in a language he understands, you'll center. If you talk to him in his language, you will come to his heart. "- Nelson Mandela
1. DON'T DISCRIMINATE
Rosa Louise McCauley was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913. At age 11 and eventually attended high school there, a laboratory school at the Alabama State Teachers' College for Negroes. She left at 16, early in 11th grade.
In 1932, at 19, she married Raymond Parks, a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He supported Rosa in her efforts to earn her high-school diploma, which she ultimately did the following year.
In December 1943, Parks became active in the Civil Rights Movement, joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP.
2.NO SLAVERY
3.NO TORTURE
4.YOU HAVE RIGHTS NO MATTER
WHERE YOU GO
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
5.EQUALITY IN FRONT OF THE LAW
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
Amnesty Internationa
l is a worldwide non-govermenmental movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights for all.
Members
: 2.2 million and subscribers in more than 150 countries.
Mission
: conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and demand justice for those whose rights have been violated.
Headquarters
: London, United Kingdom
Type
: Non-profit
Founded
: July 1961
Motto
: It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness.
www.amnesty.org
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
The
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights'
mission is to work for the protection of human rights for all people; to help empower people to realize their rights; and to assist those responsible for upholding such rights in ensuring that they are implemented.
www.ohchr.org
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
UNESCO
's goal is to build peace in the minds of men. Its work in the field of human rights aims to strengthen awareness and acts as a catalyst for regional, national and international action in human rights.
www.unesco.org

Commission for Human Rights, Council of Europe
The
Commission
is an independent institution within the Council of Europe mandated to promote the awareness of and respect for human rights.
The Commission's work thus focuses on encouraging reform measures to achieve tangible improvement in the area of human rights promotion and protection.
Commission can draw conclusions and take wider initiatives on the basis of reliable information regarding human rights violations suffered by individuals.
www.coe.int
Gandhi was assassinated in the garden of the former Birla House at 5:17 pm on 30 January 1948.
His assassin was Nathuram Godse a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist Hindu Mahasabha. He was executed in 1949.
Death
"I Have a Dream" is a public speech delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King on August 28, 1963, in which he calls for an end to racism in the United States.
Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, the speech was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement.
When he was 24 he went to South Africa to work as a legal representative for the Muslim Indian Traders based in the city of Pretoria.
Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organiser. He joined the Indian National Congress.

Her action was spontaneous, but this led her to be arrested of violating the laws of segregation (Jim Crow laws.) At the same time, local civil rights activists initiated a boycott of the Montgomery bus system.. As their leader, they chose a young Baptist minister who was new to Montgomery: Martin Luther King, Jr. Sparked by Mrs. Parks' action, the boycott lasted 381 days, into December 1956 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the segregation law was unconstitutional and the Montgomery buses were integrated. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was the beginning of a revolutionary era of non-violent mass protests in support of civil rights in the United States.
He was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on Thursday, April 4, 1968, at the age of 39. King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where he was pronounced dead at 7:05 pm that evening. He was a prominent leader of the African-American civil rights movement and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who was known for his use of civil disobedience and non-violence.
http://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/443442/Timeline-of-Human-Rights/
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old African American woman who worked as a seamstress, boarded this Montgomery City bus to go home from work. On this bus on that day, Rosa Parks initiated a new era in the American quest for freedom and equality.
She sat near the middle of the bus, just behind the 10 seats reserved for whites. Soon all of the seats in the bus were filled. When a white man entered the bus, the driver insisted that all four blacks sitting just behind the white section give up their seats so that the man could sit there. Mrs. Parks, who was an active member of the local NAACP, quietly refused to give up her seat.

Not Without My Daughter
Heal the world
'Heal the World' is a song that describes a place where needy people need our help to save their life. This song was written by Michael Jackson.
Given the title 'Heal the World', Michael brings his idea to develop his voice to help the needy children in the lyric. This song tells a real story to human being that there is a place in the world that needs our help.
It means to stop having wars with other countries and just stop fighting because it's not helping anyone. It also means he wants everyone to just get along and there's no need for hate and enemies.
12 years slave
Remember the Titans
The Green Mile
The first KKK was founded in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee, by six veterans of the Confederated Army and was a local roganization that spread throughout the South as an ansurgent movement during the Reconstruction era. With the use of murders, threats and violences the organization weakened the black political establishment but on other hand, it caused a sharp blacklash and unleashed new federal laws in favour to blacks.
The secon kkk founded in 1915 in Atlanta, Georgia, adopted a modern system of recruiting and grew rapidly nationwide ata atime of prosperity.The clan preached " One Hundred Percent Americanism" and demanded the purification of politics, calling for strict morality and better enforcement of prohibition. In The 1920 the organization included approximately 4-5 million men.
Today the third kkk include many organizations, about 150 with 5000 members nationwide, inspired by the ideals of the second kkk.
In this song Lennon said that there are lots of things that can happen in our minds that cannot happen in reality so we have to "Imagine"...
He give us instances, like if there were no differences between religions... Nobody that kills others... We don't have to be selfish..
The borders of the countries rapresented a wall but in the dreams they can be omitted..
Nobody has any material possessions that they call "theirs", everything belongs to everyone.. No one is greedy or hungry for power.. And we have to be brothers between us..
And it's so pleasant to imagine that everyone is sharing the world, instead of fighting for the imaginary boundaries..
All these fantasies can never come true... So he's a dreamer, and he knows that there are many other people like him... Who dream of peace, love and equality..
He hopes that someday, everyone will have the same dream and so it won't be a dream anymore but it will become reality...
IMAGINE
Get Up, Stand Up is a reggae song written by Bob Marley and Peter Tosh.
This song is about taking action to avoid oppression.
They were influenced by their upbringing in Jamaica, where they had to fight for respect and acceptance for their Rastafarian religion.
I have a dream...
That my four little children
Will one day live in a nation
Where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin
But by the content of their character
I have a dream today
I have a dream that one day
I have a dream

The march of 1963
"Yes We Can" is a song produced by will.i.am, released on February 2, 2008.
Although the lyrics are entirely quotations from Obama's concession speech in the New Hampshire presidential primary, the Obama campaign had no involvement in it's production.
The music video, shot in a context black-and-white, features Obama's image in a collage; there are many performers, among them celebrities including musicians, singers and actors, their voice there are in a background.
The singer wants to bring the message that people can repair the world.
YES WE CAN

There are many songs dedicated at
Human rights:
Black or White
The song was written by Michael Jackson on November 11,1991.
The lyrics of this song are a plea for racial tolerance.
Singer argues that we are all equal independently of skin color.
It shows him in the full length video dancing and destroying all things racist, including a swastika used by the Nazis.
GET UP, STAND UP
After his parole in 1952, Malcolm X became a brilliant and charismatic speaker, building the Nation of Islam from 400 to 30,000 members.
Due to differences in 1964 Malcolm broke with the Nation and formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Journeying to Mecca, the holiest of Muslim shrines, he took the name El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, so said:
"Human rights are something that you have from birth . Human rights are given by God . Human rights are those that recognize all the nations of the Earth . In the past , it is true , I have condemned in a general way all whites . I'll never be guilty of this error ; because now I know that some white people are truly sincere , that some are actually able to be with a black fraternal . The true Islam has shown me that a condemnation of all white people is as wrong as the condemnation of all blacks by whites . Since I have found the truth in Mecca , I received one of my dearest friends men of all kinds - Christians , Jews , Buddhists , Hindus , agnostics and even atheists ! I have friends who are called capitalists , socialists , and communists ! Some are moderates , conservatives , extremists - some are even of " Uncle Tom " ! Today my friends are blacks , browns, reds , yellows and whites !"
While preparing to speak in a Harlem ballroom on February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was shot and killed by three assassins from the Nation of Islam
Meneguzzi-Gurgu
Turrin Francesca, Botter Monica
Asia & Serena

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Nelson Mandela Malcom X Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

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Commission for Human Rights , Council of Europe The Commission

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Alabama State Teachers ' College for Negroes

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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Nation of Islam Meneguzzi-Gurgu Turrin Francesca

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United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

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United Nations ' new Human Rights Commission

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Institutions of human rights Time lineKU KLUX KLANKu Klux Klan is the name of three distinct movements in the United State that emphasized racism, secrecy and distinctive costumes. Martin Luther KingMOVIESViolations of human rightsInternational LawsBy 1948, the United Nations' new Human Rights Commission had captured the attention of the world.

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A Prezi by Tanya Singh which I provide as an example of good planning

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HUMAN RIGHTS
ACT NOW
AN EQUAL WORLD IS A BETTER WORLD
WHAT IS THE ISSUE
What is the issue of human rights:
For a very long time now there has been an issue of human rights not being met for every human being. This type of inequality is unacceptable because we are all born equal in dignity and rights and deserve to live a free life.
WHY IS IT HAPPENING
Why human rights are not being met?
Human rights are not being met because of poor governments that lack citizens in food, shelter, education, freedom and other basic human rights. An example of human rights being violated due to the government is in North Korea where the UN estimates, 200,000 people are going through deliberate starvation, forced labor, executions, forced abortion and torture, just to name a few! On top of that 80,000 of them are citizens!
WHO DOES IT IMPACT
HOW IS IT IMPACTING
Solutions:
What solutions have already been put in place:
The U.S have come up with a strategy to conquer violation of human rights by creating a document that states the basic rights and fundamental freedoms to which all human beings are entitled to called,
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
Laws to protect human rights include international human rights laws, humanitarian intervention law and refugee law. These laws are worldwide and have been put in place to preserve humanity and all threats to our well being.
THANK YOU
HUMAN RIGHTS
DEFINITION:
The definition of human rights:
The basic rights and freedoms which ALL humans are entitled to often held to the right of life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression and equality before the law.
Who is impacted by human rights not being met:
When human rights are not being met it impacts everyone around the world because when one person's human rights have been violated then we are all involved. For example the war in Syria is not only affecting those in that country but also other countries such as Australia and Papua New Guinea. These counties economies are affected because of the increased demand of land, water, shelter and other natural resources. Also a reduction in wage is causing the human rights of the citizens to be in danger.
What are the affects of human rights not being met:
The affects of the violation of human rights include a decline of the worlds population, poverty, war, corrupting economies (due to war) and other unpleasant situations leading to a downgrade of the world. Also when human rights are not met for some people but are for others this is unfair because we are all born with the same equality and dignity and rights therefore MUST be treated the same
BE AN ACTIVE CITIZEN
LOCATION
Where is the issue of human rights being violated located:
Violation of human rights is located all over the world, most of the time we are hardly aware of issues that take place. Take for example did you know that there are 264million children aged 5-17 who are involved in child labor. Meaning they spend most of their childhood working hard in poor conditions. This is a violation of their human rights!
In this graph you can see that treaties,declarations and other sources are used to prevent the violation of human rights and as shown it has increased.
GRAPH
Top 10 countries violating human rights:
Child labor is a violation of human rights!
Remember:
A right delayed is a right denied so act
NOW
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-consequences-of-a-human-rights-violation.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10221552
https://www.humanrights.gov.au/commission-website-information-students-human-rights-essentials-frequently-asked-questions-human
http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/human-rights-protecthttp://www.youthforhumanrights.org/voices-for-human-rights/human-rights-abuses.html
http://www.internationalrelations.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/simmons-graph.jpg
http://www.youthforhumanrights.org/voices-for-human-rights/human-rights-abuses.html

BY:
Supporting organization who promote human rights and are against violating them, such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and Human Rights Action Center. You can do this by donating or becoming a member. Also by contributing in World Human Rights Day

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Human Rights Watch and Human Rights Action Center

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HUMAN RIGHTS ACT NOW AN EQUAL WORLD IS A BETTER WORLD WHAT IS THE ISSUEWhat is the issue of human rights:For a very long time now there has been an issue of human rights not being met for every human being.

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A useful website to learn through amazing and engaging videos the history end the essence of human rights.

Youth for Human Rights International (YHRI) is a nonprofit organization founded in 2001 by Dr. Mary Shuttleworth, an educator born and raised in apartheid South Africa, where she witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of discrimination and the lack of basic human rights.

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WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS? Video - Human Rights Definition : Youth For Human Rights Video

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Watch Video & Learn What Are ? and How Human Rights Are Defined, As Fundamental Rights For Protection From Harm, Help Us Get Along And Live In Peace. Learn More About United Nations Universal Declaration Of Human Rights, The Basis For A World Built On Freedom, Justice And Peace.

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An interesting video that can be watched at study.com, an education portal with loads of engaging videocourses .

This video highlights the differences between profit and non profits organisations.

Since it is in its trial version, there is just a portion of it... :)

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Martin Luther King's speech analysis

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"I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most memorable speeches of all time.

It is worthy of lengthy study as we can all learn speechwriting skills from King's historic masterpiece.

This article is the latest in a series of video speech critiques which help you analyze and learn from excellent speeches.

Speech Video: Martin Luther King Jr. delivers "I Have a Dream"

I encourage you to:

1. Watch the video;

2. Read the analysis in this speech critique;

3. Study the speech text in the complete transcript; and

4. Share your thoughts on this presentation.

Speech Critique - I Have a Dream - Martin Luther King Jr.

Much of the greatness of this speech is tied to its historical context, a topic which goes beyond the scope of this article.

Instead, I'll focus on five key lessons in speechwriting that we can extract from Martin Luther King's most famous speech.

1. Emphasize phrases by repeating at the beginning of sentences

2. Repeat key "theme" words throughout your speech

3. Utilize appropriate quotations or allusions

4. Use specific examples to "ground" your arguments

5. Use metaphors to highlight contrasting concepts

Lesson #1: Emphasize Phrases by Repeating at the Beginning of Sentences

Anaphora (repeating words at the beginning of neighbouring clauses) is a commonly used rhetorical device. Repeating the words twice sets the pattern, and further repetitions emphasize the pattern and increase the rhetorical effect.

" I have a dream " is repeated in eight successive sentences, and is one of the most often cited examples of anaphora in modern rhetoric. But this is just one of eight occurrences of anaphora in this speech. By order of introduction, here are the key phrases:

"One hundred years later..." [paragraph 3]

"Now is the time..." [paragraph 6]

"We must..." [paragraph 8]

"We can never (cannot) be satisfied..." [paragraph 13]

"Go back to..." [paragraph 14]

"I Have a Dream..." [paragraphs 16 through 24]

"With this faith, ..." [paragraph 26]

"Let freedom ring (from) ..." [paragraphs 27 through 41]

Read those repeated phrases in sequence. Even in the absence of the remainder of the speech, these key phrases tell much of King's story. Emphasis through repetition makes these phrases more memorable, and, by extension, make King's story more memorable.

Lesson #2: Repeat Key "Theme" Words Throughout Your Speech

Repetition in forms like anaphora is quite obvious, but there are more subtle ways to use repetition as well. One way is to repeat key "theme" words throughout the body of your speech.

If you count the frequency of words used in King's "I Have a Dream", very interesting patterns emerge. The most commonly used noun is freedom, which is used twenty times in the speech. This makes sense, since freedom is one of the primary themes of the speech.

Other key themes? Consider these commonly repeated words:

freedom (20 times)

we (30 times), our (17 times), you (8 times)

nation (10 times), america (5 times), american (4 times)

justice (8 times) and injustice (3 times)

dream (11 times)

"I Have a Dream" can be summarized in the view below, which associates the size of the word with its frequency.

Lesson #3: Utilize Appropriate Quotations or Allusions

Evoking historic and literary references is a powerful speechwriting technique which can be executed explicitly (a direct quotation) or implicitly (allusion).

You can improve the credibility of your arguments by referring to the (appropriate) words of credible speakers/writers in your speech. Consider the allusions used by Martin Luther King Jr.:

"Five score years ago..." [paragraph 2] refers to Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address speech which began "Four score and seven years ago..." This allusion is particularly poignant given that King was speaking in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness" [and the rest of paragraph 4] is a reference to the United States Declaration of Independence.

Numerous Biblical allusions provide the moral basis for King's arguments:

"It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity." [paragraph 2] alludes to Psalms 30:5 "For his anger is but for a moment; his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning."

"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred." [paragraph 8] evokes Jeremiah 2:13 "for my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no water."

More biblical allusions from King's "I Have a Dream" speech can be found here.

Lesson #4: Use specific examples to "ground" your arguments

Your speech is greatly improved when you provide specific examples which illustrate your logical (and perhaps theoretical) arguments.

One way that Martin Luther King Jr. accomplishes this is to make numerous geographic references throughout the speech:

Mississippi, New York [paragraph 13]

Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana [14]

Georgia [18]

Mississippi [19]

Alabama [22]

New Hampshire [32], New York [33], Pennsylvania [34], Colorado [35], California [36], Georgia [37], Tennessee [38], Mississippi [39]

Note that Mississippi is mentioned on four separate occasions. This is not accidental; mentioning Mississippi would evoke some of the strongest emotions and images for his audience.

Additionally, King uses relatively generic geographic references to make his message more inclusive:

"slums and ghettos of our northern cities" [paragraph 14]

"the South" [25]

"From every mountainside" [40]

"from every village and every hamlet" [41]

Lesson #5: Use Metaphors to Highlight Contrasting Concepts

Metaphors allow you to associate your speech concepts with concrete images and emotions.

To highlight the contrast between two abstract concepts, consider associating them with contrasting concrete metaphors. For example, to contrast segregation with racial justice, King evokes the contrasting metaphors of dark and desolate valley (of segregation) and sunlit path (of racial justice.)

"joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity" [paragraph 2]

"the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity" [3]

"rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice" [6]

"This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality." [7]

"sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice." [19]

How can you employ contrasting metaphors in your next speech?

Speech Transcript: I Have a Dream - Martin Luther King Jr.
Note: The formatting has been added by me, not by MLK, to highlight words or phrases which are analyzed above.
[1] I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

[2] Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.

[3] But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

[4] In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds."

[5] But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.

[6] We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.

[7] It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

[8] But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.

[9] The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.

[10] We cannot walk alone.

[11] And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead.

[12] We cannot turn back.

[13] There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: "For Whites Only." We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until "justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream."

[14] I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest - quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.

[15] Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends.

[16] And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

[17] I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."

[18] I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

[19] I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

[20] I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

[21] I have a dream today!

[22] I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" - one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

[23] I have a dream today!

[24] I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together."

[25] This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.

[26] With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

[27] And this will be the day - this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning:

[28] My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.

[29] Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride,

[30] From every mountainside, let freedom ring!

[31] And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.

[32] And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.

[33] Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.

[34] Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.

[35] Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.

[36] Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.

[37] But not only that. Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.

[38] Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

[39] Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.

[40] From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

[41] And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:

[42] Free at last! Free at last!

[43] Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!

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Speech Analysis: I Have a Dream - Martin Luther King Jr.

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"I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most memorable speeches of all time. It is worthy of lengthy study as we can all learn speechwriting skills from King's historic masterpiece. This article is the latest in a series of video speech critiques which help you analyze and learn from excellent speeches.